08 (H2) Chem Eqm - Final Selected (QNS)
08 (H2) Chem Eqm - Final Selected (QNS)
08 (H2) Chem Eqm - Final Selected (QNS)
1 [IJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
What is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium?
2 [IJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The following equation represents the equilibrium for the reaction between A and B.
1
A
2.4
1
B
2.4
1
C
1.2
D 1.2
3 [MJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
A 0.0113 mol sample of ammonium nitrate is introduced into an evacuated vessel with a
volume of 0.83 dm3. The vessel, of constant volume, is heated to a constant temperature
such that the equilibrium below is established.
Given that the percentage dissociation of ammonium nitrate at equilibrium is 66.8%, what
is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
1
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4 [DHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
A gaseous sample of hydrogen iodide was held at 300°C until equilibrium was established.
It was found that one–third of the reactants has dissociated. What is the numerical value of
the equilibrium constant, Kc, at 300°C?
1 1 2
A B C D 4
16 8 3
5 [EJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Consider the following equilibrium.
Kc
A (aq) + 2B (aq) 2C (aq)
When 3 mol of solid C was dissolved in 2 dm3 of water and left to stand until equilibrium
was reached, it was found that the percentage conversion of C was 40%.
6 [SRJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
On heating, nitrogen dioxide decomposes as follows:
When 4 mol of nitrogen dioxide (in a V dm3 vessel) is heated to a constant temperature, the
equilibrium mixture is found to contain x mol of oxygen.
Which one of the following show the correct Kc for this reaction?
A x3
V(4 − x)2
B 4x 3
V(4 − 2x)2
C (4 − 2x)2
4Vx 3
D 4Vx 3
(4 − 2x)2
2
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7 [SRJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The equilibrium constant, Kp, for the following reaction is 4.0 at 25 °C.
A sample of HI is decomposed in a sealed tube at 25 °C. The total pressure of the mixture
remains at 1.0 atm throughout the process. What is the equilibrium partial pressure of H2 in
the tube in atm?
A 0.1
B 0.2
C 0.4
D 0.8
8 [NJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, decomposes on heating according to the following equation.
When nitrogen dioxide of 1 atm was placed in a container and heated, 40% of NO2
dissociated. What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, at the temperature of the
experiment?
A 0.053 atm
B 0.089 atm
C 0.200 atm
D 0.222 atm
9 [CJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
An equilibrium can be represented by the following equation.
What will the new equilibrium concentration of Q be if 0.05 mol of pure Q is added to the
mixture?
3
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10 [HCI/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Two gases, P and Q, react as follows.
Given that the initial amount of P was 0.2 mol, what is the value of the equilibrium constant
KC for this reaction?
0.5 0.5 × 5 3
A B
0.1× (0.2) 3 0.1× (0.2)3
0.5 0.5 × 5 3
C 3 D
0.2 × (0.2) 0.2 × (0.2) 3
11 [IJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The equation describes the equilibrium between some gases.
A 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3 only
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12 [HCI/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The graph below shows how the fraction of a substance, X, produced in an equilibrium
mixture varies with temperature at pressures of 2 × 107 Pa and 5 × 107 Pa.
fraction of X
in equilibrium
mixture / %
2 × 107 Pa
5 × 107 Pa
temperature
13 [IJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
In industrial production of nitric acid, the first step involves the oxidation of ammonia to
nitrogen oxide as shown in the equation below.
A removal of H2O
B addition of catalyst
C increase in temperature
D reduction in the volume of the system
5
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14 [MJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Gases A and B react to form gas C according to the equation below.
The graph below shows the variation of the equilibrium yield of product C with changes in
pressures at two different temperatures.
What can be deduced regarding the enthalpy change and magnitude of the stoichiometric
coefficients for gases A, B and C?
B ∆H > 0 a+b<c
C ∆H < 0 a+b>c
D ∆H < 0 a+b<c
15 [MJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The key stage in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is the reaction between sulfur dioxide
and oxygen.
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16 [HCI/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
The water-gas shift reaction is an industrially important source of hydrogen gas because of
the low cost of the reactants. The reactants and products of this reaction exist in an
equilibrium that is shown below.
