BRITISH STANDARD BS 6072:1981

(Reprinted,
incorporating
Amendments No. 1 to
CONFIRMED No. 3 inclusive)
OCTOBER 1986

Method for

Magnetic particle flaw

detection

UDC 620.179.141:621.317.4
BS 6072:1981

Cooperating organizations

The Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee, under whose direction

this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the
following:

Association Offices Technical Committee* Department of Industry (National

Association of Consulting Engineers Engineering Laboratory)*
Association of Hydraulic Equipment Department of Trade (Marine Division)
Manufacturers Department of Transport
Association of Mining Electrical and Electricity Supply Industry in England and
Mechanical Engineers Wales*
British Compressed Air Society Engineering Equipment Users’ Association*
British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers’ Federation of Manufacturers of Construction
Association (BEAMA)* Equipment and Cranes
British Gas Corporation Health and Safety Executive*
British Gear Manufacturers’ Association Institution of Gas Engineers
British Internal Combustion Engine Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Manufacturers’ Association Institution of Plant Engineers
British Pump Manufacturers’ Association Institution of Production Engineers*
British Steel Corporation Lloyd’s Register of Shipping
British Steel Industry* London Transport Executive
British Valve Manufacturers’ Association Ltd. Machine Tool Industry Research Association
Cbmpe Ministry of Defence*
Chartered Institution of Building Services National Coal Board*
Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Oil Companies Materials Association*
Administrations Process Plant Association
Department of the Environment (PSA) Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
Department of Industry Limited*
(Mechanical Engineering) Telecommunication Engineering and
Manufacturing Association (TEMA)

The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the
following, were directly represented on the Technical Committee entrusted
with the preparation of this British Standard:

BNF Metals Technology Centre Society of British Aerospace Companies

British Airways Limited
British Chemical Engineering Contractors’ Steel Casting Research and Trade Association
Association United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
British Institute of Non-destructive Testing Water-tube Boilermakers’ Association
British Non-ferrous Metals Federation Welding Institute
Institute of Quality Assurance Coopted expert
Non-destructive Testing Centre

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Mechanical
Engineering Standards
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Executive Board and comes
Amendments issued since publication
into effect on
27 February 1981 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
© BSI 11-1998 3960 September Indicated by a sideline in the margin
1982
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this 4542 June 1984 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
standard:
Committee reference MEE/169
Draft for comment 79/72952 DC
4843 April 1986 Indicated by a sideline in the margin

ISBN 0 580 11832 0

 BS 6072:1981

Contents

Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword iii
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Magnetizing apparatus and associated equipment 1
5 Detecting media 2
6 Safety precautions 2
7 Testing procedures 3
8 Surface preparation 4
9 Magnetization 4
10 Current flow technique 6
11 Threading bar or cable technique 7
12 Rigid coil technique 7
13 Flexible cable technique (coil technique using a flexible cable) 8
14 Flexible cable technique (using a flexible cable adjacent
to the test surface) 9
15 Magnetic flow technique 9
16 Induced current flow technique 10
17 Current flow (prods) technique 10
18 Application of detecting medium 11
19 Viewing 11
20 Recording of indications 12
21 Reporting 12
22 Demagnetization 12
23 Cleaning 13
Appendix A Selection of test techniques for magnetizing material
or components of specific geometric shape 18
Appendix B Methods for determining the inspected areas when using
the current flow (prods) technique 22
Appendix C Test pieces and test procedure 23
Appendix D Report, technique and procedure sheets 25
Appendix E Preservation of indications 26
Figure 1 — Current flow technique 13
Figure 2 — Threading bar or cable technique 14
Figure 3 — Flexible threading bar technique 14
Figure 4 — Flexible cable technique (using cable wound
through the specimen) 14
Figure 5 — Coil technique 14
Figure 6 — Flexible cable technique (using cable wound
round the specimen) 15
Figure 7 — Magnetic flow technique 15
Figure 8 — Induced current flow technique 16
Figure 9 — Current flow technique (prods) 16

© BSI 11-1998 i
BS 6072:1981

Page
Figure 10 — Search pattern which is acceptable when using the
current flow (prods) technique to inspect flat surfaces and those
with radii of curvature greater than half the prod spacing (peak
current value not less than 7 500 amps per metre of prod spacing) 17
Figure 11 — Search pattern for the current flow (prods) technique
when the peak current value is 4 700 amps per metre of prod spacing 17
Figure 12 — Details of standard test piece for current flow checking 24
Figure 13 — Test piece for checking magnetic flow and
coil magnetization 24
Table 1 — Factor by which indicated current values are
multiplied to obtain peak values 4
Table 2 — Current values for general engineering applications 8
Table 3 — Current values for aerospace applications 8
Table 4 — List of testing techniques 18
Table 5 — Test techniques for material or components of
specific geometric shape 21
Table 6 — Dimensions of standard test piece for current flow checking 23
Publications referred to Inside back cover

ii © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Foreword

Over the past years, several British Standards have been issued describing the
application of magnetic particle flaw detection techniques to specific products. It
was accordingly considered that it would now be opportune to prepare a
comprehensive basic standard for this particular method of non-destructive
testing. This British Standard has accordingly been prepared under the direction
of the Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee and due account has been
taken of the corresponding aerospace standard, BS M 35:1970 “Method for
magnetic particle flaw detection of materials and components”, which provide the
basis for this work.
This British Standard has been prepared to provide detailed information on
magnetic particle flaw detection to which other BSI committees responsible for
the application of appropriate techniques to specific products and establishing
acceptance criteria can make reference. It is, however, recognized that some
variation in basic techniques may be required for particular applications. For
example, in the derivation of the formulae covering the flexible cable technique
described in clause 13, certain assumptions are involved and, in some
circumstances, there may be practical limitations in the application of this
technique. Consideration is therefore being given to the preparation of a further
BSI publication (a Published Document (PD)) in which the background
considerations which have been taken into account in the preparation of this
standard will be explained.
It is emphasized that the effectiveness of magnetic particle inspection rests on the
technical competence of the personnel employed on such work and their ability to
interpret the indications given by the techniques. In interpreting results from
magnetic particle inspection, it is necessary to distinguish between relevant
indications from flaws and non-relevant indications arising from other causes.
Magnetic particle flaw detection is often used in conjunction with other testing
methods. The use of any non-destructive testing methods should always be
considered in relation to testing and inspection as a whole. When such methods
are specified, the most suitable and economic method of inspection compatible
with the ultimate application for the product should always be employed.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 28, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

© BSI 11-1998 iii

iv blank
 BS 6072:1981

0 Introduction 0.5 Personnel. All persons associated with

magnetic particle flaw detection shall have been
0.1 Basic principles. Magnetic particle flaw
adequately trained to the agreed levels appropriate
detection depends basically on sensing the
to their responsibilities and be able to read the
discontinuous change between the permeability of
Jaeger J.2 chart1) at a distance of 0.5 m. It is
the ferromagnetic material and the permeability of necessary for all operators and supervisors to
the flaw. When the test piece is suitably observe the requirements of the Health and Safety
magnetized, favourably orientated flaws, at or near
at Work etc. Act 1974.
the magnetized surface, distort the magnetic field,
causing local flux-leakage fields. If finely divided, 1 Scope
ferromagnetic particles are applied to the surface of
the magnetized test piece, they are attracted by the This British Standard specifies techniques and
flux-leakage field and accumulate at the site of the procedures for magnetic particle flaw detection of
flaw, thus enabling it to be detected. ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle flaw
0.2 Optimum flaw direction. Maximum detection is primarily used for the detection of
sensitivity is achieved when the flaw lies at right surface-breaking flaws, particularly cracks. It can
angles to the magnetic flux, but the sensitivity is not also detect flaws just below the surface, but its
reduced below the effective level if the flaw is sensitivity diminishes rapidly with depth.
orientated at an angle of up to 45° from the optimum
direction. Beyond 45°, the sensitivity is diminished 2 References
appreciably. For this reason, the complete The titles of the standards publications referred to
examination of any surface requires the flux to be in this standard are listed on the inside back cover.
passed in two directions at right angles to each
other, in separate operations. 3 Definitions
0.3 Advantages For the purposes of this British Standard, the terms
0.3.1 Magnetic particle flaw detection can detect and definitions given in BS 3683-2 apply.
cracks, non-metallic inclusions and other
discontinuities in or near the surface of 4 Magnetizing apparatus and
ferromagnetic materials. associated equipment
0.3.2 The sensitivity of the inspection is not greatly 4.1 Fixed installations
impaired by the presence of foreign matter within
the flaws, unless the contaminant has magnetic 4.1.1 The installation shall be capable of enabling
properties similar to those of the test piece. the component or material to be tested in
accordance with the individual techniques specified.
0.3.3 It is possible to inspect components that have
been treated with a non-magnetic coating 4.1.2 The installation shall be equipped with
(e.g. cadmium plate or paint) not greater controls for adjusting the excitation current, either
than 50 µm thick, with only slight loss of sensitivity. continuously from zero to the maximum value,
and/or in steps, such that any required current
0.4 Limitations values can be obtained within ± 10 % of the nominal.
0.4.1 The method cannot be used on non-magnetic 4.1.3 The apparatus shall be equipped with an
materials. ammeter for measuring the current used in any test.
0.4.2 Post-cleaning may be necessary in The ammeter shall have a scale length of 60 mm or
circumstances where the characteristics of the greater, and shall comply with accuracy
magnetic particles may be deleterious to the class 5 (± 5 %) of BS 89. The nominal waveform of
subsequent operation of the component. the energizing current shall be shown on the
0.4.3 The presence of surface coatings may reduce apparatus, together with the manner in which the
the sensitivity obtainable. current is indicated by the meter of the apparatus,
e.g. peak, r.m.s., mean.
0.4.4 Flaws that do not break the surface give
diffuse indications, and these indications become
increasingly diffused with increase in the distance
of the flaw below the surface.
0.4.5 Structural variations and certain types of
segregation may give rise to misleading indications.

