Computer Application

By John Kasole 1
 COMPUTER APPLICATION
COURSE CODE: GST 102

COURSE INSTRUCTOR/LECTURER: JK

INSTRUCTOR/LECTURER CONTACTS: [email protected]

+255688 390088/ 0756244728

CLASS HOURS/WEEK: 4hrs

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:30 pm

Friday 11:00 – 13:00 pm

CONSULTATION HOURS/WEEK: 3Hours (AQ 2 – ICT office)

Monday 10:00 am – 11:30 am

Wednesday 1000hrs – 1130hrs

By John Kasole 2
 MARKS DISTRIBUTION
COURSE WORK 60 Marks

FINAL EXAM 40 Marks

COURSEWORK = Tests + Quiz + Presentation + Practical

TEST 2 = 10 Marks @

Presentation = 5 Marks

Practical = 20 Marks

Ongoing class Pyt (Quiz) = 5 Marks

NOTE: NO MARKUP TEST

By John Kasole 3
 Course Categories

1. Computer Basics (Theory)

2. Computer application (Practical)

Seminar questions and

Practical

By John Kasole 4
 Part 1
Introduction to Computer

Computer System

• Computer basics Computer Software

Computer Network

Computer Viruses

Window Basics
By John Kasole 5
 Topic 1: Introduction to
Computer
1. Computer definition
2. Basic Functions of a computer
3. Characteristics of a computer
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Computer
5. Areas where computers are applied
6. Types of computers
7. Computer generations

By John Kasole 6
 Topic 2: Computer System
1. Definition
2. Parts of Computer System Input device
Processor
Computer Hardware Memory/Storage device
Output device
OS
System SW SDT
Computer Software Utility programs

Data Application SW General App

User Specific App

By John Kasole 7
 Text input Device
 Input device Categories Pointing Input Device
Image Input Device
Audio Input Device

Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)

 CPU Control Unit (CU)
Register (memory)
Cache
Primary memory RAM
 Memory/ storage devices ROM
Magnetic tape
Secondary storage Magnetic disk
Optic Disks

 Output device Definition

Examples
By John Kasole 8
 Topic 3: Computer
Software
• Computer SW definition Operating System (OS)
System SW Utility programs
software development tools
• Types of Computer SW
General Application SW
Application SW
Specific Application SW

Operating System (OS)

1. Definition
2. Basic operations performed by OS
3. Types
4. Examples of OS
By John Kasole 9
 Topic 4: Computer
Network
SCOPE
1. Definition
2. Advantages and disadvantages
3. Types of Computer networks (with examples)
4. Email + search engine + web browser concepts

By John Kasole 10
Topic 5: Computer Virus
1. Computer virus definition
2. Characteristics of a computer virus
3. What does a computer virus do?
4. Types of computer viruses*
5. Computer antivirus definition
6. Examples of computer anti viruses
7. Differences between computer virus and
computer antivirus
By John Kasole 11
 Topic 6: Window Basics
Objectives
1. Windows 10 - installation
2. Windows 10 - Getting started
3. Windows 10 - GUI Basics
4. Windows 10 – GUI Basics – Windows
5. Windows 10 – GUI Basics – Icons
6. Windows 10 – Navigation
7. Windows 10 – Navigation – Start Menu
8. Windows 10 – Navigation – File Explorer
9. Windows 10 – Navigation – Virtual Desktops
10. Windows 10 – Taskbar
11. Folder

By John Kasole 12
 Part 2
Definition
Ribbon
Functions [ ]
Ms Office Differences [ ]
Application
Computer Shortcuts etc
Application
Definition
Ms Spreadsheet
Ms Excel Workbook + Worksheet
Arithmetic Calculation
Data analysis & Presenta’n
d
e
By John Kasole 13
 Ms Office1. Save and save as
2. Copy and cut
3. Superscript and subscript
Differences 4. Horizontal and vertical scroll bar
Between 5. Bullet and numbering
6. Zoom in and zoom out
7. Grow font and shrink font
8. Header and footer
9. Undo and redo

1. Quick access toolbar

2. Format painter
3. Bold
Functions of 4. Zoom slider /control
5. Status bar
6. Title bar
By John Kasole 7. Watermark etc 14
By John Kasole 15
 Introduction to
Computer

1. Computer definition
2. Basic Functions of a computer
3. Characteristics of a computer
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Computer
5. Areas where computers are applied
6. Types of computers
7. Computer generations

