Sains Malaysiana 40(2)(2011): 173–176

Determination of HOMO and LUMO of [6,6]-Phenyl C61-butyric Acid

3-ethylthiophene Ester and Poly (3-octyl-thiophene-2, 5-diyl)
through Voltametry Characterization
(Penentuan HOMO dan LUMO Asid [6,6]-Fenil C61-butirik Ester 3-etiltiofena dan Poli
(3-oktil-tiiofena-2, 5-diyl) menerusi Pencirian Voltametri)

ASHKAN SHAFIEE, MUHAMAD MAT SALLEH* & MUHAMMAD YAHAYA

ABSTRACT
HOMO and LUMO of organic compounds are basic parameters for the design and fabrication of an organic solar cell.
This paper presents a technique to obtain HOMO and LUMO of an n-type polymer of [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid
3-ethylthiophene ester (PCBE) and a p-type polymer of poly (3-octyl-thiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3OT). The energy of band gap
for each material has been calculated using optical absorption spectrum. Cyclic Voltammetry was used to estimate the
oxidation potential and energy band diagram consequently. The experiments were carried out in a three-electrode cell
consisting of a platinum working electrode, a platinum counter electrode and a SCE reference electrode. P3OT showed
energy band gap equal to 1.83 eV with HOMO and LUMO equal to 5.59 eV and 3.76 eV, respectively. PCBE showed energy
band gap equal to 1.96 eV with HOMO and LUMO equal to 5.87 eV and 3.91 eV, respectively. Based on energy band
diagram that was constructed from this experimental result, the couple materials may be successfully used to fabricate
the feasible organic solar cells.

Keywords: Cyclic voltametry; donor-acceptor materials; organic solar cells

ABSTRAK
HOMO dan LUMO adalah parameter asas dalam merekabentuk dan fabrikasi suatu sel suria organik. Kertas ini
mengemukakan suatu teknik untuk mendapat HOMO dan LUMO suatu polimer jenis-n, asid [6,6]-fenil C61-butirik sster
3-etiltiofena (PCBE), dan suatu polimer jenis-p, poli (3-oktil-tiiofena-2, 5-diyl) (P3OT). Jurang jalur tenaga tiap-tiap
bahan dikira daripada spektrum serapan optik. Voltametri berkitar diguna untuk menganggarkan keupayaan pengoksidaan
dan seterusnya gambar rajah jalur tenaga. Uji kaji dijalankan menggunakan sel tiga-elektrod yang terdiri daripada
suatu elektrod kerja platinum, satu elektrod lawan platinum dan elektrod rujukan SCE. Bagi P3OT jurang jalur tenaga
adalah 1.83 eV dengan HOMO dan LUMO masing-masing berpadanan 5.59 eV dan 3.76 eV. Sementara itu PCBE telah
menunjukkan jurang tenaga bersamaan 1.96 eV dengan HOMO dan LUMO masing-masing berpadanan 5.87 eV dan 3.91
eV. Berasaskan kepada gambar rajah yang dibina hasil eksperimen ini, dijangkakan gandingan dua bahan berkenaan
dapat difabrikasi untuk menghasilkan sel suria organik yang baik.