Which of the following graphs based on the water-gas shift reaction, are correct?
1 2 3
%H2
A 1 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
17 [SRJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
Gas A decomposes to two other gases, B and C, according to the equation:
Which of the following correctly describes what will happen if a proposed change is made
to this system at equilibrium?
18 [AJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
Consider the reaction W + X Y + Z.
Which of the following statements is incorrect when a catalyst is added to the reaction
mixture?
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19 [EJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
During the Contact process, SO2 is converted into SO3 in a reversible reaction according to
the equation below:
The graph below shows how the concentrations of the three gases change when the
conditions in the reaction vessel were changed at different times.
SO2(g)
O2(g)
SO3(g)
0 Time/ min
2 5 10 15
1 From the 2nd to the 5th minute, the rate of the backward reaction was equal to that of
the forward reaction.
2 At the 5th minute, a catalyst was added to the reaction mixture, leading to an increase
in rate of reaction.
3 At the 10th minute, the pressure of the system was increased at constant temperature.
A 1 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3
D 1 and 3
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20 [NJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
When steam is passed over white hot coke, an equilibrium of a mixture of combustible
gases is obtained as shown below.
Which option correctly describes what would happen if the proposed change is made to this
reaction?
A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only
21 [RVHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
When a solid X is heated in a closed vessel to a temperature T, it forms two gases as shown
by the equation below.
2X(s) Y(g) + 2Z(g) ∆H = 0
In a closed system, the reaction comes to equilibrium. The equilibrium pressure for the
above system at temperature T is p kPa.
1 The activation energies for both the forward and reverse reactions are zero.
2 The rate constants for both the forward and reverse reactions increase with
temperature.
3 The value of Kp for the above reaction is 4 p3 kPa3.
27
A 1,2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 3 only
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22 [HCI/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The reaction in the Haber process is as shown below.
A 1 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 3 only
23 [DHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
The first stage of the Contact Process for industrial production of sulfuric acid involves the
oxidation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide.
The operating conditions are a temperature of 400 – 450°C, a pressure of 1 – 2 atm, and
the use of V2O5 catalyst.
10
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24 [DHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
The graph shows how ΔG o changes with temperature for the reaction shown.
Equimolar amounts of H2O and CO were introduced into a sealed container and allowed
to reach equilibrium.
At which points will the concentration of H2 be less than the concentration of H2O at
equilibrium?
A 1 and 2 B 1 only
C 2, 3 and 4 D 3 and 4 only
25 [EJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
The Gibbs free energy change of a system determines whether a reaction is spontaneous,
while the equilibrium constant indicates the extent of reaction.
What does the following pair of values for a reaction system indicate?
values
∆Gf, − 63.9
Kc 5.80 × 109
A No reaction.
B Position of equilibrium lies to the left.
C Some extent of reaction.
D Reaction goes to completion.
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1 C 6 B 11 A 16 A 21 C
2 A 7 C 12 A 17 C 22 D
3 B 8 B 13 A 18 B 23 A
4 A 9 A 14 A 19 D 24 B
5 D 10 B 15 C 20 B 25 D
Structured/Essay Questions
26 [ACJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
One of the stages in the Contact process to manufacture sulfuric acid employs the use of a
catalyst to oxidise sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
1
SO2(g) + 2O2(g) SO3(g)
The reactants are passed over a catalyst bed which is made of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5,
finely dispersed over a porous support made of silicon dioxide, SiO2. The figure below shows
the cross section of a downward gas flow reactor.
(a) (i) Use information from the figure to determine the sign for the enthalpy change of
reaction to oxidise sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. [1]
(ii) Hence explain the effect on the position of equilibrium if the temperature was
raised to 600 oC for this reaction. [2]
[Total: 3]
27 (a) [CJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The contact process is an important industrial process for the production of sulfuric acid.
One of the steps involves the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
A sulfur dioxide-oxygen mixture, initially in the mole ratio of 2:1, was allowed to react at
a constant total pressure of 1 atm. Equilibrium was reached when 90% of the sulfur
dioxide has reacted.