1)
Obtainable from the American Society for Non-destructive Testing, 3200 Riverside Drive, Colombus, Ohio 43221, USA.

© BSI 11-1998 1
BS 6072:1981

4.1.4 The installation shall have a reservoir tank to 4.3.2 Ammeter. A check ammeter shall be used
contain the magnetic flaw detection ink. Suitable which shall apply to the same form factor and
means shall be provided for agitation of the ink prior operate over approximately the same range of
to its application. If the tank is not fitted with a current as the machine ammeter. It shall comply
powered agitator, it shall be so designed that with accuracy class 5 (± 5 %) of BS 89 for industrial,
adequate agitation by a manually-operated paddle portable instruments and have a scale length
can be carried out frequently during the operation of of 80 mm or greater. The difference between the
the magnetizing equipment. machine ammeter and the check ammeter shall not
Air agitation of the ink shall not be used for exceed 10 % of the scale reading of the machine
kerosene or other mineral-oil based inks. ammeter at any reading within its effective range.
4.1.5 Means shall be provided for applying the 4.3.3 Functional test. A functional test shall be
detecting medium to the component under test, in carried out by the operator before commencing
such a manner that the flow complies with the work. The test shall be designed to ensure the
requirements of clause 18. proper functioning of both the equipment and the
magnetic medium.
4.1.6 The possible effect of magnetic constructional
materials in a magnetic ink supply system shall be Suitable test pieces and procedures are given in
carefully considered, since their magnetization may appendix C but, for certain types of fixed
affect the functioning of the equipment. installation, the functional test described
in appendix C is impracticable. Where this is the
4.2 Mobile and portable apparatus case, an alternative functional test shall be agreed
4.2.1 The installation shall be capable of enabling between the interested parties.
the component or material to be tested in
accordance with the individual techniques specified. 5 Detecting media
Mobile and portable apparatus consisting of high
5.1 Magnetic flaw detection inks and powders shall
current, low voltage supplies, shall be equipped with
comply with the requirements of BS 4069.
an ammeter for measuring the current used in any
test. The ammeter shall have a scale length 5.2 If magnetic ink is reused or recirculated, a check
of 60 mm or greater, and shall comply with accuracy on the total solids content shall be made
class 5 (± 5 %) of BS 89. The nominal waveform of immediately before use, or at intervals of two days
the energizing current shall be shown on the during continuous use. Since magnetic ink will
apparatus, together with the manner in which the rapidly settle, thorough mixing of fluid and solid
current is indicated by the meter of the apparatus, shall be maintained at all times. All checks shall be
e.g. peak, r.m.s., mean. in accordance with BS 4069 and the solids content
shall conform to the limits defined in that standard.
4.2.2 Where the technique requires provision for the
adjustment of current, the equipment shall comply 5.3 Magnetic ink shall be discarded and replaced
with the requirements for fixed installations. when it becomes discoloured or contaminated by
any foreign substance to the extent that proper
4.2.3 Portable electromagnets (yokes) may be used
distribution and concentration of the suspension, or
without ammeters, provided the test requirements
definition of the magnetic particle indication, is
given in clause 15 are satisfied.
affected.
4.2.4 Auxiliary apparatus, such as contact prods,
5.4 Magnetic inks shall not be mixed unless they are
shall be provided in accordance with the techniques
of the same type and specification and are supplied
listed.
by the same manufacturer.
4.3 Control tests on equipment 5.5 The performance of fluorescent magnetic ink
4.3.1 General. The apparatus and ancillary used in a system where it is recirculated
equipment shall be checked at least every three (i.e. pumped) shall be assessed weekly by comparing
months by a competent person to ensure its its performance in revealing known flaws with the
continuing efficacy. A record of the check shall be performance of a fresh sample of ink.
kept.
6 Safety precautions
6.1 General. It is necessary for all operators and
supervisors to observe the requirements of the
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
The following are guidelines and do not absolve from
contractual obligations or responsibilities under the
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.

2 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

6.2 Fire hazard. Before any electrical equipment is 6.5 Safe use of UV-A. It is essential that personnel
used, all parties having obligations under the using black-light sources avoid looking directly at
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 shall the sources, as this may cause fluorescence of the
satisfy themselves that there will be no danger as a eyeball.
result of any overheating or sparking. Filters shall be checked for evidence of cracking, as
NOTE Attention is drawn to the British Standard codes of ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths below 320 nm2)
practice, e.g. BS 5345 concerning the use of electrical apparatus can be very dangerous.
and associated equipment for use in explosive atmospheres of gas
or vapour and in mining applications. NOTE For guidance on the safe use of UV-A, see “Protection
Attention is also drawn to the dangers of vapour ignition as a against ultraviolet radiation at the workplace” by the National
result of prods overheating and/or arcing when using the current Radiological Protection Board and published by HMSO.
flow technique and the possibility of igniting accumulations of
flammable materials in the vicinity of the test. This technique 7 Testing procedures
should not be used in confined spaces unless adequate ventilation
is provided. It is recommended that all electrical equipment has 7.1 General. All tests shall consist of the processes
attached to it, or is accompanied by, a fire extinguisher suitable specified in the procedure sheet (see 7.2). The
for petrol, gas and electrical fires. Attention is drawn to BS 5423.
required tests shall be carried out in the order
6.3 Electrical safety. All equipment involving the indicated in a) to l) below.
use of mains electricity shall comply with the
relevant regulations in the latest version of the a) Surface preparation, in accordance with
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. clause 8.
b) Pretest demagnetization, in accordance with
Where equipment has a mains supply of 110 V and
clause 22.
above, it shall be fitted with an earth-leakage
current circuit-breaker. The circuit shall trip with a c) Degreasing and cleaning, in accordance with
leakage current to earth of not more than 30 mA. clause 8.
For portable equipment, and particularly if reaction d) Magnetization, in accordance with clause 9.
injuries are possible, consideration shall be given to e) Application of the detecting medium, in
more stringent electrical safeguards by reducing the accordance with clause 18.
leakage current for trip to 12 mA and incorporating
a concomitant earth continuity monitor. f) Viewing, in accordance with clause 19.
6.4 Toxic materials. Some of the materials used in g) Marking the position of the indications, in
magnetic particle flaw detection may be toxic, accordance with clause 19.
e.g. lead contact pads may give off toxic vapour h) Recording of the indications, in accordance
when overheated. Suitable precautions to avoid with clause 20.
these hazards shall be taken and all materials shall i) Demagnetization, in accordance with clause 22.
always be used in accordance with the supplier’s j) Cleaning, in accordance with clause 23.
instructions.
k) Repetition of d) to j) as necessary, to cover tests
Two types of hazard exist as a result of spraying specified in the approved technique.
aerosols of non-destructive testing products in
confined spaces. The first is due to the creation of a l) Protection against corrosion, as required.
mist which, at low concentrations, is a nuisance 7.2 Documentation of procedure. All tests shall
particulate (see “Threshold Limit Values, 1976”: be documented by a written test procedure, or shall
Guidance Note EH 15/76, from the Health and be detailed in a comprehensive report
Safety Executive). The second is the result of (see clause 21.)
evaporation of propellant and contents to form a The written test procedure shall specify the
gaseous contamination. processes that are to be performed on a particular
The mist hazard is prevented by the use of face component or test piece and shall include the
masks capable of absorbing the mist while working information specified in subsequent clauses of this
in confined spaces. The vapour/gas contamination British Standard. In addition, any special
requires fan circulation within a confined space and pretreatment, such as weld dressing, shall be
a knowledge of the threshold limit value (T.L.V.) of stated.
the aerosol contents. The minimum volume of a Where appropriate, the written test procedure may
confined space into which an aerosol can be consist of a procedure sheet of the form shown in
discharged without exceeding the T.L.V. can be appendix D. The procedure sheet shall be
estimated by methods that are detailed in accompanied by one or more techniques sheets of
“Threshold Limit Values, 1976”. the form shown in appendix D.