By John Kasole 16
 1. Computer definition
Computer is an electronic device which accepts data (input),
process entered data, store them and give out the results (output)

Computer = Input + process + store + Results/output

DATA
CPU OUTPUT
INSTRUCTION

INPUT Output device eg monitor

Input device eg Keyboard
STORAGE/
MEMORY

Storage device eg HDD

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 2. Basic Functions of a
computer
 Computers can perform four general operations,
which comprise the information processing cycle

o Accepts the data (Input)

o Process entered data
o Output processed data
o Store processed data

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 3. Characteristics of a
computer

By John Kasole 19
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of
a Computer

ADVANTAGES
1. High processing speed
2. Multitasking
3. Keeps you entertained
4. Communication
5. Data security
6. Accuracy
7. High storage capacity
8. Helps to improve knowledge
9. Prediction

NB: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER CAN ALSO BE REFERED

AS ITS ADVANTAGES

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 DISADVANTAGES

1. Impact on Labor Force (Leads to unemployment)

2. Too much sitting….
3. Can limit learning and create a dependency…..
4. Potential of loss of privacy….
5. You could become anti-social or depressed…
6. Health risks.

By John Kasole
21
5. Areas where computers
are applied
1. Supermarkets.
2. Industries.
3. In Banks/Insurance industries.
4. Process control.
5. At Hospitals.
6. In Offices.
7. Government Institutions.
8. In Education
9. In military
10. In transportation

ETC
By John Kasole 22
 6. Types of computers

Computers can be categorized into three

categories;

1. Types of Computers according to PURPOSE

2. Types of Computers according to FUNCTIONALITY (DATA
HANDLING)
3. Types of computers according to processing speed, storage,
size and cost.

By John Kasole 23
 General Purpose
Computers
According to
Specific Purpose
PURPOSE
computers

Analog Computers

According to Digital Computers

FUNCTIONALITY
Hybrid computers

Supercomputers

Mainframe computers
Processing speed,
Mini computers
storage, size
Workstation computers

Microcomputers

By John Kasole 24
Types of Computers According
to PURPOSE
According to purpose, computers are either general purpose
or specific purpose.

1. General purpose computers are designed to perform a

range of tasks. They have the ability to store numerous
programs, but lack in speed and efficiency.

2. Specific purpose computers are designed to handle a

specific problem or to perform a specific task. A set of
instructions is built into the machine.
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25
 Types of Computers According to
FUNCTIONALITY (Data Handling)
 Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form
of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as
electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the
problem being solved.

 Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations
with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary
number system

 Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and
outputting in both digital and analog signals. For computational
purposes, these computers use analog components and for
storage, digital memories are used.
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 Types of computers Processing
speed, storage, size and cost

1. Super Computer
The fastest and most powerful type of computer
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example,
 weather forecasting requires a supercomputer.
 Animated graphics,
 Fluid dynamic calculations,
 Nuclear energy research,
 Petroleum exploration.

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By John Kasole
2. Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the
hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches,
for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the
top, mainframes are just below supercomputers.
In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers because they support more simultaneous
programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe.

The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is

that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few
programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to
execute many programs concurrently.

By John Kasole 28
3. Mini Computer
A mid sized computer. In size and power, minicomputers
lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past
decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and
small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the
distinction between small minicomputers and
workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a
multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to
about 200 users simultaneously.

By John Kasole
29
4. Workstations
A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this
context, workstation is just a generic term for a user’s
machine (client machine) in contrast to a “server” or
“mainframe.”

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5. Micro Computer or Personal Computer
 Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on
a desk.

 Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated

screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop
computer and larger than a notebook computer.

 Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized

computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an
input and output device.

By John Kasole 31
 7. Computer generations
Computer generations are based on when major technological
changes in computers occurred, like the use of vacuum tubes,
transistors, and the microprocessor. As of 2020, there are five
generations of the computer

By John Kasole 32
By John Kasole 33
 SEMINAR QUESTIONS
(Based on Lecture 1)
1. Define the following;
a) Computer
b) Input
2. Mention two types of input
3. What are the basic functions of a computer?
4. Mention six characteristics of a computer
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a computer? (state
three per each)
6. What are the types of computers according to processing speed,
storage, cost and size.
7. What language does a computer understand?
8. Mention computer generations and the technology used
By John Kasole 34
 1. Computer definition
7. State two fundamental differences between supercomputer and
mainframe computer.
8. Define types of computers based on functionality.
9. State four areas where computers can be applied.
10. From the diagram below, name letters A – F and give at least one
example of the device used

A
D F
B
C

By John Kasole 35
 END OF
LECTURE
ONE.