Kata kunci: Bahan penderma-penerima; sel suria organik; voltometri berkitar

INTRODUCTION
solar cells, we desire electron acceptor and electron donor
Discovering the unique properties of organic materials materials, which are fit in the band diagram to fulfill the
such as polymers and small molecules, opens up a new energy requirements to generate the photo-current (Kietzke
approach for fabricating the plastic electronic devices 2007). Basically under illumination of light, an electron
rather than conventional inorganic, namely silicon devices. may be excited from the highest occupied molecular
One of the most interesting organic devices, which is orbital (HOMO) to the lowest un-occupied molecular orbital
a promising energy alternative for the future is organic (LUMO) and leave a hole in HOMO. To generate the photo-
solar cells (Hagfeldt & Gratzel 2000; Reyes-Reyes et al. current, these band electron-holes (excitons) should be
2005; Shaheen et al. 2001; Xue et al. 2005). Organic solar separated to free electron and holes (Hoppe & Sariciftci
cells have become an interesting research due to their 2004). After photo-excitation of an electron from HOMO
potential for low-cost and flexible power devices (Kietzke to LUMO, the electron can be achieved to LUMO of the
2007). The first step of device fabrication is selecting the acceptor and be collected by respective electrode, provided
appropriate materials for active layer, which is heart of that potential difference between ionization potential of
the organic solar cells, and generates the photo-current the donor and the electron affinity of the acceptor is larger
under illumination of light. In the preparation of organic than the exciton binding energy.
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Each couple of donor-acceptor materials should be For estimation of oxidation potential of P3OT and
tested to make sure that they fulfill the criteria regarding PCBE, cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments were carried
the energy band diagram energy. There is a possibility out in a three-electrode cell consisting of a platinum
that an individual donor or acceptor material shows good working electrode, a platinum counter electrode and a
properties as a single donor or acceptor but they cannot SCE reference electrode using a scan rate of 50 mV/s
make a feasible organic solar cell together since they are (Solartron 1286). PCBE was dissolved 1×10-3 M in toluene/
not matched in terms of energy band diagram. acetonitrile (1:1), while P3OT was measured in films,
One of the most accurate methods to characterize which was prepared by dipping plutonium electrode in
the organic materials and estimation about energy band solution and drying for 15 min. The supporting electrolyte
diagram is cyclic voltammetry (CV) (Al-Ibrahim et al. was 0.1 M TEABF4 in acetonitrile. The band gap energy
2005a). The oxidation potentials can be measured by was measured from the absorption spectrum. In addition
cyclic voltammetry and then the HOMO and LUMO values the Eox which was obtained from cyclic voltammetry
are calculable (Hwang & Chen 2002). and E HOMO where the complete band diagram was
This experiment can be done using three electrodes calculated.
consisting of a working electrode, a counter electrode and
a reference electrode. Ferrocence is used in this experiment
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
as a known reference to calculate the Eox or Ered (Al-Ibrahim
et al. 2005a, b). The estimations can be done with the
empirical relation ELUMO= [(Ered- E1/2(ferrocene)) +4.8] eV Absorption and Energy of Band Gap
including the ferrocene value of -4.8 eV (Pommerehene Figure 2 shows the absorption spectrum of PCBE. As shown
et al. 1995). This paper is on the characterization of two in this Figure the corresponding wavelength to the band gap
potential organic semiconductors to make sure that they energy can be calculated from the cross point of absorption
may produce feasible solar cells. Optical properties such as onset line and corrected base line (Schlaf et al. 2000). The
absorption were studied. Cyclic voltametr was employed corresponding wavelength for PCBE is 630 nm and it can
as an accurate method to measuring the HOMO/LUMO of absorb the light in the range of 320-480 nm. The 630 nm
donor and acceptor. intercept is equal to 1.96 eV energy band gap.
Figure 3 shows the current-voltage curve for PCBE
from the cyclic voltammetry measurements. Based on
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
cyclic voltammetry results, PCBE shows Eox=1.48 V, which
In this experiment [6, 6]-phenyl C61 –butyric acid is equal to EHOMO= 5.87 eV from the equation EHOMO= [(Eox-
3-ethylthiophene ester ( PCBE ) and poly (3-octyl- E1/2(ferrocene)) +4.8] eV.
thiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3OT) were tested as potential Figure 4 shows the absorption spectrum of P3OT. The
acceptor and potential donor, respectively. The P3OT was absorption in the range of 470-620 nm. The corresponding
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and PCBE was purchased wavelength for P3OT regarding to the absorption spectrum
from American-dye Source and both were used without is 675 nm which is equal to 1.83 eV band gap energy.
further purification. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure Figure 5 shows the current-voltage curve for P3OT
of the PCBE and P3OT. regarding to cyclic voltametry measurements. Based on
Glass slides as substrate were cut with size 25×25 cyclic voltammetry results, P3OT shows Eox=1.2 V. Hence
mm2 and were cleaned and used for UV-Vis spectrometry. the EHOMO is equal to 5.59 eV.
Absorption spectra and Eg of materials, in inkjet printed
thin films, were obtained using PerkinElmer LAMBDA 900
UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. (a) PCBE (n-type polymer as acceptor), b) P3OT (p-type polymer as the donor)
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Absorption (a.u)