12
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(i) Sketch a graph showing how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions
change from the time the two gases are mixed to the time the reaction reaches
equilibrium. Label your graphs clearly. [2]
(ii) Write the Kp expression for the above reaction and state its units. [1]
(iii) Calculate the Kp value for the above equilibrium. [3]
(b) The table below shows how the percentage of sulfur trioxide, SO3 in the equilibrium
mixture varies with temperature as well as the volume of the reaction vessels.
28 [MJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm+Gases]
Sulfur dioxide, SO2 is a gas with a pungent, irritating smell. While there are many useful
applications, SO2 is also a toxic atmospheric pollutant and is one of the key components in
the formation of acid rain.
(a) SO2 was previously used as a refrigerant as it has a relatively high heat of
vapourisation. At 293 K, a 24 dm3 refrigerant canister containing 1 mol of SO2 was found
to exert an internal pressure of 0.992 atm instead of the theoretically expected
1.00 atm.
(b) Sulfur dioxide is an important feedstock in the Contact Process to manufacture sulfuric
acid industrially. One of the reactions in the Contact Process involves the reversible
reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
In an experiment, a 3:1 ratio of SO2 and O2 was mixed at a total initial pressure of 3 atm
and was passed over vanadium(V) oxide catalyst at 400 °C in a fixed volume vessel. At
equilibrium, the percentage of SO3 present in the mixture of gases is found to be 60%.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction. [1]
(ii) Calculate the value of Kp at 400 °C, stating its units, clearly. [3]
(iii) How would the percentage conversion of SO2 into SO3 be affected when the
pressure is increased? Explain your answer. [2]
(iv) Explain why a moderately high temperature of 400 °C was used as one of the
operating conditions for this reaction. [2]
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(v) In industrial processes such as the Contact Process, catalysts are often
deactivated in the presence of impurities and loses its efficiency to catalyse the
reactions.
The following graph shows how the partial pressure of sulfur trioxide present
varies with time at 400°C when pure vanadium(V) oxide catalyst was used.
Transfer the graph below onto the writing paper. Using the same axes, sketch
another graph for this experiment to show the variation of partial pressure of SO3
with time at 400 °C, if the vanadium(V) oxide catalyst was tainted with impurities.
[2]
0 time
[Total:12]
29 (c) [ACJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
When 5.00 cm3 of liquid methanol, CH3OH is shaken with the water-octane mixture, it
fully dissolves in the two solvents. Upon leaving the mixture to stand, the immiscible
layers of water and octane reappears, each containing an unequal amount of dissolved
methanol.
Separating funnel
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[CH3OH]octane
Kc =
[CH3OH]aq
In order to determine Kc, the aqueous layer was analysed and [CH3OH]aq was found to
be 0.952 mol dm−3.
(i) Calculate the total number of moles in 5.00 cm3 of pure methanol. [1]
(ii) Use the given value of [CH3OH]aq and your answer in (c)(i) to calculate
[CH3OH]octane. [1]
(iii) Hence calculate Kc. [1]
[Total: 3]
30 (a) [MJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Myoglobin, Mb, is an oxygen–carrier protein that occurs in muscle fibres. It binds one
O2 molecule per Mb molecule according to the following equation.
The value of Kc for reaction (1) is 2.3 x 105 at room temperature and pressure.
(i) Write the Kc expression for this reaction, stating its units. [1]
(ii) Experiments have shown that when the [O2] = 9.6 x 10–6 mol dm–3 and
[Mb] = 3.59 x 10–3 mol dm–3. Use the given information to calculate the
concentration of MbO2 at equilibrium. [1]
Carbon monoxide binds with myoglobin more strongly than oxygen does. The magnitude of
Kc for reaction (2) is 60 times that of the Kc for reaction (1) under the same conditions.
It was found that when more than 20% of myoglobin is combined with carbon monoxide, it
becomes fatal for human.
(b) Calculate the concentration of uncombined carbon monoxide in the body fluids when
it becomes fatal. Given the initial concentration of myoglobin in the body fluid was
3.59 x 10–3 mol dm–3. [2]
(c) Carbon monoxide can exist in the atmosphere as well as in dissolved in water.
(i) Determine the concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere when the
concentration of dissolved carbon monoxide in water is 1.5 x 10–8 mol dm–3. [1]
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(d) Carbon monoxide is produced as one of the side products when hydrogen is
generated from steam as shown in the reaction below.