By John Kasole 36
By John Kasole 37
 Topic 2: Computer System
1. Definition
2. Parts of Computer System Input device
Processor
Computer Hardware Memory/Storage device
Output device
OS
System SW SDT
Computer Software Utility programs

Data Application SW General App

User Specific App

By John Kasole 38
 Overview of a computer
system
At the end of this Session, you will be able:
1. Explain the difference between a computer and a computer system
2. Describe the various components of a computer
3. List different devices that are typically attached to a computer to
allow the user to input data, process, store and view output
4. Illustrate the components of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
5. Explain the function of each component of the Central Processing
Unit
6. Explain four major parts (components) of a computer system
39
By John Kasole
 COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer is an electronic
device that accepts input,
processes it, stores and
produces output. A system is a collection of
elements that work together to
achieve a common objective

By John Kasole 40
 COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer system specifically describes the set of hardware

(devices) and software (programs/applications) that join together to
perform a computational task.

Computer system is the combination of hardware, software, user

and data that together formulate a system to accomplish a certain
computational goal.

By John Kasole 41
 INPUT
………….
DEVICE
PARTS
PROCESSOR/
………….
1. CPU
COMPUTER
HARDWARE STORAGE/MEM
………….
ORY DEVICE

OUTPUT
DEVICE
2.
COMPUTER
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
SYSTEM
SYSTEM APPLICATION
SOFTWARE SOFTWARE
3. DATA 1. Operating System (OS)
2. Utility Programs
3. Software Development Tools

4. USER
General Specific
By John Kasole Purpose App Purpose App
42
 1. COMPUTER HARDWARE

 The tangible parts of the computer

 A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the parts you can
see and touch.
 The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer,
such as a;
 Keyboard,
 Monitor,
 Modem,
 Mouse, etc.
 These are mechanical devices that make up the computer
By John Kasole 43
 Computer Hardware

By John Kasole 44
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPONENTS

A computer’s hardware devices falls into one of the four categories;

i. Input device
ii. Processor ( CPU)
iii. Memory/ storage devices
iv. Output devices

By John Kasole 45
 i. Input device
 An input is data that a computer receives.

 A device which accept data and instructions from the user

or from another computer system.

 Input device is any device that provides input to a

computer.

 Input device is any hardware device that sends data to a

computer
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 Categories of Input
Device

By John Kasole 47
 TYPES OF A MOUSE
1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
3. Wireless Mouse
 Mechanical mouse: Houses a hard rubber ball that rolls as the mouse is
moved. Sensors inside the mouse body detect the movement and translate it
into information that the computer interprets.

 Optical mouse: Uses an LED sensor to detect tabletop movement and then
sends off that information to the computer for merry munching.

By John Kasole 48
 Mechanical Mouse
• It used to be that the only type of computer mice was the mechanical
mouse, which harbors a hard rubber ball within that translates its
movements along a surface into information, which is then sent to the
desktop and allows you to move the cursor around as you please.

• But, all good things must come to an end, as did this old tried and true
mouse.

By John Kasole 49
 Optical Mouse
• The most common, and one you’re probably using right now
is the optical mouse, which is far more convenient than the
mechanical mouse because instead of using a ball that could
become dislodged, it uses an LED sensor to detect movements
along a tabletop, which is of course sent off into the computer
like the former.

By John Kasole 50
 Wireless Mouse
• Wireless mice come in two types, the infrared and the radio frequency.
Both mice relay signals to a base station wired to the computer’s
mouse port.
• Considering they don’t have a cord to directly connect them to the
computer or laptop, both types also require batteries or some form of
charging.
• Even with the small disadvantage of occasionally dying on you, they
are very easy to carry around on the go if you’re someone who travels
a lot, and there’s the added benefit of not having to deal with messy
cordage tangles. Good stuff!

By John Kasole 51
 Trackball Mouse
Similar to the function of the track pad on laptops, a trackball mouse looks a
lot like a mechanical mouse placed upside down with the ball facing
upwards that you’d move manually with your thumb or index finger. While
it definitely takes a while to get used to in comparison to its other mice
mutations, but because it stays mostly stationary, it doesn’t need a lot of
room, and it likely wont tangle as much as others might. You don’t really
see many of these out in the wild any more.