2)
1 nm = 10-9 m.

© BSI 11-1998 3
BS 6072:1981

The technique sheet is a document specifying the 9.1.2 The peak current value is the relevant
magnetizing operations that are to be performed on quantity used for the calculation of magnetic field
a particular component or test piece in the order in intensity.
which the operations are carried out. When Since it is normally impracticable to use ammeters
accompanied by instructions stipulating the that respond to peak current, r.m.s. or mean current
procedures common to all mandatory magnetic meters may also be used, from which peak current
particle flaw detection tests, the procedure sheet shall be established. For conversion, such
and its accompanying technique sheets become a instruments shall be calibrated against an
detailed specification of the required inspection. instrument that responds to peak current value,
using current of the same waveform as that
8 Surface preparation generated by the magnetic equipment.
8.1 General. All areas to be tested shall be Alternatively, when the waveform is known and is
prepared and cleaned in accordance with the undistorted, the peak value shall be assessed using
requirements stated in the written procedure. the relevant conversion factor of Table 1.
8.2 Painted parts. Painted parts shall be tested NOTE Before applying the data in Table 1, it is necessary to
establish that a conversion factor has not already been
only if the paint forms a thin, coherent coating, incorporated in the metering system.
tightly adhering to the surface and normally not Table 1 — Factor by which indicated current
thicker than 50 µm. Thicker coatings reduce values are multiplied to obtain peak values
sensitivity, and tests under these conditions shall be
Waveform Type of ammeter
made only where the specification calls for the
detection of gross defects. A B

For current flow tests on painted parts, the paint Permanent Moving iron,
magnet, moving induction,
shall be removed from the agreed areas of contact coil or others electrodynamic
using an approved method. Other painted parts will measuring mean or others
require only degreasing, unless the colour of the values measuring r.m.s.
values
paint is the same as that of the particles in the ink
to be used and is likely, therefore, to provide poor Direct current 1.00 1.00
contrast to it. In this case, an approved contrast aid Alternating current Not applicable 1.41
shall be applied, but the total thickness of the paint
shall not exceed 50 µm. Full-wave rectified,
single-phase
A contrast aid is normally a thin, white, adherent
current 1.57 1.41
coating which is compatible with the ink and
removable after use. Paint for this purpose shall Half-wave rectified,
comply with the requirements of BS 5044. single-phase
8.3 Loose rust and loose scale. Loose rust and current 3.14 2.00
thick or loose scale shall be removed from the Full-wave rectified,
component by an approved method. three-phase
current 1.05 1.05
9 Magnetization Half-wave rectified,
9.1 General requirements three-phase
9.1.1 Magnetic particle flaw detection shall be current 1.21 1.19
carried out at levels of magnetic flux density equal 9.1.3 For optimum flaw detection, the major axis of
to, or greater than, 0.72 T3). the discontinuity shall be perpendicular to the
For most engineering steels with ferritic or direction of the magnetic flux (i.e. in the same
tempered martensitic structures, the permeability direction as the current flow), but it shall be
exceeds 240 at relevant field intensity levels and the regarded as effective up to 45° from this direction
above criterion can, therefore, be satisfied at (see 0.2).
ambient temperatures, with an applied field 9.1.4 Magnetization by a.c. gives improved
of 2 400 A/m4) tangential to the surface under sensitivity to surface flaws. Where the technique is
inspection and in close proximity to it, provided that required to respond to subcutaneous
the geometry of the component does not lead to discontinuities, d.c. magnetization is preferable.
significant self-demagnetization (see 22.2).

3)
T (the tesla) is the SI unit of magnetic flux density and is equal to 10 kilogauss.
4)
1 A/m = 0.01256 oersted or 1 oersted = 79.58 A/m.

4 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

9.1.5 There is an upper limit to the effective range 9.4.3 Component shape. When magnetizing
of magnetic flux density. This is appreciably below operations are to be repeated at intervals (e.g. along
saturation and corresponds to a flux level beyond the length or circumference of a component), the
which the magnetic particles begin to develop a separation between the test stations shall be
background effect (“furring”). This reduces the specified.
definition of true flaw indications and hence reduces Appendix A summarizes a number of techniques
sensitivity, especially for small indications. If such which provide acceptable coverage for components
conditions should arise, the technique shall be of specific basic shapes. Each of these permits the
revised. The action necessary may require the use of several different combinations of magnetizing
improvement of surface condition or the reduction of techniques (see clauses 10 to 17). In addition,
magnetic field intensity within the limits of 9.1.1, appendix A gives alternative selections of
until an acceptable definition of indications is supplementary magnetizing operations which shall
achieved. be applied when full coverage is essential.
9.1.6 The magnetic field strength values specified The techniques described in appendix A shall be
shall apply to all tests, and the magnetic ink or modified as necessary to admit a large number of
powder shall be applied immediately prior to and components which essentially conform to the basic
during magnetization (see 18.1), with the possible shapes but are non-uniform in section. Thus, if the
exceptions mentioned in 9.2, which shall be agreed ratio of the maximum diameter to the minimum
in writing before application. diameter of a multidiameter, bar-shaped component
9.2 Exceptional requirements is very nearly 1 : 1, the appropriate basic technique
may be applied directly, using an average current
9.2.1 A magnetic flux density in excess of 0.72 T
may be achieved at a lower magnetic field intensity value. For ratios up to 1.5 : 1, the current flow and
than that specified in the case of materials of high threading bar tests shall be made at a current value
corresponding to the maximum diameter. In this
permeability. A reduced field intensity level shall be
instance, however, any flaw found shall be assessed
applied only where there is adequate confirmatory
at the current value appropriate to the diameter of
information to establish that the specified level of
the portion in which it occurs. Finally, when the
magnetic flux density has thereby been attained.
value of the maximum diameter of the specimen
9.2.2 Where, by agreement, the magnetic ink or exceeds 1.5 : 1 on smaller diameters, separate tests
powder is applied after magnetization (i.e. using shall be carried out as necessary, at different
only residual magnetization), increased values of current values, to avoid background effects. A
magnetic field intensity shall be used with d.c. similar procedure shall be applied with components
magnetization. that are derivatives of other basic shapes.
9.2.3 The requirements for the aerospace industry More complex components shall be considered as
are exceptional and are specified in 10.3 and 11.3. consisting of two or more basic shapes joined
9.3 Magnetic field intensity indicators. Where together. Thus a pipe with a large diameter flange
it is necessary to confirm the magnetizing field at each end represents a combination of two rings
intensity and direction, a tangential field strength and a tube. Each of these portions shall be
meter shall be used. Portable flux indicators shall be magnetized in accordance with the appropriate
used only to confirm the field direction or to provide individual techniques described in appendix A.
a rough guide to field and flux levels (see 15.5). Unusual components and components with
9.4 Specifying a technique non-magnetic attachments require special
9.4.1 Technique sheet. A technique sheet is a operations and these operations shall be recorded.
document specifying the magnetizing operations to 9.4.4 Procedure. The technique sheet shall include
be performed on a particular component or test the information specified under each technique
piece. This is supplemented by a procedure sheet heading. In addition, any special pretreatment,
and instructions stipulating the procedure common such as weld dressing, shall be stated.
to all mandatory magnetic particle flaw detection; 9.4.5 Preferred form of technique sheet. The
the technique sheet then becomes a detailed preferred form of technique sheet is shown in
specification of the required inspection. appendix D. The symbols used in drawings to
9.4.2 Coverage. The technique sheet shall stipulate indicate operations, together with symbols for the
the amount of coverage and the direction of various techniques of magnetization, are given
magnetization of the component being examined. in appendix A.

