Graphs, Functions, and Relations

2016 Sample Exam 1 Question 2 / 2008 Exam 1 Question 2

4
On the axes below, sketch the graph of 𝑓: 𝑅 ∖ {−1} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯.
𝑥+1
Label each axis intercept with its coordinates. Label each asymptote with its equation. 3 marks

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2016 Sample Exam 2 Question 1 / 2014 Exam 2 Question 1

The population of wombats in a particular location varies according to the rule
𝜋𝑡
𝑛(𝑡) = 1200 + 400 cos ⎯⎯ , where 𝑛 is the number of wombats and 𝑡 is the number of months after
3
1 March 2013. The period and amplitude of the function 𝑛 are 3 and 400 respectively.
b. Find the maximum and minimum populations of wombats in this location. 2 marks

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c. Find 𝑛(10). 1 mark

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2016 Exam 1 Question 3
3
Let 𝑓: 𝑅 ∖ {1} → 𝑅, where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯.
𝑥−1
a. Sketch the graph of 𝑓. Label the axis intercepts with their coordinates and label any asymptotes
with the appropriate equation. 3 marks

2016 Exam 2 Question 8

The UV index, 𝑦, for a summer day in
Melbourne is illustrated in the graph below,
where 𝑡 is the number of hours after 6 am.
The graph is most likely to be the graph of
𝜋𝑡
A. 𝑦 = 5 + 5 cos ⎯⎯
7
𝜋𝑡
B. 𝑦 = 5 − 5 cos ⎯⎯
7
𝜋𝑡
C. 𝑦 = 5 + 5 cos ⎯⎯⎯
14
𝜋𝑡
D. 𝑦 = 5 − 5 cos ⎯⎯⎯
14
𝜋𝑡
E. 𝑦 = 5 + 5 cos ⎯⎯⎯
14
2017 NHT Exam 1 Question 4
𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝑓: − ⎯⎯, ⎯⎯ → 𝑅, where 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(2𝑥) + 1.
2 2
a. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 on the axes below. Label any asymptotes with the appropriate equation, and
label the end points and the axis intercepts with their coordinates. 4 marks

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 14

The rule of the function with the graph
shown above could be
𝜋𝑥
A. 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑎
2𝑎
𝜋𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 2𝑎 sin ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑎
𝑎
𝜋𝑥
C. 𝑦 = −𝑎 cos ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑎
2𝑎
𝜋
D. 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin ⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎
𝑎
𝜋𝑥
E. 𝑦 = −𝑎 cos ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑎
𝑎

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 1

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 1
The temperature, 𝑇 °C, in an office is controlled. For a particular weekday, the temperature at time 𝑡,
where 𝑡 is the number of hours after midnight, is given by the function
𝜋
𝑇(𝑡) = 19 + 6 sin ⎯⎯⎯(𝑡 − 8) , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 24
12
a. What are the maximum and minimum temperatures in the office? 2 marks

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b. What is the temperature in the office at 6.00 am? 1 mark

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c. Most of the people working in the office arrive at 8.00 am.

What is the temperature in the office when they arrive? 1 mark

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2017 Exam 1 Question 3

Let 𝑓: [−3,0] → 𝑅,
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4.

b. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 on the axes

below. Label the axis intercepts and
any stationary points with their
coordinates. 3 marks
2018 NHT Exam 1 Question 7
𝜋
Let 𝑓: 0, ⎯⎯ → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 cos(𝑥)
2
𝜋
and 𝑔: 0, ⎯⎯ → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 sin(𝑥) .
2

a. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 and the graph of 𝑔

on the axes provided below. 2 marks

2018 NHT Exam 2 Question 2

The diagram below shows part of the graph of a
polynomial function. A possible rule for this function is
A. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
B. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
C. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1)(3 − 𝑥)
D. 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)(3 − 𝑥)
E. 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)

2018 Exam 1 Question 3

Let 𝑓: [0, 2𝜋] → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos(𝑥) + 1,

2𝜋 4𝜋
2 cos(𝑥) + 1 = 0 for 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯and 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯.
3 3

b. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 on the axes

below. Label the endpoints and local minimum
point with their coordinates. 3 marks
2018 Exam 2 Question 11
The graph of 𝑦 = tan(𝑎𝑥), where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 , has a vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 3𝜋 and has exactly one 𝑥-
intercept in the region (0, 3𝜋). The value of 𝑎 is
1 1 1 D. 1 E. 2
𝐀. ⎯⎯ 𝐁. ⎯⎯ 𝐂. ⎯⎯
6 3 2