(i) Reaction (4) is reversible and reached dynamic equilibrium after some time.
Define the term dynamic equilibrium. [1]
When oxygen gas is passed through reaction (4) over a heterogeneous catalyst,
reaction (5) occurs.
The resultant mixture is then reacted with sodium hydroxide. Suggest how this
would affect the amount of hydrogen gas produced in reaction (4). [2]
[Total: 12]
31 [NJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Compounds P and Q react according to the following equation:
When 1.0 mol of P and Q each are placed into a 2.0 dm3 container and heated, the equilibrium
mixture is found to contain 0.60 mol of Q.
(a) For the above reaction, calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, including its
units. [2]
(b) The percentage of R present at equilibrium varies with temperature as shown in the
graph below.
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(iv) State and explain the effect on the value of Kc, when a catalyst is added to the
above equilibrium. [2]
[Total: 7]
32 (c) [RVHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
In many temperate countries, water is ‘hard’ due to the high mineral content. Common
ions found in hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+. The calcium ions in ‘hard’ water can
react with detergents that render them ineffective, forming a precipitate (‘scum’) in the
process.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for the above reaction. [1]
(ii) Predict and comment on the sign and magnitude of ∆G in the above reaction.
[2]
(iii) Some solid sodium triphosphate was added to ‘hard’ water containing the
detergent. After forming the complex, the concentration of P3O105− decreased to
one-tenth of its original value at equilibrium.
Using the value of Kc, calculate the concentration of Ca2+ in the equilibrium
mixture. [1]
(iv) Suggest how the equilibrium position of the above reaction will be affected by
adding water to the system. [2]
Kc =
where k1 is the rate constant for the forward reaction and k2 is the rate constant of the
backward reaction.
Assuming the enthalpy change of the above forward reaction is exothermic, describe
how an increase in temperature will affect the
• equilibrium position
• value of k1 and k2
• value of Kc
You should use the ideas behind Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your answer where
relevant. [4]
[Total:10]
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33 (a) [SRJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
Nitrosyl bromide, NOBr, can be formed by the reversible reaction of nitric oxide, NO,
with bromine gas. NO and NOBr boils below room temperature.
In an experiment, 1.00 atm of NO and 2.00 atm Br2 gas were introduced into a sealed
vessel. At equilibrium, the partial pressure of Br2 was found to be to 1.80atm. The
sealed vessel registered a decrease in temperature.
(i) Complete the balanced equation, with state symbols, for the above reversible
reaction at room temperature.
(iii) Calculate the partial pressure of nitric oxide and nitrosyl bromide at equilibrium,
and hence the total pressure at equilibrium.
[3]
(iv) Use your answer from (a)(iii), calculate the value of Kp. [1]
(v) In a separate experiment, an inert gas was introduced into the sealed vessel
along with the reactants.
State how this would affect both the position of the equilibrium and the numerical
value of Kp. [2]
[Total: 9]
34 [IJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
In an industrial process, gases X and Y react together to form a single gaseous
product Z.
2X(g) + Y(g) 2Z(g) ∆Hrxn = + ve
The graph below shows how the fraction of a substance, Z, produced in an equilibrium
mixture, varies with pressure at temperatures of T1 and T2.
Fraction of Z
T1
80 T2
60
Pressure/atm
40 0 100 200 300 400
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(b) Suggest with a reason, why the fraction of Z in equilibrium changes with increasing
pressure as shown in the diagram. [2]
(c) With reference to the information given in the graph above, deduce and explain
whether temperature T1 or T2 has a higher value. [2]
(d) With the aid of a sketch of the Boltzmann distribution curve, explain how the addition
of a catalyst can affect the rate of a chemical reaction. [4]
(e) A 2:1 mixture of X and Y gases were left to reach equilibrium at 300 oC. At equilibrium,
the total pressure was 159 atm and the partial pressure of Z was found to be 126 atm.