© BSI 11-1998 5
BS 6072:1981

10 Current flow technique Contact heads used without pads shall be made of
steel or aluminium. Copper or copper-faced heads
10.1 General. In the technique of magnetization
shall be used only if metallurgically acceptable, or
known as “current flow”, current from an external
the contact surfaces and clamping arrangement are
source, such as a low voltage transformer winding,
such as to preclude any possibility of overheating,
is passed between two contact areas established on burning or arcing.
the surface of the component.
The current shall not be switched on until the
In fixed installations, the component is firmly
clamping arrangement has been checked and
clamped between contact heads. With portable
contact pressure confirmed. The contact pressure
equipment, electrical contact is generally effected by
shall not be released until the current has been
means of hand-held prods pressed on to the surface
switched off.
of the component (see clause 17).
With parts of slender cross section, the clamping
If the contact areas are at the ends of a long, uniform arrangement shall be checked to ensure that
section, as in Figure 1, the current becomes evenly
distortion is not caused by excessive pressure
distributed over the surface. The current required is
during testing.
proportional to the peripheral dimension.
The current application time during any test shall
This technique favours the detection of a flaw
not be unduly sustained, and any rise in
having its major axis parallel to, or within 45° of, the temperature shall be less than that which would
direction of current flow. cause damage or distortion.
NOTE Flaws in the bore of a hollow component will not be
revealed. Arcing or excessive heating shall be regarded as a
10.2 Precautions during testing. These defect requiring a verdict on acceptability. If further
precautions apply to fixed installations. Where a testing is required on such affected areas, it shall be
current flow (prods) technique is used, reference carried out using a different technique.
shall be made to clause 17. 10.3 Current values to be used. The current
Every precaution shall be taken to prevent excessive values to be used for common waveform and
heating, burning or arcing. Certain metals, ammeter combinations are given in Table 2 and
including copper and zinc, may, if used as electrical Table 3. In other cases, the current values may be
contacts, contaminate and cause metallurgical calculated from Table 1.
damage to the component if arcing occurs. Table 2 gives values for the detection of
The cleanness of both contact heads and the surface-breaking flaws only, and it is based on the
component shall be such as to ensure good electrical magnetic properties of the constructional and
contact. Contact heads shall have a contact area engineering steels referred to in 9.1.1. If other
that is as large as possible, compatible with the materials are to be tested, the current values shall
component being tested. Contact heads are be modified accordingly.
generally made of steel to which copper braid or Where fixed installations are used for the testing of
composite copper mesh/gauze pads are fitted. Pads high-tensile or highly-stressed components in the
shall be inspected before each application of current. aerospace industry, the values in Table 3 shall
Where there is any evidence of fraying, burning or apply.
other damage that could diminish contact or In Table 2 and Table 3, the current values for
conductivity, the pads shall be renewed before any non-round components are based on the perimeter
further testing. Pads shall be constructed from of the largest cross section of the part to be
mesh, gauze or braid selected for the purpose. The examined, through which current has to flow.
material shall be woven or fashioned in such a 10.4 Varying cross section. With items of varying
manner that it is even and uniform in thickness cross section, a single value of current shall be used
throughout. The arrangement used for attaching only when the current values required to magnetize
the pads to contact heads shall ensure that they are the larger and smaller sections are in a ratio of less
held firmly in position without distortion. Zinc than 1.5 : 1. When a single value of current is used,
contact pads shall not be used. the larger section shall govern the current value.
NOTE Lead contact pads may be used, but only in
well-ventilated conditions, because they may generate harmful 10.5 Technique sheet. The technique sheet
vapour which may cause headaches and/or dizziness. (see 7.2) shall include:
a) the position of the two contact areas;
b) the waveform and magnitude of the current.

6 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

11 Threading bar or cable technique 12.2 Current values to be used. In all instances,
the magnetizing coil shall produce a minimum level
11.1 General. Magnetization by the threading bar
of flux below saturation level for the material at the
technique is performed by passing current through
relevant section, but not less than one-third of the
a conductor placed within a bore or aperture in the
saturation level. Higher values may be used but
component (see Figure 2). This technique favours they shall not exceed those that produce “furring” at
the detection of flaws where the major axes lie the relevant section.
parallel to, or within 45° of, the direction of current
flow. The technique can also be applied by using one When using rigid coils of helical form, the pitch of
or more heavy flexible cables through the bore of the the helix shall be less than 25 % of the coil diameter.
aperture (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). Where the component occupies less than 10 % of the
11.2 Precautions during testing. When using a coil cross-sectional area and the component is
threading bar on a component with a closed end, placed along the axis at the bottom of the coil, the
precautions shall be taken to ensure good contact on following formula shall apply and the test shall be
the blind face. Threading bars and flexible cables repeated at coil-length intervals.
shall be insulated to prevent contact with the K
N I = ------------
component and between individual windings. L¤D
11.3 Current values and coverage. The surface where
under test shall lie completely within a circle
centred on the conductor, the radius R (in mm) of
N is the number of effective coil turns
which is given by R = I/15, or R = I/56 in the case of
aerospace applications, where I is the peak value of I is the current (in A)
current (in A). L/D is the ratio of the length of a
Alternatively, the current values given in either component to its diameter for
Table 2 or Table 3 can be used. components of circular section (in the
case of components of non-circular
Where several bars or cables are passed through the
component, the current value shall be reduced in section, D = perimeter/p)
proportion to the number of windings. In this case, K = 32 000 for the mean value of a d.c.
the same current shall be flowing in each winding in source and for the peak value of any
the same direction, and the measured current shall waveform
be that flowing in each individual winding. K = 22 000 for an a.c. source (r.m.s. value)
The surface to be inspected may be covered in one or and for full-wave rectified current
more operations. Where the component does not (mean value)
constitute a closed and continuous path for K = 11 000 for half-wave rectified current
magnetic flux, the test shall satisfy the conditions (mean value).
specified in clause 14. NOTE Where components have a ratio of L/D greater than 20,
11.4 Technique sheet. The technique sheet the ratio is considered to be 20.
(see 7.2) shall include the following: With short components (i.e. L/D smaller than 5),
a) the form and dimensions of the threading bar the formula given above results in large values of
or cable; current. To minimize the current, extenders shall be
used to improve the effective length of the
b) the number of threading bars or cables; component.
c) the waveform and magnitude of the current. 12.3 Technique sheet. The technique sheet
(see 7.2) shall include:
12 Rigid coil technique
a) the form and dimensions of the coil;
12.1 General. In the standard coil technique of
b) the number of turns;
magnetization, the component is placed within a
current-carrying coil and is thus magnetized in a c) the waveform and magnitude of the current;
direction parallel to the axis of the coil itself d) the position, or repeat positions, of the coil
(see Figure 5), favouring the detection of flaws relative to the component.
basically in a direction transverse to the axis of the
coil.

© BSI 11-1998 7
BS 6072:1981

Table 2 — Current values for general engineering applications

Current waveforms D.C. source A.C. source Single-phase Single-phase Three-phase Three-phase All
full-wave half-wave full-wave half-wave waveforms
rectified rectified rectified rectified
Type of ammeter A B A A A A Peak
Current (A) for basically
round components per
millimetre of diameter 7.5 5.3 4.8 2.4 7.2 6.2 7.5
Current (A) for
non-round components
per millimetre of
perimeter 2.4 1.7 1.5 0.75 2.3 2.0 2.4
NOTE The types of ammeter denoted by “A” and “B” in Table 2 are defined in Table 1, viz.
“A”: permanent magnet, moving coil, or other types measuring mean values.
“B”: moving iron, induction, electrodynamic, or other types measuring r.m.s. values.

Table 3 — Current values for aerospace applications

Current waveforms D.C. source A.C. source Single-phase Single-phase Three-phase Three-phase All
full-wave half-wave full-wave half-wave waveforms
rectified rectified rectified rectified
Type of ammeter A B A A A A Peak
Current (A) for basically
round components per
millimetre of diameter 28 20 18 9 27 23 28
Current (A) for
non-round components
per millimetre of
perimeter 9 6.4 5.7 2.9 8.6 7.4 9
NOTE The types of ammeter denoted by “A” and “B” in Table 3 are defined in Table 1, viz.
“A”: permanent magnet, moving coil, or other types measuring mean values.
“B”: moving iron, induction, electrodynamic, or other types measuring r.m.s. values.

13 Flexible cable technique (coil Y is the spacing (in mm) between adjacent
technique using a flexible cable) windings in the coil.
13.1 General. This is a technique of magnetization 13.3 Current values to be used with
in which a current-carrying cable is tightly wound alternating current. To achieve the required
around the component (see Figure 6). It favours the magnetization using alternating current, the peak
detection of flaws lying parallel to the cable. value of the current flowing in the cable shall have
a minimum value of:
The area to be inspected shall lie between the turns
of the coil thus formed. The coil shall be moved over 2
I = 7.5 ( 10 + ( Y ¤ 40 ) )
the component at coil-length intervals, to ensure
that the specified coverage is achieved. where
13.2 Current values to be used with direct
current. To achieve the required magnetization I is the peak current (in A)
using direct or rectified current, the peak value of Y is the spacing (in mm) between adjacent
the current flowing in the cable shall have a windings in the coil.
minimum value of:
2 13.4 Technique sheet. The technique sheet
I = 7.5 ( T + ( Y ¤ 4T ) ) (see 7.2) shall include:
where a) the number and spacing of the turns in the coil;
b) the waveform and magnitude of the current;
I is the peak value of the current (in A)
c) the repeat positions of the cable or coil.
T is the wall thickness (in mm) of the
component, or its radius if it is in the form of
a solid bar of circular section