2018 Exam 2 Question 18

⎯⎯
Consider the functions 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⎯⎯, where 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑚 and 𝑛 are
𝑝 𝑚
positive integers, and ⎯⎯and ⎯⎯ are fractions in simplest form.
𝑞 𝑛
If {𝑥: 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥)} = (0, 1) and {𝑥: 𝑔(𝑥) > 𝑓(𝑥)} = (1, ∞), which of the following must be false?
A. 𝑞 > 𝑛 and 𝑝 = 𝑚 D. 𝑓 (𝑐) = 𝑔 (𝑐) for some 𝑐 ∈ (0, 1)
B. 𝑚 > 𝑝 and 𝑞 = 𝑛 E. 𝑓 (𝑑) = 𝑔 (𝑑) for some 𝑑 ∈ (1, ∞)
C. 𝑝𝑛 < 𝑞𝑚

2018 Exam 2 Question 5

2𝑎 81𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
Consider the function 𝑔: 0, ⎯⎯⎯ → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, where 𝑎 is a positive real number.
3 4𝑎
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝐝. Evaluate ⎯⎯⎯× 𝑔 ⎯⎯⎯ . 1 mark
3 3

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2019 NHT Exam 1 Question 4

A function 𝑔 has rule 𝑔(𝑥) = log (𝑥 − 3) + 2.
b. The equation of the tangent to the graph of 𝑔 at (4, 2) is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2.
ii. On the axes below, sketch the graph of the function 𝑔, labelling any asymptote with its equation.
Also draw the tangent to the graph of 𝑔 at (4, 2). 4 marks
2019 NHT Exam 2 Question 2
The wind speed at a weather monitoring station varies according to the function
𝜋𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 20 + 16 sin ⎯⎯⎯ where 𝑣 is the speed of the wind, in kilometres per hour (km/h), and 𝑡 is
14
the time, in minutes, after 9 am.
b. What are the maximum and minimum wind speeds at the weather monitoring station? 1 mark
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c. Find 𝑣(60), correct to four decimal places. 1 mark

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2019 Exam 1 Question 5

2
Let 𝑓: 𝑅 ∖ {1} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 1.
(𝑥 − 1)
a. i. Evaluate 𝑓(−1). 1 mark

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ii. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 on the axes below, labelling all asymptotes with their equations. 2 marks

2019 Exam 1 Question 8

The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial
function of degree 4.

Part of the graph of 𝑓 is shown below.

The graph of 𝑓 touches the 𝑥-axis at the origin.

a. Find the rule of 𝑓. 1 mark

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2020 Exam 1 Question 3

Shown below is part of the graph of a period of the function of the form 𝑦 = tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏).

The graph is continuous for 𝑥 ∈ [– 1, 1].

Find the value of 𝑎 and the value of 𝑏, where 𝑎 > 0 and 0 < 𝑏 < 1. 3 marks

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2020 Exam 1 Question 7

2020 Exam 1 Question 7
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5 and the point 𝑃(1, 0).
Part of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below.

a. Show that point 𝑃 is not on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). 1 mark

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2020 Exam 2 Question 1

Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2) ,
where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.

Part of the graph of 𝑓 is shown below.

1
𝐚. Show that 𝑎 = ⎯⎯. 1 mark
4

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2021 NHT Exam 1 Question 5

Part of the graph of 𝑓: (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 sin(𝜋𝑥) + 1 is shown below.

Let 𝑔: [−1, 2] → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = −2 sin(𝜋𝑥) + 1.

a. Sketch the graph of 𝑔 on the axes provided above. 1 mark

2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 1

2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 1
The graph below shows one cycle of a circular
function. The rule for the function could be
𝐀. 𝑦 = 3 sin(𝑥) + 1 𝐃. 𝑦 = 3 sin(2𝜋𝑥) − 1
𝑥 𝐄. 𝑦 = −3 sin(2𝜋𝑥) + 1
𝐁. 𝑦 = −3 sin ⎯⎯⎯ + 1
2𝜋
𝐂. 𝑦 = −3 cos(2𝜋𝑥)

2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 2

3200 𝑥−5
The function ℎ(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯log ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , where 𝑥 ∈ [10, 50],
(𝑥 − 5) 4
models the rate at which heat is lost from the water in a hot-
water pipe with insulation, where ℎ(𝑥) is the rate at which
units of heat are lost from the water and 𝑥 is the radius of the
hot-water pipe with its insulation, in millimetres. The diagram
below shows a cross-section of the pipe with its insulation.