By John Kasole 52
 The Five mouse actions (Operations) are:
1. Left Click,
2. Right Click,
3. Double Click,
4. Drag & Drop, and
5. Scroll.

Explanation:

 Left Click - The left mouse button is used for object selecting and double-
clicking.
 Right Click - The right mouse button mostly used to open pop-up menus
which perform specific function when selected by the right-click.
 Double-click - Used to open objects, such as a file, icon.
 Drag - Used to move the selected object to the desired position.
 Scroll - Used for Scrolling up and down on a webpage or document.

53
By John Kasole
 ii. Processor ( CPU)
1. The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called
processing
2. The processor is like the brain of the computer because it processes all
the activities within the computer. Its where all the computation activities
of the machine takes place
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) refers to a computer’s processor.

It’s basically a silicon chip in the shape of a square or

rectangle with millions of microscopic transistors. On
the bottom and backside are hundreds of short,
rounded, metallic connector pins.
54
By John Kasole
By John Kasole 55
 THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF
A CPU *

The 3 main parts of a CPU are;

a) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
b) Control Unit (CU) and
c) Memory unit (Register)

56
By John Kasole
 a) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

 Performs both arithmetical and logical operation on data.

 Arithmetic unit - responsible for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
 logic unit - responsible for comparing, selecting, matching
and merging different data or information.

 The power and efficiency of the CPU depends on the design of the
ALU.

By John Kasole 57
 b) Control Unit (CU)
 Control Unit directs all the processor’s operations.
 It’s where the CPU reads and interprets requests from memory
and transforms them into a series of signals (binary).
 Then it sends the operation to various parts of the laptop as
instructed.
 The CU calls the ALU to perform the necessary calculations.
 It also coordinates all input/output devices to transfer or receive
instructions.

By John Kasole 58
 c) Register

 Registers are small amounts of high-speed memory contained within the

CPU.
 High speed memory that temporarily holds data to be used by the CPU
 They are used by the processor to store small amounts of data that are
needed during processing, such as:
 The address of the next instruction to be executed
 The current instruction being decoded
 The results of calculations

By John Kasole
59
 iii. Memory/ storage
devices

• Memory refers to the location of short-term data for

immediate access
• Storage is the component of your computer that allows you to
store and access data on a long-term basis.
• Usually, storage comes in the form of a solid-state drive or a
hard drive.
• Memory/storage devices are the devices used to store data.

By John Kasole 60
 Types of storage device
1. Primary memory devices (Also Internal Memory)
 Volatile memory, High speed, low Capacity, high cost

2. Secondary storage devices (Also External Storage)

 Non – volatile memory, slow, cheap, high volume

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 MEMORY
STORAGE

By John Kasole 62
 Memory/Storage

Primary Secondary
Memory Storage

NON-
VOLATILE Magnetic Optic Magnetic
VOLATILE
tapes Disc Disc

Cassette
Flash
ROM ,
Regist tapes DVD CD
Cache RAM HDD
er

EPR EEPR DVD DVD CD - CD-

PROM FROM
By John Kasole OM OM -R -RW R RW 63
 ROM
1. Read Only Memory is a non-volatile memory.
2. The contents in locations in ROM cannot be changed
3. The data in ROM is not lost when the computer power is turned off

By John Kasole 64
 WHAT IS RAM ?

 Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of volatile memory which stores

frequently used program instructions to increase the general speed of a system.

 Data in RAM is not permanently written. When you power off your computer
the data stored in RAM is deleted.

 RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in
any order and from any physical location.

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 RAM

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM &
ROM
SN
RAM ROM

1 RAM is Random Access Memory. ROM IS READ ONLY MEMORY

2 RAM is the memory available for the ROM is the memory that comes with
operating system, programs and your computer that is pre-written to
processes to use when the computer is hold the instructions for booting-up
running. the computer.

3 RAM requires a flow of electricity to ROM will retain data without the flow
retain data (e.g. the computer of electricity (e.g. when computer is
powered on). powered off).

By John Kasole 67
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM &
ROM
SN
RAM ROM
4 RAM is a type of volatile memory. ROM is a type of non- volatile
Data in RAM is not permanently memory. Data in ROM is
written. When you power off your permanently written and is not
computer the data stored in RAM erased when you power off your
is deleted. computer.

5 Any memory location can be Any memory location can not be

accessed in a random way accessed in a random way

By John Kasole 68
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM &
ROM
SN
RAM ROM
6 RAM is analogous to a blackboard on While ROM is permanent and can
which information can be written only be read.
with a chalk and erased any number
of times.