(i) Calculate the partial pressure of X and Y in the equilibrium mixture. [2]
(ii) Write an expression for equilibrium constant Kp, stating its units. Hence, calculate
the equilibrium constant, Kp at 300 oC. [2]
[Total: 13]
35 (b) [DHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Bromine reacts with aluminium to form aluminium bromide, which exists in two different
forms, in the vapour state.
When some Al2Br6 was added into a reaction vessel at a certain temperature, the
following equilibrium was slowly established.
Al2Br6(g) 2AlBr3(g)
At different times during the experiment, changes were made to the conditions in the
reaction vessel. At each time, only one change was made to the conditions in the reaction
vessel. The changes in concentrations in the equilibrium mixture with time are shown in
the graph below.
Al2Br6
concentration
AlBr3
t1 t2 t3 t4
time
(i) Suggest the change that caused the equilibrium position to shift at time t1 and t2.
[2]
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(iii) Sketch, on the same axes as the graph above, the changes in concentration of
Al2Br6 and AlBr3 when the mixture was heated further at time t3, and a new
equilibrium position was established at t4.
Explain your answer with reference to your conclusion made in (ii). [2]
[Total: 5]
36 [EJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqmEntropy]
A main feature of spacesuits is to supply astronauts with oxygen, and remove the carbon dioxide
produced. Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system, RCDR, in spacesuits use metal oxides
such as silver oxide, Ag2O.
Ag2O reacts reversibly with carbon dioxide to form silver carbonate, Ag2CO3 as shown in the
equation.
The van′t Hoff plot shows how the equilibrium constant of the reaction changes with
temperature. The plot for the forward reaction between Ag2O and CO2 is shown in Fig. 4.1.
ln Kp
10
1
0 /10−3 K−1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 T
-5
-10
-15
-20
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) State the relationship between Kp and T. [1]
(ii) Hence explain whether the reaction between Ag2O and CO2 is exothermic or
endothermic. [2]
(b) The y intercept represents where ∆So is the entropy change of reaction and R is the
gas constant.
20
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Use this information and Fig. 4.1 to calculate the entropy change for this reaction. Explain
the significance of its sign with respect to the reaction. [2]
(c) After absorbing carbon dioxide for some time, the RCDR system becomes saturated and
most of the Ag2O would be converted to Ag2CO3. To “recharge” the system, heat is
applied to the system to form Ag2O again.
(i) Explain why heat is necessary for the recharging process, taking into account the
thermodynamic consideration of the reaction. [1]
(ii) For any reaction, ∆Go and the equilibrium constant, Kp, are related according to
the equation ∆Go = -RT ln Kp. Using this mathematical relationship and Fig. 4.1,
calculate the minimum temperature required to recharge the system. [1]
(iii) A suggestion was made to carry out the recharging at high temperature and
pressure to decrease the time required for the process. Comment on whether it is
advisable to take up this suggestion. [2]
[Total: 9]
37 (a) [HCI/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
The Haber process is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia from
nitrogen and hydrogen.
(ii) The optimal operating temperature for the Haber process is 450 oC. Use the
following values to calculate the ∆Gro at 450 oC.
(iii) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the Haber process at the same
temperature using ∆Gro = – RT lnK. Explain the significance of your answer in
terms of the yield of the process. [2]
(iv) State the usual operating pressure (in atm) required for the Haber process and
explain why it is necessary for an acceptable yield in the industrial procedure.
[2]
[Total: 6]
21
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38 [HCI/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Cyclohexane can be produced by reacting benzene with hydrogen under certain conditions.
Vessel A contains benzene gas at a pressure of x atm and vessel B contains hydrogen gas at
a pressure of 5.67 atm. The flasks were kept at a temperature of 600 K.
When the two flasks are connected and the gases mixed in the presence of a suitable catalyst
with the temperature maintained at 600 K, they react to give gaseous cyclohexane. It was
found that at equilibrium, the partial pressures of cyclohexane and benzene were 0.61 atm
and 2.70 atm respectively.
(ii) Find the partial pressure of hydrogen at equilibrium, given that Kp = 0.0305 atm−3.
[1]
Show that the volume of vessel B is 4.0 dm3 and hence determine x. [3]
(b) Using relevant bond energy data from the Data Booklet, calculate the enthalpy change
for the reaction of benzene gas and hydrogen gas to give cyclohexane gas. [2]
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