8 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

14 Flexible cable technique (using a c) the instructions to ensure that the return cable
flexible cable adjacent to the test does not interfere with the inspection;
surface) d) the width, d, of the inspected area on each side
of the cable.
14.1 General. This is a technique of magnetization
in which an insulated, current-carrying cable is laid 15 Magnetic flow technique
parallel to the surface of the component, adjacent to
the area to be tested. It favours the detection of 15.1 General. The component, or portion of it, shall
flaws lying parallel to the cable, or within 45° of this close the magnetic circuit of an electromagnet or a
direction. permanent magnet. The technique favours the
14.2 Precautions during testing. The adjacent detection of flaws where the major axes lie
cable technique of magnetization requires the transverse to the line joining the pole pieces of the
material being tested to be in close proximity to a magnet, as shown in Figure 7.
current flowing in one direction. The return cable 15.2 Level of magnetization. The pole pieces of
for the electric current shall be arranged to be as far the magnet shall abut intimately against the
removed from the inspection zone as possible and, in component. When using bench-type electromagnets,
all cases, this distance shall be greater than 10d, the magnetic field strength shall lie between the
where d is the width of the inspected area, value which is just sufficient to cause saturation of
expressed in millimetres. the material at the relevant section and not less
The cable shall be moved over the component at than one-third of that value.
intervals of less than 2d to ensure that the specified 15.3 Permanent magnets and d.c.
coverage is achieved. electromagnets. Permanent magnets and d.c.
Flexible cables shall be insulated to prevent contact electromagnets (d.c. yokes) shall have a maximum
with the component and between individual pole spacing of 150 mm. If the pole spacing is less
windings. than or equal to 75 mm, the magnets shall be
capable of lifting not less than 0.24 kg per
14.3 Magnetizing conditions. To achieve the millimetre of pole spacing. If the pole spacing is
required magnetization, the cable shall be so greater than 75 mm, the lifting power shall be at
mounted that its centreline is at a perpendicular least 18 kg.
distance, d, from the inspection surface.
The lifting power is the ability of the magnet to lift
The width of the effective inspection area on each a piece of ferritic steel by magnetic attraction alone.
side of the cable centreline is then d, and it is related
to the peak current flowing in the cable by: The pull-off force is the force that has to be applied
to one pole piece to break its adhesion to a surface,
I = 30d leaving the other one attached. The pull-off force
where shall have a value equivalent to at least 9 kg.
On structures where the geometry or the surface
I is the peak current (in A) finish affects the contact with the magnet, the
d is the width of the inspected area (in mm). strength of the magnet and the adequacy of the
surface contact shall be verified by measuring the
When testing radiused corners on cylindrical pull-off force on the structure itself.
components or branch joints (e.g. stub-to-header The specified test values provide a level of
welds), the cable may be wrapped around the magnetization lower than 0.72 T. Permanent
surface of the component or the branch, and several magnets and d.c. electromagnets shall, therefore, be
turns may be bunched in the form of a used only where other techniques of magnetization
closely-wrapped coil. In this case, the surface are impracticable.
inspected shall lie within a distance d of the cable or 15.4 A.C. electromagnets. When using a.c.
the coil windings, where d = NI/30, and NI are the electromagnets (a.c. yokes), the strength of the
ampere-turns. magnet shall be assessed by measuring the lifting
14.4 Technique sheet. The technique sheet power or the pull-off force.
(see 7.2) shall include: The lifting power shall be equivalent to not less
a) the waveform and magnitude of the current; than 4.5 kg for a pole spacing of 300 mm or less, and
b) the position, or repeat positions, of the cable the pull-off force shall have a value equivalent to not
relative to the component, including the less than 2.25 kg for the same pole spacing.
perpendicular distance of the cable from the
surface;

© BSI 11-1998 9
BS 6072:1981

15.5 Field strength meters and flaw indicators. 17.2 Precautions. Every precaution shall be taken
Magnetic field strength meters and portable flaw to prevent excessive heating, burning or arcing.
indicators shall not be used in conjunction with Certain metals, including copper and zinc, may, if
permanent magnets or with d.c. electromagnets. used as the prod material, contaminate and cause
15.6 Area inspected. When using permanent metallurgical damage to the component if arcing
magnets and d.c. or a.c. electromagnets, the occurs. For this reason and the fact that perfect
inspected area shall be considered to be not greater contact is difficult to achieve with prods, they shall
than the area of the circle inscribed between the be made of steel or aluminium. Zinc shall not be
pole pieces. used and copper or copper-tipped prods shall be
used only in applications where complete assurance
15.7 Technique sheet. The technique sheet
can be given that metallurgical damage will not
(see 7.2) shall include the following:
occur. The cleanness of both prod contact faces and
a) the form and dimensions of the magnet; the component shall be such as to ensure good
b) the position of the two contact areas; electrical contact. Prods shall have a minimum
c) the method by which the strength of the dimension of 10 mm and shall have as large a
magnet and the adequacy of the surface contact contact area as possible.
are to be established and the frequency with For some applications, contact pads may be used
which the checks are to be made. between prods and the component where it can be
demonstrated that better contact is achieved and
16 Induced current flow technique the danger of arcing reduced. Zinc contact pads shall
not be used.
16.1 General. The expression “induced current flow
technique” is given to a technique of setting up NOTE Lead contact pads may be used, but only in
well-ventilated conditions, because they may generate harmful
circumferential current flow in a large ring vapour which may cause headaches and/or dizziness.
specimen by making it, in effect, the secondary of a The contact faces of the prods, or pads, if fitted, shall
mains transformer. The optimum flaw direction is be inspected before each application of current.
basically circumferential (see Figure 8) and the Where there is evidence of burning or other damage,
current induced in the component shall be in the prods shall be refaced, or the pads renewed.
accordance with Table 2 or Table 3. Pads shall be constructed from mesh, gauze or braid
16.2 Technique sheet. The technique sheet selected for the purpose. The material shall be
(see 7.2) shall include the following: woven or fashioned in such a manner that it is of
a) the waveform and magnitude of the current even and uniform thickness throughout. The
and the transfer characteristics; arrangement used for attaching pads to prod ends
b) the method by which the magnitude of the shall ensure that they are held firmly in position
current induced in the component is to be without distortion.
measured. The current shall not be switched on until adequate
contact pressure has been achieved. The contact
17 Current flow (prods) technique pressure shall not be released until the current is
switched off.
17.1 General. The technique of magnetization
known as “current flow (prods)” is a variation of the The current application time during any test shall
current flow technique (see clause 10). not be unduly sustained and any rise in
temperature shall be less than that which would
In the current flow (prods) technique, a current from
cause damage or distortion.
an external source, such as a low voltage
transformer winding, is passed between two contact Arcing or excessive heating shall be regarded as a
areas established on the surface of the component defect requiring a verdict on acceptability. If further
by means of two hand-held prods, as shown in testing is required on such affected areas, it shall be
Figure 9. The technique favours the detection of carried out using a different technique.
flaws where the major axes lie parallel to, or 17.3 Practical procedures. The current spread
within 45° of, the direction of current flow. and relative intensity is complex when using prods,
especially if the component has changes of form.
When inspecting flat surfaces and those with radii
of curvature greater than half the prod spacing, the
inspected area shall be a circle inscribed between
the prods when the peak current value is not less
than 7 500 amps per metre of prod spacing.

10 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Factors by which indicated current values shall be 18.2 Dry powder. Dry powder, when used, shall be
multiplied to obtain peak values are given applied in a manner that will guard against
in Table 1. disturbance of the indications.
Alternatively, with the same restriction on the radii 18.3 Immersion procedure. Where an immersion
of curvature of the surface, the inspected area shall procedure is used, precautions shall be taken to
be an ellipse inscribed between the prods, with the avoid disturbance of the indications upon removal of
minor axis equal to half the prod spacing. In this the component from the ink bath.
case, the peak current shall be not less 18.4 Other applications. During any surface
than 4 700 amps per metre of prod spacing. application of magnetic ink, it shall be allowed to
Where the requirement is for the inspection of a flow on to the component with very little pressure,
narrow region approximating to the prod width, the so that the particles are allowed to adhere to a flaw
peak current shall be not less than 3 750 amps per indication without being washed off.
metre of prod spacing. 18.5 Draining. After inking, the component shall
Figure 10 and Figure 11 show examples of search be allowed to drain so as to improve the contrast of
patterns that shall be used with the above test any flaw indications.
values for inspecting flat surfaces, or those with
radii of curvature between the prods greater than 19 Viewing
half the prod spacing, as measured around the
19.1 General. The entire surface under test shall be
periphery.
viewed before proceeding to the next stage in the
When inspecting surfaces with radii of curvature testing procedure. Viewing shall be carried out after
between the prods less than half the prod spacing, each excitation. Where viewing is obstructed, the
as measured along the surface, the above methods of component shall be removed from the machine to
assessment no longer apply in which case the permit adequate viewing of all areas. Care shall be
effective area shall be determined by one of the taken to ensure that magnetic indications are not
methods described in appendix B and an disturbed after magnetization has stopped and
appropriate search pattern following the general before the indications have been inspected and
principles illustrated in Figure 11 shall be utilized. recorded. More detail can be revealed by the use of a
17.4 Technique sheet. The technique sheet low-power magnifier (see BS 5165).
(see 7.2) shall include the following: 19.2 Non-fluorescent inks and powders. When
a) the separation between the two contact areas using non-fluorescent inks and powders:
(prod spacing); a) there shall be good contrast between the
b) the waveform and magnitude of the current, detecting medium and the component being
expressed in terms of the indicated meter reading inspected;
and not the peak value; b) the area under inspection shall be evenly
c) the test pattern and its orientation with respect illuminated at a level of not less
to the surface under examination; than 500 lx (lux)5) daylight or artificial light.
d) the composition of the contact material. 19.3 Fluorescent inks and powders. When using
fluorescent inks and powders:
18 Application of the detecting a) the inspection area shall be darkened and the
medium ambient white light level shall be not greater
18.1 General. Unless residual magnetization than 10 lx;
techniques are used (see 9.2.2), the detecting b) the UV-A irradiance level at the surface being
medium shall be applied immediately prior to and inspected shall be not less than 0.8 mW/cm2
during magnetization. The application shall cease or 800 µW/cm2 (see BS 4489);
before magnetization is terminated. Sufficient time c) unnecessary reflections of ultraviolet radiation
shall be allowed for the indications to build up from the test surface shall be avoided and, in
before moving or examining the component or some instances, it may be advantageous to view
structure under test. the test surface through a bandpass filter
Means for preserving the indications are described designed to pass light wavelengths
in appendix E. between 500 nm and 600 nm.