7 RAM allows the computer to read ROM stores the program required to
data quickly to run applications. It initially boot the computer. It only
allows reading and writing. allows reading

8 Physically the size of RAM chip is Physically the size of ROM chip is
larger then ROM. smaller then RAM

By John Kasole 69
By John Kasole 70
 MEMORY / STORAGE
SUMMARY

By John Kasole 71
By John Kasole 72
 iv. Output Device
Is any hardware equipment to display, project, or physically
reproduce the results of data processed by a computer

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment

which converts information into human-readable form.

It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the

output devices are Visual Display Units i.e. a Monitor, Printer,
Graphic Output devices, Plotters, Speakers etc

By John Kasole 73
By John Kasole 74
 Seminar Questions
(Computer Hardware)

By John Kasole 75
1. With examples explain four components of a computer system

2. What is a computer hardware?

3. Computer Hardware is divided into four categories, with examples

explain them.

4. Differentiate input from input device.

5. With examples mention four categories of input device

6. Define three types of a mouse

7. Mention five basic operations of a mouse

8. What is a long form of a CPU?

9. Define CPU.

10. Explain three components of a CPU.

By John Kasole 76
 11. What does register do?

12. What is a memory/storage device?

13. What is the difference between memory and storage?

14. Mention three types of memory/storage device

15. Mention four characteristics of memory device

16. What are the differences between primary memory and secondary
storage?

17. What is the difference between volatile and non volatile memory

18. Mention three examples of volatile memory and three of non-

volatile storage

19. With examples mention three types of secondary storage?

20. What are the four differences between RAM and ROM?

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21. Mention two types of Optic discs.
22. Mention three differences between CD and DVD.
23. What are the two forms of CD?
24. What are the two forms of DVD?
25. What is an output device?
26. Mention six examples of an output device.
27. Mention three devices which act as an input device and output
device at the same time.
28. What are the differences between computer Hardware and
computer software?
29. Who is the user?
30. Differentiate data from information.

By John Kasole 78
31. The next slide are different computer devices. Tick wherever
appropriate, if it is an input device then also tick the input device
category to which it belongs (i.e. text input device, image input
device, pointing or audio input device), if it is a storage/memory
device, then tick the type of that storage device whether a primary
or secondary storage. Tick to output device box if the device is an
output, otherwise tick to input and output device if the device
plays both as an input and output, but also specify the input device
category.

By John Kasole 79
 80
By John Kasole
 2. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Windows OS

Operating System DOS

System SW Utility Programs Unix/Linux OS

SW development tools

COMPUTER SW

Application SW General Purpose App SW

Special Purpose App SW

LECTURE THREE IN LECTURE TWO

By John Kasole 81
 COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
 Software is a set of instructions that drive a computer (hardware) to
perform particular tasks.
 These instructions tell the machine’s physical components what to do.
 A set of instructions is often called a program.
 When a computer is using a particular program, it is said to be
running or executing the program.

The two most common types of programs are;

1. System software
2. Application software
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 System software

 Is the type of computer Software which performs the basic

functions of the computer i.e. booting the computer etc

 Is any program that controls the computer’s hardware or

program that can be used to maintain the computer in some way
so that it runs more efficiently.

 System Software provides a platform for running application

software

By John Kasole 83
 OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

•An operating system tells the computer how to use its own components. All
computers require an operating system.
•Is a type of System Software which acts as an interface (bridge) between the user and
computer hardware.
•It is the very first program to be installed in the computer.
•The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own devices.
Examples of operating systems include;
Windows OS,
Macintosh operating system,
Linux and
DOS
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 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF OS

An operating system has three main functions:

1. Manage the computer's resources, such as the central

processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers,

2. Establish a user interface, and

3. Execute and provide services for applications software.

By John Kasole 85
 FUNDAMENTAL
OPERATIONS OF OS

Operating system performs the following Operations;

1. Booting. Booting is a process of starting the computer
operating system starts the computer to work.
2. Memory Management.
3. Loading and Execution.
4. Data Security.
5. Disk Management.
6. Process Management.
7. Device Controlling.
8. Printing Controlling.
By John Kasole 86
 EXCLUSION 2

• This lecture will not tell much about Utility programs and
Software development tools, but shall mention few examples of
each. Students are therefore required

• UTILITY PROGRAMS (are programs that make the computer system

easier to use or performs highly specialized functions) examples include;
 Antivirus utilities eg bit defender
 Internet browsers eg internet explorer
 Games etc

• SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS (SDT) includes;

 Compilers
 Assemblers
 Interpreters etc

By John Kasole 87
 EXCLUSION 3
1. Go and read the second type of Software (Application
Software), its two types, the differences between those
types, functions of Application Software and examples
of each type.