The radius of the pipe without its insulation is 10 mm. The

graph of the rate of heat lost from the water over the given
domain is shown below.

a. Find the rate at which heat is lost from the water in a pipe with no insulation, correct to three
decimal places. 1 mark

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2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 3

A different tunnel has a semicircular arch.
This arch can be modelled by the function
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔: [−6, 6] → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑟 − 𝑥 , where 𝑟 > 0.
The graph of 𝑔 is shown below.

c. State the value of 𝑟. 1 mark

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2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 5

1 𝑎+1 (1 − 𝑎)𝑥
Let 𝑝: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑝(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ and 𝑞: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑞(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯for 𝑎 > 1.
𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
d. Find the positive 𝑥-intercept of 𝑝 in terms of 𝑎. 1 mark

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2021 Exam 1 Question 4

2021 Exam 1 Question 4
2
𝐚. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥−2
on the axes below.

Label asymptotes with their equations and

axis intercepts with their coordinates.
3 marks

2021 Exam 1 Question 5

Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 4(𝑥 − 1) − 4.
a. The graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 have a common horizontal axis intercept at (2, 0).
Find the coordinates of the other horizontal axis intercept of the graph of 𝑔. 2 marks

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2021 Exam 2 Question 3

Let 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑒 − 2𝑒 + 1.
c. Explain why 𝑝 is not a one-to-one function. 1 mark

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2022 NHT Exam 1 Question 4

2022 NHT Exam 1 Question 4
𝜋 3𝜋
Consider the function 𝑓: [0, 2𝜋] → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin(𝑥) + 𝑏, given that 𝑓 ⎯⎯ = 2 and that 𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯ = −8.
2 2
a. Show that 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = −3. 1 mark

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b. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the set of axes below.

Label the endpoints and the turning points with their coordinates. 2 marks

2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 2

2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 2
Sally is using graph sketching software to design the landscape of the four hills shown in Figure 1
below. She starts by using the square root functions ℎ, ℎ and ℎ to model the shapes of three of the
four hills, as shown in Figure 2 below.

Figure 1 Figure 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
The rule for the function ℎ is ℎ(𝑥) = √2 − 𝑥.
Sally decides to use a quadratic function, ℎ , to model the shape of the fourth hill in her landscape.
c. Find the rule for ℎ , a quadratic function with a stationary point at (4, 6) and which passes through
(2, 2). 2 marks

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2022 Exam 1 Question 7

2022 Exam 1 Question 7
A tilemaker wants to make square tiles of size 20 cm × 20 cm. The front surface of the tiles is to be
painted with two different colours that meet the following conditions:
• Condition 1 – Each colour covers half the front surface of a tile.
• Condition 2 – The tiles can be lined up in a single horizontal row so that the colours form a
continuous pattern.

An example is shown below.

There are two types of tiles: Type A and Type B.

For Type A, the colours on the tiles are divided using the rule
𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 4 sin ⎯⎯⎯ + 10.
10

The corners of each tile have the coordinates (0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20) and
(0, 20), as shown below.
Type B tiles, an example of which is shown below, are divided using the rule
1 3
𝑔(𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 10.
100 10

c. Determine the endpoints of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) on each tile.

Hence, use these values to confirm that Type A and Type B tiles can be placed in any order to produce
a continuous pattern in order to meet Condition 2. 2 marks

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2022 Exam 1 Question 8

Part of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below. The
rule 𝐴(𝑘) = 𝑘 sin(𝑘) gives the area bounded by the
graph of 𝑓, the horizontal axis and the line 𝑥 = 𝑘.
𝜋
𝐚. State the value of 𝐴 ⎯⎯ . 1 mark
3

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2022 Exam 2 Question 2

2022 Exam 2 Question 2
1
The graph of 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 4 has a horizontal asymptote with the equation
(𝑥 + 3)
A. 𝑦 = 4 B. 𝑦 = 3 C. 𝑦 = 0 D. 𝑥 = −2 E. 𝑥 = −3

2022 Exam 2 Question 4

Which one of the following functions is not continuous over the interval 𝑥 ∈ [0, 5]?
1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐀. 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐁. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3 𝐂. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 𝑥
𝐃. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan ⎯⎯ 𝐄. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin ⎯⎯
3 3

2022 Exam 2 Question 5

The largest value of a such that the function 𝑓: (−∞, 𝑎] → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 10, where 𝑓 is one-to-
one, is
A. −12.25 B. −5 C. −1.5 D. 0 E. 2