5) Asa guide, this would be achieved by using either a fluorescent tube of 80 W at a distance of about 1 m, or a tungsten filament
pearl lamp of 100 W at a distance of about 0.2 m.

© BSI 11-1998 11
BS 6072:1981

NOTE 1 Photochromic spectacles should not be worn when 21 Reporting

working with UV-A as exposure to it, like exposure to bright
sunlight, may cause darkening and therefore lower the ability of 21.1 All tests carried out in accordance with this
the wearer to detect flaws. British Standard shall be the subject of a written
NOTE 2 For checking the performance of UV-A lamps and
irradiance at the working surface, see BS 4489. test report.
19.4 Marking of flaws. Where necessary, the 21.2 In addition to the results, the report shall
positions of flaws shall be marked on the tested include at least the following information:
component by a method that will not affect the use a) work location;
of the component or prejudice any subsequent b) description and identity of the component
testing. tested;
19.5 Polished plated cylindrical components. c) date of test;
Polished, plated components of cylindrical form
shall be viewed during magnetization. d) stage of test (e.g. before or after heat
treatment, before or after final machining);
20 Recording of indications e) reference to the written test procedure and the
technique sheets used;
20.1 General. For the purpose of interpreting and
classifying indications, the values of current or f) name of the company;
applied field shall be standardized to within 10 % of g) name and signature of the person performing
the values agreed in the technique sheet. the tests.
Areas giving indications shall be assessed as tested 21.3 In some cases, it may not be necessary to have
and shall not be demagnetized prior to assessment. prepared procedure and technique sheets and, in all
cases where these are absent, the report shall
20.2 Classification of indications
include as a minimum:
20.2.1 Introduction. Magnetic particle flaw
a) description of equiment used;
detection is capable of revealing and classifying
flaws in the following categories: crack-like flaws, b) technique of flux generation;
inclusions and rounded indications, linear c) indicated current values and waveform for each
indications, non-relevant indications. technique used;
Linear indications are those indications in which d) distance between contact areas or dimensional
the length is more than three times the width. details of coils, etc.;
Rounded indications are indications that are e) detection medium used and background;
circular or elliptical and where the length is less
f) surface preparation;
than three times the width.
g) viewing conditions;
20.2.2 Cracks and crack-like flaws. Where cracks or
crack-like flaws are revealed, their position, size, h) method of recording or marking of indications.
orientation and type shall be recorded. Suggested report, technique and procedure sheets
20.2.3 Inclusions and rounded indications. are given in appendix D.
Inclusions and rounded indications shall be Where magnetic particle tests are performed on
reported. plant or components in service, reference shall be
20.2.4 Linear indications. Linear indications that made to the reason for testing and to the previous
cannot be further classified shall be treated as history, if known.
crack-like flaws and recorded as in 20.2.2.
Intermittent and aligned indications shall be 22 Demagnetization
treated as linear indications. 22.1 General. Demagnetization requires the use of
20.3 Non-relevant indications. The indications a field equal to, or greater than, that used for
obtained in magnetic particle flaw detection may be magnetization, and the various ways in which it can
due to spurious effects, such as magnetic writing, be achieved are specified in 22.2. It shall be carried
changes in section, or the boundary between out only if specifically requested.
materials of different magnetic properties. 22.1.1 Pretest demagnetization. Where, before
The operator shall carry out any necessary testing testing, the component or structure may have a level
and observations to eliminate non-relevant of residual magnetization such that adherent swarf,
indications. opposing flux or the possibility of spurious
Where there is doubt about the interpretation of indications could limit the efficacy of the test, prior
indications, they shall be classified in accordance demagnetization shall be implemented.
with 20.2.

12 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

22.1.2 Post-test demagnetization. After applying a 22.3 Heat treatment. Where a partly finished
magnetic test, the component concerned may component that has been tested is subsequently
remain quite strongly magnetized and, although subjected to a temperature above its Curie point
this will not have any effect on its mechanical (normally 700 °C or above), this heat treatment
properties, it may be undesirable for other reasons. automatically demagnetizes it.
In this event, post-test demagnetization shall be 22.4 Remanent magnetization tests. One of the
implemented. tests in 22.4.1 to 22.4.3 shall be used for checking
22.1.3 Precautions. During demagnetization, if the degree of demagnetization of a component and
components are demagnetized in a group, the the choice of the particular test shall be agreed
container shall not be magnetic and the components between the interested parties.
shall not be in contact with one another in such a 22.4.1 Compass test. A suitable compass
way as to form a magnetic circuit. (see BS MA 2-7) is placed in a position well clear of
After demagnetization, the component shall be all magnetizing and demagnetizing equipment or
removed from the vicinity of the demagnetizing coil any ferromagnetic material. The component under
or machine, as it may be remagnetized if allowed to test is then positioned at the agreed distance on the
stay within the magnetic field around the east-west axis and slowly rotated through 360°.
demagnetizer. To guard against this possibility, the During this operation, the compass needle shall not
component shall be removed to a distance of at be deflected through more than 1°. If this limit is
least 1.5 m. exceeded, the component shall be demagnetized
22.2 Demagnetization techniques again and the compass test repeated.
22.4.2 Tests with flux and field strength meters. The
22.2.1 Aperture type coil. The component is passed
through an aperture type coil carrying an measuring device is placed on the surface of the
alternating current. The component is then removed component and it is rotated and moved over the
component to measure the largest value of magnetic
to an axial distance of not less than 1.5 m or to some
field adjacent to the surface. This field strength
other position where the flux is not detectable, and
shall not exceed the agreed value. If the limits is
the current is switched off.
exceeded, the component shall be demagnetized
22.2.2 Aperture type coil (with variable current). again and the test repeated.
With suitable switching gear, a coil is used to apply
a continuously diminishing alternating field to the 22.4.3 Non-quantitative test. Where quantitative
data are not required, a non-magnetized ferritic
component, which remains stationary. The
steel paper clip on the end of a length of thread shall
component is not removed until the sequence has
not be attracted by the surface, when placed in close
been completed.
proximity to it.
22.2.3 Reversing d.c. magnetization. The component
is placed between the poles of an electromagnet and 23 Cleaning
a field strong enough to saturate it magnetically is
applied. The field is then reduced to zero in small After testing and acceptance, unless otherwise
steps and its direction is reversed at each step, until agreed between the interested parties, all
zero current is reached. Each step should be 50 % of components shall be cleaned to remove all traces of
the preceding one, down to the minimum possible. detecting media.
22.2.4 A.C. yokes. The a.c. yoke technique is
normally used on components in situ in a structure
that cannot be easily removed from the parent
structure. The energizing yoke is passed over the
surface of the component and removed to a distance
of at least 450 mm from it. The stroking action is
repeated as many times as necessary to cover the
whole test area. Stroking is always in the same
direction, the yoke being moved away in a circle
before being returned to the component. Figure 1 — Current flow technique
22.2.5 Diminishing a.c. flow. Where a diminishing
a.c. flow is used, successive excitations at current
values diminishing in steps not exceeding 50 % of
the previous value, down to the minimum possible,
will leave the component effectively demagnetized.