2. Out of four parts of a computer system, at your own,

find all about the third component (DATA). The lecture
will give the highlight of the forth component (next
slide)
By John Kasole 88
 4. USERS

 Anyone who uses computer

 Computer does not initiate its operations by itself, it needs a user to
initiate an action i.e. switching on/off the computer.
 Computers can not feed data by themselves, they need users to
enter the data
IS IT A MUST FOR THE COMPUTER USER TO BE A PERSON/
HUMAN???

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 USERS

By John Kasole 90
 END OF
LECTURE
TWO/THREE.

By John Kasole 91
By John Kasole 92
 Computer Network

 A network consists of two or more entities, or objects,

sharing resources and information.

 A computer network is a communication system that connects

two or more computers so that they can exchange information and
share resources.

By John Kasole 93
 Benefits Of Computer
Network
1. Sharing of peripheral devices.
2. Easy sharing of programs & data & files
3. It enhances communication and availability of information
4. Security of information.
5. Easy access to databases
6. It boosts storage capacity
7. It is highly flexible
8. Help you learn and keep you informed
9. Encourages individual learning

By John Kasole 94
Disadvantages of Computer
Networks

1. Cost of network. (The cost of implementing the network

including cabling and hardware can be pricey.)
2. Security Concerns…
3. Virus and Malware. ...
4. Lack of Robustness. ...
5. Needs an Efficient Handler. ...
6. Lack of Independence.
7. Unemployment…
8. Wastage of time and energy…

By John Kasole 95
 Types of Networks
Local Area
Network (LAN)

Metropolitan Area
Based on the Network (MAN)
geographical area
covered by a network. Wide Area
Network (WAN)

Personal Area
Network (PAN)

Peer-To-Peer
Network

Based on configuration
Client/Server
Network
By John Kasole 96
 local area networks
(LANs).
 Networks with nodes that are in close physical
proximity—within the same building, for instance

 Typically, LANs span distances less than a mile and are

owned and operated by individual organizations.

 LANs are widely used by colleges, universities, and

other types of organizations to link microcomputers and
to share printers and other resources.
By John Kasole 97
 Metropolitan Area
Networks
 The next step up from the LAN is the MAN —the metropolitan area
network.
 MANs span distances up to 100 miles.

 These networks are frequently used as links between office buildings that
are located throughout a city.

 Unlike a LAN, a MAN is typically not owned by a single organization.

 Rather, it is either owned by a group of organizations who jointly own and

operate the network or by a single network service provider who provides
network services for a fee.

 The best-known example of a MAN is the cable television network

available in many cities.

By John Kasole 98
 Wide Area Networks
(WAN)
 A wide area network, or WAN, spans a large geographical area, often
a country or continent.

 It contains a collection of machines intended for running user (i.e.,

application) programs.

 To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased high -
speed phone lines or wireless links such as satellites.

 Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such as bridges,

routers, or gateways, which enable them to share data.

 The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.

By John Kasole 99
 Personal Area Network
(PAN)
 A personal area network (PAN) is a type of wireless network
that works within a very small area—(your immediate
surroundings. )

 PANs connect cell phones to headsets, PDAs to other PDAs,

keyboards to cell phones, and so on.

 These tiny, self-configuring networks make it possible for all of

our gadgets to interact wirelessly with each other.

 The most popular PAN technology is Bluetooth, with a

maximum range of around 30 feet.

By John Kasole 100

 Client/server networks
 Client/server networks use central computers to coordinate and
supply services to other nodes on the network.

 The server provides access to resources such as Web pages,

databases, application software, and hardware.

 This strategy is based on specialization.

 Server nodes coordinate and supply specialized services, and client

nodes request the services.

 Commonly used server operating systems are Windows Server, Mac

OS X Server, Linux, and Solaris.

By John Kasole 101

By John Kasole 102
 Client/server networks are widely used on the Internet.

 For example, each time you open a Web browser, your

computer (the client) sends out a request for a specific
Web page.

 This request is routed over the Internet to a server.

 This server locates and sends the requested material back

to your computer.

By John Kasole 103

Advantages and Disadvantages

1. One advantage of the client/server network strategy is

the ability to handle very large networks efficiently.