2022 Exam 2 Question 16

The function 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯ 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑝, for 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑝 ∈ 𝑅, has turning points at 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 1
and passes through the point (3, 4). The values of 𝑚, 𝑛 and 𝑝 respectively are
7 𝐁. 𝑚 = 1, 𝑛 = −3, 𝑝 = −5
𝐀. 𝑚 = 0, 𝑛 = − ⎯⎯, 𝑝=2
3
𝐂. 𝑚 = −1, 𝑛 = −3, 𝑝 = 13 5 3 83
𝐃. 𝑚 = ⎯⎯, 𝑛 = ⎯⎯, 𝑝 = − ⎯⎯⎯
4 2 4
5 91
𝐄. 𝑚 = ⎯⎯, 𝑛 = 6, 𝑝 = − ⎯⎯⎯
2 2

2022 Exam 2 Question 17

A function g is continuous on the domain 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] and has the following properties:
• The average rate of change of 𝑔 between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is positive.
𝑎+𝑏
• The instantaneous rate of change of 𝑔 at 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ is negative.
2
Therefore, on the interval 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏], the function must be
A. many-to-one. B. one-to-many. C. one-to-one. D. strictly decreasing. E. strictly increasing.

2022 Exam 2 Question 1

The diagram below shows part of the graph of
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯.
12

a. State the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of 𝑓.

1 mark

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2022 Exam 2 Question 2

On a remote island, there are only two species of animals: foxes and rabbits. The foxes are the
On a remote island, there are only two species of animals: foxes and rabbits. The foxes are the
predators and the rabbits are their prey. The populations of foxes and rabbits increase and decrease
in a periodic pattern, with the period of both populations being the same, as shown in the graph
below, for all 𝑡 ≥ 0, where time 𝑡 is measured in weeks. One point of minimum fox population,
(20, 700), and one point of maximum fox population, (100, 2500), are also shown on the graph.
The graph has been drawn to scale.

𝜋𝑡
The population of rabbits can be modelled by the rule 𝑟(𝑡) = 1700 sin ⎯⎯⎯ + 2500.
80
a. i. State the initial population of rabbits. 1 mark

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ii. State the minimum and maximum population of rabbits. 1 mark

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iii. State the number of weeks between maximum populations of rabbits. 1 mark

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The population of foxes can be modelled by the rule 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑡 − 60) + 1600.
𝜋
𝐛. Show that 𝑎 = 900 and 𝑏 = ⎯⎯⎯. 2 mark
80

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Over a longer period of time, it is found that the increase and decrease in the population of rabbits
gets smaller and smaller.
The population of rabbits over a longer period of time can be modelled by the rule
𝜋𝑡
𝑠(𝑡) = 1700 ⋅ 𝑒 . ⋅ sin ⎯⎯⎯ + 2500, for all 𝑡 ≥ 0
80
h. Over time, the rabbit population approaches a particular value. State this value. 1 mark

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2023 NHT Exam 1 Question 6

2023 NHT Exam 1 Question 6
2
Consider the function 𝑓, where 𝑓: 𝐷 →, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, where 𝐷 is the maximal domain of 𝑓.
𝑥−1
b. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
Label any asymptotes with their equation and the axial intercepts with their coordinates. 3 marks

2023 NHT Exam 2 Question 4

Consider the polynomial equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑥 + 1, where 𝑝 < 0, and 𝑛 is a positive whole
number larger than zero. The highest value of 𝑛, from the options below, for which the graph of
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has exactly one 𝑥-intercept is
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5 E. 7

2023 NHT Exam 2 Question 2

The amount of caffeine present in Kim’s body after they drink espresso coffee can be modelled
The amount of caffeine present in Kim’s body after they drink espresso coffee can be modelled
mathematically. Students suggest that the amount of caffeine, C in milligrams, in Kim’s body 𝑡 hours
⎯⎯
after consuming an espresso coffee can be modelled by the function 𝐶(𝑡) = 65𝑒 .

Kim consumes another espresso coffee 4 hours after consuming the first.
The students then suggest that a more appropriate model for the absorption of caffeine, in
milligrams, in Kim’s body t hours after they consume the first espresso is
⎧
⎪ 65𝑒 ⎯⎯ 0≤𝑡<4
𝐶 (𝑡) = 1−𝑒 ⎯⎯
⎨65 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑒 𝑡≥4
⎪ 1 − √⎯
𝑒
⎩

e. Show that the function 𝐶 is not continuous for 𝑡 > 0. 1 mark

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f. Using 𝐶 , find the maximum amount of active caffeine in Kim’s body and the time at which this level
was reached. Give the maximum amount of caffeine, in milligrams, correct to one decimal place.
2 marks

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