© BSI 11-1998 13
BS 6072:1981

Figure 2 — Threading bar or cable technique

Figure 3 — Flexible threading bar technique

Figure 4 — Flexible cable technique (using cable wound through the specimen)

Figure 5 — Coil technique

14 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Figure 6 — Flexible cable technique (using cable wound round the specimen)

Figure 7 — Magnetic flow technique

© BSI 11-1998 15
BS 6072:1981

Figure 8 — Induced current flow technique

Figure 9 — Current flow technique (prods)

16 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Figure 10 — Search pattern which is acceptable when using current flow (prods)
technique to inspect flat surfaces and those with radii of curvature greater than half
the prod spacing (peak current value not less than 7 500 amps per metre of prod spacing)

Figure 11 — Search pattern for the current flow (prods) technique when
the peak current value is 4 700 amps per metre of prod spacing

© BSI 11-1998 17
BS 6072:1981

Appendix A Selection of test techniques for magnetizing material or

components of specific geometric shape
The techniques selected from Table 4 or Table 5 shall include tests to cover flaws in all required directions.
The complementary techniques given in Table 5 allow for these requirements.
Table 4 — List of testing techniques
Excitation technique, Direction applied Sensitive to flaws in the main Descriptive abbreviation
geometry and drawing surfaces in direction of: in Table 5a
symbol
Major Transverse Short
axis transverse
Current flow (CF) Major axis Yesb No No CF/L/current value

Transverse to major axis No Yes Yes CF/T/current value

Short transverse to major No Yes Yes CF/ST/current value
axis (on round object at 90°
to CF/T)
At the quoted degrees angle No Yes Yes CF/T60/current value
to CF/T on a round object
Special direction as detailed CF/X/current and
In line with direction of test directional detail

Threading bar (TB) Through main bore Yes No No TB/L/current value

(includes threading cable (including
techniques) bore
faults)
Through transverse
No Yes Yes TB/T/current value
subsidiary bore
Through short transverse
No Yes Yes TB/ST/current value
subsidiary bore

Through nominated TB/X/current value and

In line with direction of test
subsidiary hole details

18 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Table 4 — List of testing techniques

Excitation technique, Direction applied Sensitive to flaws in the main Descriptive
geometry and drawing surfaces in direction of: abbreviation in Table 5a
symbol Major Transverse Short
axis transverse
Major axis along coil bore No Yes Yes Coil/L/current value and
coil details
Transverse to coil bore Yes No Yes Coil/T/current value and
(applicable only where coil details
extenders are used)

Flexible cable (FC) Wound around the section In a direction parallel to conducting FC/current value/turns or
cable cable arrangementc

Adjacent flexible cable (AFC) Adjacent to the section In a direction parallel to conducting AFC/current value/cable
cable height above test piecec

© BSI 11-1998 19
BS 6072:1981

Table 4 — List of testing techniques

Excitation technique, Direction applied Sensitive to flaws in the main Descriptive
geometry and drawing surfaces in direction of: abbreviation in Table 5a
symbol
Major Transverse Short
axis transverse
Magnetic flow (MF) Major axis No Yes Yes MF/L/current value
Transverse to major axis Yes No No MF/T/current value
Short transverse to major Yes Yes No MF/ST/current value
axis on non-round objects
(on round objects at 90° to
MF/T)
At the quoted degrees angle At 90° to direction of test MF/T60/current value
to MF/T
Special directions as At 90° to direction of test MF/X/current value
nominated

Induced current (IC) Major axis (yoke through Circumferential but not radial IC/—/current value
bore)

Current flow with prods As test CF/L CFP/L/current value and

(CFP) detail
As test CF/T CFP/T/current value and
detail
As test CF/ST CFP/ST/current value and
detail
Special nominated direction In line with the test direction CFP/X/current value and
detail

a
See also note 3 at the end of appendix A. Current values shall be in accordance with clauses 9 to 17, as appropriate.
b
Also radial on end faces, where visible.
c
For repeated tests, e.g. on long bars, test spacing positions shall be quoted.

20 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Table 5 — Test techniques for material or components of specific geometric shape

Shape aBasic
test techniques in Table 4 giving aComplementary test techniques required when
commonly specified degree of coverage full coverage of ends of minor faces is essential
Long bar CF/L and MF/L, or CF/T and CF/ST, or

CF/L and coil/L MF/T and MF/ST, or

CF/T and MF/T

Short bar CF/L and MF/L, or As long bar

CF/L, CF/T and CF/ST, or

MF/L, MF/T and MF/ST, or

CF/L and coil/L

Helix (spaced winding), CF/L and TB/L, or As long bar (if practicable)

e.g. spring CF/L, MF/T and MF/ST

Long tube TB/L and MF/L, or CF/T and CF/ST

(see note 6) TB/L and coil/L

Short tube TB/L and MF/L, or As long tube

(see note 6) TB/L, CF/T and CF/ST, or

MF/L, MF/T and MF/ST, or

TB/L and coil/L

Long closed end tube As long tube Closed end: As long bar

Open end: CF/T and CF/ST

Short closed end tube As short tube Closed end: As long bar

Open end: CF/T and CF/ST

Large tube FC/— and CFP/T, or FC/—, CFP/T and CFP/ST

CFP/L and CFP/T, or

TB/L and CFP/T

Small ring TB/L, CF/T and CF/ST, or None

CF/T, CF/ST, MF/T and MF/ST, or

CF/L and IC/—, or

TB/L and IC/—

Large ring FC,CFP/T or None

TB/L (repeat at stated intervals with TB close

to inner surface) and CFP/T, or IC/— and FC

Large plate CFP/L and CFP/T or AFC (two directions) On all minor faces as column 2

Small plate CF/L and CF/T, or By performing any two alternatives, the minor faces
will be covered
MF/L and MF/T, or

CF/L and MF/L, or

CF/L and coil/L

Large disc CFP/L and CFP/T or AFC (two directions) On all minor faces as column 2

Small disc CF/T and CF/ST, or By performing any two alternatives, the minor faces
will be covered
MF/T and MF/ST, or

MF/T and CF/T

a Descriptive symbols are in accordance with column 6 of Table 4.

© BSI 11-1998 21
BS 6072:1981

Table 5 — Test techniques for material or components of specific geometric shape

Shape a
Basic test techniques in Table 4 giving a
Complementary test techniques required when
commonly specified degree of coverage full coverage of ends of minor faces is essential
Large sphere CFP/L and CFP/T or AFC (two directions) None
Small sphere CF/L, CF/T and CF/ST, or None
MF/L and MF/T, or
coil/L and coil/T (using extenders, for both
techniques)
a
Descriptive symbols are in accordance with column 6 of Table 4.
NOTE 1 In Table 5, the term “long” refers to shapes in which the ratio of length to maximum sectional dimension is greater
than 5 : 1. The term “short” is applied to shapes having a ratio less than 5 : 1.
NOTE 2 The term “large” refers to specimens of such dimension that they cannot be adequately tested in the desired direction
in one basic operation with the equipment available.
NOTE 3 The following abbreviations are used in the descriptive symbol to define the direction of test:
L denotes that the test is applied through the longitudinal (major) axis of the component. To avoid confusion, the bore axis
on a tube, or a ring, is always considered as the longitudinal direction. On a disc, the longitudinal direction is considered
to be at right angles to the flat faces.
T denotes that the test is applied transversely (at right angles to the major-axis direction).
On non-round components, the long transverse direction is implied.
On round components, a diametrical test is implied.
ST denotes that the test is applied in the short transverse direction on non-round objects. On round components, a diametrical
test is implied at 90° to the T test.
T 60°(120°, etc.) denotes a further transverse test on a round component spaced at the quoted angular position from the first
transverse test.
X denotes an unusual direction for which descriptive details are added.
NOTE 4 Unless otherwise stated, every operation is to be repeated, as required, to ensure full coverage of the inspected areas.
NOTE 5 Where applicable, the complete coverage of any specific shape can be obtained by combining any one of the alternative
techniques shown in column 2 of Table 4 with any one set of supplementary operations shown in column 3. In some cases, the same
operation is common to both the basic and supplementary techniques.
NOTE 6 On tubular components, the threading bar tests can be replaced by longitudinal current flow, if the detection of flaws in
the bore or on end faces is not required.
NOTE 7 When specifying a technique for components with a non-conducting surface (such as a proprietary phosphate treatment
or paint) it is essential to avoid current flow tests, unless the removal of the surface locally at the contact areas can be tolerated.
NOTE 8 For certain parts, there are other special techniques that may be used, e.g. flat washers, which may be tested whilst in
contact with a flat steel bar carrying current appropriate to its dimensions. In such instances, the precise test conditions shall be
specified.
NOTE 9 Portable electromagnets can be used to test components of all shapes.