2. Another advantage is the availability of powerful

network management software to monitor and control
network activities.

1. The major disadvantages are the cost of installation and

maintenance.

By John Kasole 104

 Peer-to-peer networks
 In a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, nodes have equal
authority and can act as both clients and servers.

 The most common way to share games, movies, and

music over the Internet is to use a P2P network.

 For example, special file-sharing software such as

eDonkey or BitTorrent can be used to obtain files
located on another microcomputer and also can
provide files to other microcomputers.

By John Kasole 105

By John Kasole 106
 Advantage and
Disadvantage

1. The primary advantage is that they are easy and

inexpensive to set up and use.

1. One disadvantage of P2P networks is the lack of

security controls or other common management
functions.

By John Kasole 107

 INTERNET
INTRANET

INTERNET

EXTRANET

 An intranet is an organization’s internal private network that uses the

infrastructure and standards of internet and the web.

 When it creates an intranet, it enables employees to have quicker

access to internal information and to share knowledge so that they
can do their jobs better.

By John Kasole 108

EXTRANETS: For certain outsiders

 Taking intranet technology a few steps further, extranets offer

security and controlled access.

 As we have seen, intranets are internal systems, designed to connect

the members of a specific group or a single company.

 By contrast, extranets are private intranets that connect not only

internal personnel but also selected suppliers and other strategic
parties.

 Extranets have become popular for standard transactions such as

purchasing
By John Kasole 109
 END OF
LECTURE
FOUR.

By John Kasole 110

Topic 5: Computer Virus
1. Computer virus definition
2. Characteristics of a computer virus
3. What does a computer virus do?
4. Types of computer viruses*
5. Computer antivirus definition
6. Examples of computer anti viruses
7. Differences between computer virus and
computer antivirus
By John Kasole 111
By John Kasole 112
 What is a Computer virus?

1. A computer virus is a type of computer program that,

when executed, replicates itself by modifying other
computer programs and inserting its own code.

2. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are

then said to be "infected" with a computer virus.

1. A computer virus is a malicious program that self-

replicates by copying itself to another program. ...

By John Kasole 113

 Characteristics of a
computer virus
1. Ability to copy itself

2. Has the ability to replicate

3. Ability to modify other computer programs

and files

4. Slows down computer’s speed

By John Kasole 114

 Impacts of Computer
Viruses

1. Infect the files in the system

2. Slows Down the system
3. Steal personal information
4. Browsing Activity
5. Modify setting
6. Unwanted links generated
7. Harmful Popups

By John Kasole 115

 Purpose of Computer
Virus

• The purpose of creating a computer virus is to infect

vulnerable systems, gain admin control and steal user
sensitive data.

• Hackers design computer viruses with malicious

intent and prey on online users by tricking them

By John Kasole 116

 How does computer get
virus?
• In a constantly connected world, you can contact a
computer virus in many ways, some more obvious than
others. Viruses can be spread through;
1. Email and text message attachments,
2. Internet file downloads,
3. Online ads.
4. Infected Hard Discs, Flashes (Magnetic drives)

By John Kasole 117

 EXCLUSION 4
1. Types of computer Viruses
2. Definition of computer antivirus
3. Examples of computer antivirus
4. The differences between computer virus and computer
antivirus
5. How to protect your computer from being attacked by
viruses?

By John Kasole 118

 END OF
LECTURE
FIVE.

By John Kasole 119

By John Kasole 120
 Topic 6: Window Basics
Objectives
1. Windows 10 - installation
2. Windows 10 - Getting started
3. Windows 10 - GUI Basics
4. Windows 10 – GUI Basics – Windows
5. Windows 10 – GUI Basics – Icons
6. Windows 10 – Navigation
7. Windows 10 – Navigation – Start Menu
8. Windows 10 – Navigation – File Explorer
9. Windows 10 – Navigation – Virtual Desktops
10. Windows 10 – Taskbar
11. Folder

By John Kasole 121

Windows 10 - Installation
• There are two approaches you can take for installing Windows 10 in
your computer:
1. Upgrade
2. Clean Install.
• Typically, when you upgrade your operating system, all your
documents and applications remain unchanged,
• With a clean install you would be starting again from scratch.

• But one important thing to verify first is if your computer has the
necessary hardware to support Windows 10.

By John Kasole 122

Windows 10 - Installation
System Requirements
Although most computers nowadays probably have the necessary
requirements for Windows 10. It will certainly be useful to know them
in case you want to upgrade from an older system.