Absorption (a.u)
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Figure 2. Absorption spectrum and optical band gap of PCBE Figure 4. Absorption spectrum and optical band gap of P3OT

Current (mA)
Current (mA)

Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

Figure 3. Current -voltage curve for PCBE Figure 5. Current -voltage for P3OT

HOMO/LOMO Estimation
The corresponding HOMO and LUMO levels were calculated
using Eox (onset) for the measurements in film (P3OT) and
in solution (PCBE). The estimations were done with the
empirical relation ELUMO= [(Ered- E1/2(ferrocene)) +4.8] eV or
EHOMO= [(Eox- E1/2(ferrocene)) +4.8] eV. Ferrocene was used as
external standard. It shows two peaks at 0.37 and 0.44 V
hence the E1/2 (ferrocence) is equal to 0.41 V which can be used
in equation to calculate the EHOMO.
Based on cyclic voltammetry results, PCBE shows
EHOMO= 5.87 eV, Egap= 1.96 eV and ELUMO= 3.91. Based on
the cyclic voltammetry results, P3OT shows EHOMO=5.59
eV, Egap=1.83 eV and ELUMO=3.76 eV.
Figure 6 shows the band diagram with HOMO/LUMO Figure 6. Energy Band Diagram of P3OT/PCBE in
levels of P3OT and PCBE in addition the ITO and Al work addition to the work function of ITO and Al
functions (Al-Ibrahim et al. 2005 b). This proves that
the required energy level for the materials is fulfilled
for fabricating organic solar cells using these two the Jsc is still under improvement to enhance the device
materials. efficiency.
Regarding to the required criteria in selecting
material selecting for organic solar cells especially energy CONCLUSION
concepts, these two materials can be used as a potential
active layer for organic solar cells. The fabrication of HOMO / LUMO of two organic semiconductors were
bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, with these two successfully characterized as potential materials for active
materials, has been reported (Shafiee et al. 2008, 2009). layer in the fabrication of bulk heterojunction organic solar
The devices show a reasonable Voc up to 780 mV, though cells. Based on cyclic voltametry studies, in addition to the
176

absorption and energy band diagram of the materials, viable Schlaf, R., Schroeder, P.G., Nelson, M.W., Parkinson, B.A.,
bulk heterojunction organic solar cells can be fabricated Merritt, C.D., Crisafulli, L.A., Murata, H. & Kafafi, Z.H.
with the combination of these two materials. Open circuit 2000. Determination of interface dipole and band bending at
voltage of devices up to 780 mV was obtained with the the Ag/tris (8 hydroxyquinolinato) gallium organic Schottky
contact by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. Surface
combination of these materials.
Science 450(1-2): 142-152.
Shafiee, A., Salleh, M.M. & Yahaya, M. 2008. Fabrication
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of organic solar cells based on a blend of donor-acceptor
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher molecules by inkjet printing technique. IEEE International
Conference on Semiconductor Electrionics, ICSE 2008:
Education of Malaysia for the support under Research
319-322.
University Grant UKM-GUP-BTT-07-26-178.
Shafiee, A., Salleh, M.M. & Yahaya, M. 2009. Fabrication of
organic solar cells based on a blend of poly (3-octylthiophene-2,
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