Appendix B Methods for determining B.2 Using a flux meter operating on the Hall effect
the inspected areas when using the principle, measure the magnetic field strength close
to the surface in a direction tangential to the surface
current flow (prods) technique and perpendicular to the line between the prods.
B.1 Use a part with a known natural or artificial Use the meter range that gives the largest deflection
flaw and determine the maximum distance from a and calibrate the zero and one other point on this
line joining the (two) prod positions at which the range with a standard zero-field chamber and a
flaw can be satisfactorily delineated when standard magnet. Convert the readings to peak field
equidistant from the prods, using the proposed values using a multiplication factor appropriate to
separation and current value. A portable magnetic the instrument and waveform chosen. The inspected
flux indicator may be used for this purpose, provided area shall be considered as that within which the
it indicates a peak magnetic field value of 2 400 A/m peak field component exceeds 2 400 A/m, or as an
in the appropriate orientation. ellipse where the major axis lies between the two
prods and the minor axis joins the points to the
centreline, transverse to the prod axis, and the peak
field component is 2 400 A/m.

22 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

B.3 Increase the current to three times the current f) Note the current value required to establish
envisaged for the test and determine the limits of each hole indication. (If the magnetizing system
the area over which saturation occurs. With the is functioning correctly, each hole should be
normal test current, this area will then be visible at each subsequent check with the test
magnetized to an overall level of not less than piece.)
one-third saturation. Repeat the test for each current waveform with
Appendix C Test pieces and test which the magnetizing unit is equipped, bearing in
procedure mind that the 22.5 mm pitch circle (p.c.) radius hole
is unlikely to show positively on an alternating
C.1 Current flow test piece. The standard test current waveform below 900 A (r.m.s.).
piece for checking current flow equipment should be C.3 Magnetic flow/coil test piece. The standard
in accordance with the details given in Figure 12 test piece for checking magnetic flow equipment and
and Table 6. It should be maintained free from coils should be in accordance with the details given
corrosion and oxidization. in Figure 13. It should be maintained free from
corrosion and oxidization.
C.2 Procedure
a) Thoroughly degrease and magnetize the test C.4 Procedure
piece. a) Thoroughly degrease and demagnetize the test
b) Clamp it within head and tailstock of the test piece.
bench. b) Clamp it between the poles of the test bench
c) Apply magnetic ink while the current is being (magnetic flow) or, alternatively, place it
increased. centrally in the coil parallel to the coil axis.
d) Establish the current required to make the c) Energize the equipment and establish that the
hole nearest to the outer surface of the ring transverse hole in the middle of the test piece
visible on the outer surface. shows a strong indication.
e) Further increase the current to establish
indications from the other two holes on the outer
surface of the ring.
Table 6 — Dimensions of standard test piece for current flow checking
Outer Bar Outer ring Outer Spacer Outer Bar Hole Hole pitch circle radii Spacer Surface
ring diameter concentricity ring length ring length positional texture
bore tolerance diameter length a tolerance Ra b
Dimension A B C D E F L P R S T r Z
nominal ± 0.05 diameter ± 0.025 ± 0.4 ± 0.24 nominal diameter true true true nominal
position position position
mm 1.6 µm to
3.2 µm
38.00 19.00 0.05 50.00 25.00 12.50 150.0 0.05 23.50 23.00 22.50 5.0
a
Length of bar may be varied to suit individual circumstances.
b
In accordance with BS 1134.

© BSI 11-1998 23
BS 6072:1981

Figure 12 — Details of standard test piece for current flow checking

Figure 13 — Test piece for checking magnetic flow and coil magnetization

24 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

Appendix D Report, technique and Method of flux generation

procedure sheets Distance between contact areas
D.1 Introduction. Appendix D illustrates the form A.C./D.C./half-wave/full-wave rectified
that typical report, technique and procedure sheets Maximum/minimum A
should take. Surface preparation
Method of recording/marking indications
D.2 Report sheet: magnetic particle flaw
detection Reason for test
Name and address of company Previous history
Location Results of tests
Description and identity of component/part tested Name and signature of person conducting test
Date of test D.3 Technique sheet: magnetic particle flaw
Stage of test detection
Description of equipment used Name and address of company
Detecting medium, background and viewing Description and identity of component/part
conditions

Sketch or workpiece (with main dimensions)

Test technique Current Flaws sought

(Indicate on above sketch) (Values and waveforms used)
A A A
B B B
C C C
D D D
E E E
Equipment used (state distance between contact areas, coil dimensions, etc.)
A
B
C
D
E
Detecting medium Background
Viewing conditions
Method of recording/marking indications
Approved by
Date

© BSI 11-1998 25
BS 6072:1981

D.4 Procedure sheet: magnetic particle flaw

detection

Name and address of company

Description and identity of component/part
Main dimensions
Material and specification
Area to be tested
Purpose of test
Stage at which test conducted (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Surface condition at time of test (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Associated technique sheet nos.
Associated documents (code or standard)
Acceptance/rejection criteria (code or standard)
Date of test Prepared by
Approved by
Performed by

Appendix E Preservation of E.3 Preservation of indications on the

indications workpiece. To obtain a permanent record, either
photography or one of the methods given in a) to f)
E.1 General. It is sometimes necessary for flaw should be used. It is essential that a common datum
evaluation or record purposes to preserve the flaw be established on both the workpiece and the record
indications on the workpiece, or to retain them as a and that care be taken not to disturb the indications.
separate permanent record. Prior to such action, it a) Cover the indications with a transparent
is essential to ensure that the test conditions, and in adhesive film. Carefully peel off the film and the
particular the magnetizing levels, are as near as adhering indications and reapply to either paper
possible to the level recommended in the technique. or card of contrasting colour.
The methods listed below have been found suitable
for this purpose. b) Degrease the test surface, cover with a white
matt adhesive film and retest. After drying, if
E.2 Preparation for preservation. If dry powder necessary, cover the indications with a clear film
is used, no preparation is necessary. in the manner described in a) and transfer
If any oil-based carrier fluid is used, the surface together the pair of films to the record card.
should be drained and adequately dried. c) Spray the tested area with a quick-drying,
Another possibility is to retest the workpiece using strippable coating. Strip off this coating and view
a magnetic ink made with a volatile carrier fluid. the face previously in contact with the workpiece,
to which the indications will be transferred.

26 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6072:1981

d) Heat the workpiece to an approved NOTE Method f) is more suitable when strong permanent
temperature and, without delay, slowly immerse magnets or sustained magnetic flow is used. It can be applied
very successfully to small holes and to internal threads in
in a powdered plastics material and slowly components.
withdraw. Allow it to drain and cure in E.4 Photographic records. When a photographic
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. record is made, the resulting photograph of the
Strip off the coating complete with indications tested surface should, if possible, be actual size. If
from the workpiece and view the face previously the surface of the workpiece is highly polished, care
in contact with it. should be taken to avoid highlights. The use of a
e) Degrease the test surface and coat with a matt-contrast medium applied prior to testing may
proprietary, strippable, magnetic-oxide paint. be desirable.
Magnetize the part to saturation and peel off the E.5 Limitations of preservation methods.
coating. If it is dipped in agitated magnetic ink, it Methods a) to c) of E.3 are generally restricted to
will reveal the flaw indications on the oxide film. surfaces of simple geometric form because of the
f) Degrease the test area and coat with a difficulties involved in removing the films.
proprietary, self-curing, magnetic, Method d) does not generally produce satisfactory
silicone-rubber compound. Magnetize to results from fluorescent magnetic inks as compared
saturation and allow the compound to cure. The with black magnetic inks.
oxide in the compound will migrate to the
position of any flaw and, when removed from the
workpiece, the rubber previously in contact with
the surface will show the flaw.

© BSI 11-1998 27
28 blank
 BS 6072:1981

Publications referred to

BS 89, Specification for direct acting indicating electrical measuring instruments and their accessories.
BS 970, Wrought steels in the form of blooms, billets, bars and forgings.
BS 1134, Method for the assessment of surface texture.
BS 2451, Chilled iron shot and grit.
BS 3683, Glossary of terms used in non-destructive testing.
BS 3683-2, Magnetic particle flaw detection.
BS 4069, Magnetic flaw detection inks and powders.
BS 4360, Specification for weldable structural steels.
BS 4489, Method for measurement of UV-A radiation (black light) used in non-destructive testing.
BS 5044, Contrast aid paints used in magnetic particle flaw detection.
BS 5165, Guide to the selection of low-power magnifiers used for visual inspection.
BS 5345, Code of practice for the selection, installation and maintenance of electrical apparatus for use in
potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or explosive processing and
manufacture).
BS 5423, Specification for portable fire extinguishers.
BS MA 2, Magnetic compasses and binnacles.
BS MA2-7, Individual testing of magnetic compasses and accessories: Classes A and B.
BS M 35, Method for magnetic particle flaw detection of materials and components6).
National Radiological Protection Board. Protection against ultraviolet radiation in the workplace.
Published by HMSO.

6) Referred to in foreword only. Subsequently withdrawn in November 1984 and superseded by BS 6072.

© BSI 11-1998
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