The main requirements are;

1. A processor (CPU) with a clock rate of at least 1GHz.
2. At least 1 to 2GB of memory (RAM), but Microsoft recommends 4GB.
3. At least 16GB space in your hard disk.

One important thing to note is that the installation process itself will
verify your computer hardware and let you know if it qualifies for a
Windows 10 upgrade or not. If not, then you will need to upgrade your
hardware.

By John Kasole 123

Windows 10 - Getting Started
• After you have installed or upgraded your Windows, you will get a
Welcome Screen with the time and date. Just click anywhere to go
to the User Accounts Screen.

By John Kasole 124

Windows 10 - Getting Started
This screen lets you choose which user you want to log in to from the lower-
left corner. After choosing the right user, and entering a password if necessary,
you will see the Windows Desktop.

By John Kasole 125

 Windows 10 – GUI Basics
Once you get to the Windows Desktop screen, here are some basic features you
will see.

One of the most important parts of your Desktop is the Taskbar. By default, it sits
at the bottom of your screen giving you access to the Start Menu, several
application icons, and the Notification Area.

By John Kasole 126

 Win10 – GUI Basics -Windows

Every open window features three buttons in the upper-right corner.

These are used to minimize, maximize, or close the window:

1. Minimizing means that the window will hide in the Taskbar.

2. Maximizing will bring the window to a full-screen size
3. Close to close the window.

By John Kasole 127

Windows 10 – GUI Basics - icons
Most Windows versions will feature different icons on
the background. An icon is simply a graphic
representation of an application or a file.

To open or access an icon, just double click on it.

Icons can also be moved around by clicking on them and

dragging them to another place in the screen

By John Kasole 128

 Windows 10 - Navigation

To navigate your Windows, you can simply type what you are looking
for on the Taskbar search. It can be the name of a document or
application, or just any information you are looking for.

By John Kasole 129

Win 10 – Navigation - Start Menu

If you are looking for a specific

application, you can also open
the Start Menu and click “All
Applications”. This will open an
alphabetical list of all the
applications installed on your
computer

By John Kasole 130

Win10 – Navigation - File Explorer
If you are looking for a specific document, another alternative is to use the File
Explorer by clicking on the Folder icon on the Taskbar

In the File Explorer window, you can browse all your folders and documents

By John Kasole 131

Win10 – Navigation-Virtual Desktops
One of the new features of Windows 10 is the addition of Virtual Desktops.
This allows you to have multiple desktop screens where you can keep open
windows organized.
To add a virtual desktop, follow these steps;

Step 1 − Click Task View on the Taskbar.

By John Kasole 132

Win10 – Navigation-Virtual Desktops
Step 2 − Click the “New desktop” option on the lower-right corner. You can
access or delete the new Desktop by clicking Task View again

By John Kasole 133

 Windows 10 - Taskbar

The Windows 10 taskbar sits at the bottom of the screen giving the
user access to the Start Menu, as well as the icons of frequently used
applications.

On the right-side, the Taskbar features the Notification Area which

informs the user of different things like the state of the Internet
connection or the charge of the laptop battery.

By John Kasole 134

 Windows 10 - Taskbar

By John Kasole 135

 Windows 10 - Taskbar

By John Kasole 136

 Windows 10 - Taskbar

By John Kasole 137

 Windows 10 - Taskbar

By John Kasole 138

 Windows 10 - Taskbar

By John Kasole 139

 What is Folder?
• A folder is a storage space, or container, where many files can be
placed into groups and organize the computer.

• A folder can also contain other folders.

• For many computer software applications, there is a current

working directory.

By John Kasole 140

 Seminar Questions

By John Kasole 141

By John Kasole 142
By John Kasole 143
 Part 2
Definition
Ribbon
Functions [ ]
Ms Office Differences [ ]
Application
Computer Shortcuts etc
Application
Definition
Ms Spreadsheet
Ms Excel Workbook + Worksheet
Arithmetic Calculation
Data analysis & Presenta’n
d
e
By John Kasole 144
 Ms Office1. Save and save as
2. Copy and cut
3. Superscript and subscript
Differences 4. Horizontal and vertical scroll bar
Between 5. Bullet and numbering
6. Zoom in and zoom out
7. Grow font and shrink font
8. Header and footer
9. Undo and redo

1. Quick access toolbar

2. Format painter
3. Bold
Functions of 4. Zoom slider /control
5. Status bar
6. Title bar
By John Kasole 7. Watermark etc 145