Ss1 Physics 1st Term Lesson Note PDF
Ss1 Physics 1st Term Lesson Note PDF
Ss1 Physics 1st Term Lesson Note PDF
SUBJECT:
PHYSICS
CLASS:
TERM:
FIRST
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. Introduction to Physics
2. Measurement of Mass, Weight, Length and Time.
3. Motion in Nature, Force, Circular Motion, Centripetal and
Centrifugal Forces
4. Friction
WEEK ONE
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
CONTENT
Meaning of Physics
Aspects of Physics
Importance of physics
Scholars Achievement in the Field of Physics
MEANING OF PHYSICS
Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy and how they interact with each
other. The interests and concerns of physicists have always formed the basis of
future technology.
Physics has the capability of playing a major role in finding solutions to many of
the problems facing the human race. In a broader sense, physics can be seen as the
most fundamental of the natural sciences.
ASPECTS OF PHYSICS
1. Mechanics
2. Electricity
3. Electromagnetism
4. Nuclear and quantum physics
5. Optics and Light
6. Heat and thermodynamics
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS
Physics being the bedrock of technology has in no way been the foundation of
global technological advancement. Physics contributes to the technological
infrastructure and provides trained personnel needed to take advantage of scientific
advances and discoveries.
Physics is important to man’s life because it is used in
- Cooking food
- Cleaning clothes
- Watching TV
- Heating your house
- Playing sports
CLASSWORK
1. What is physics?
2. State five aspects of physics
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. Which of the following statements is/are not true of physics (i) it is the
building block of technology (ii) it is the basis for all technological
invention (iii) it is irrelevant in electricity (a) i (b) ii (c) iii (d) i and ii
2. Which of these is not a physicist (a) Albert Einstein (b) Sir Isaac Newton
(c) Charles G. Finney (d) Neil Armstrong
3. The following are invention related to physics except (a) electricity (b)
raincoats (c) matches (d) driving skills
4. Physics relies upon mathematics to provide the logical framework in
which physical laws may be precisely formulated and predictions
quantified (a) true (b) false (c) cannot say (d) all of the above
5. Which of this physicist is known for the law of elasticity (a) Robert
Hooke (b) Georg Ohm (c) Lord Kelvin
SECTION B
1. Briefly describe how physics has helped in technological advancement
2. Mention three scientists and their contributions to physics
WEEK TWO
MEASUREMENT OF MASS, WEIGHT, LENGTH & TIME
CONTENT
Meaning of Measurement
Measurement of Mass
Measurement of Weight
Measurement of Length
Measurement of Time
MEANING OF MEASUREMENT
Measurement is the process of observing and recording the observations that are
collected as part of a research effort. To get the exact measurement of an object we
make use of tools used in the field of science, especially in physics called
measuring instrument. Examples of such instrument are chemical balance, spring
balance, meter rule, caliper, micrometer screw guage, clock, thermometer etc.
MEASUREMENT OF MASS
Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body. The instrument used in
measuring mass is chemical/beam balance. It is a scalar quantity & measured in
kilogram (kg). Mass is a fundamental quantity & is constant from place to place.
MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT
Weight is the earth pull on a body or the downward force produced when a mass is
in a gravitational field. The instrument used in measuring weight is spring balance.
It is a vector quantity & measured in newton (N). Weight is a derived quantity &
varies from place to place.
Relationship Between mass & weight
W=mg
Where: W=weight (N); m=mass (kg) & g=acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
Length is simply distance extended. It is a fundamental quantity & measured in
meters (m).
Length can be measured using tape rule, meter rule, caliper, vernier caliper and
micrometer screw guage
MEASUREMENT OF TIME
Time can be defined as the interval between events. It is a fundamental quantity &
measured in seconds(s).Time can be measured using stop watch/clock
FUNDAMENTAL & DERIVED QUANTITY
Fundamental quantities are the basic quantities that are independent of others.
They are length (m), mass (kg) and Time (s), electric current (A), temperature (k),
amount of substance (moles) and luminous intensity (candela).
Derived quantities are those obtained by simple combination of basic quantities e.g.
Area, Volume, Density, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, energy, work, power,
momentum, pressure, electric charge, electric potential etc.
S/N QUANTITY DERIVATION DIMENSION UNIT
1. Area length x L2
breadth m2
2. Volume length x L3 m3
breadth x
heights
3. Density mass ÷ volume ML-3 Kg/m3
CLASSWORK
1. Define these: (i) mass (ii) weight (iii) length
2. Calculate the weight of an object of mass 5000g if g = 10m/s2
3. List five instrument for measuring length
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. The following are the fundamental quantities except (a) Length (b) weight
(c) mass (d) time
2. The reading accuracy of meter rule is (a) 0.01cm (b)0.1cm (c) 10.005cm
(d) 0.004cm
3. The best instrument for measuring the diameter of a thin wire is (a) vernier
caliper (b) steel rule (c) micrometer screw gauge (d) meter rule
4. The SI unit of weight is (a) N (b) m (c) mls 2 (d) kg
5. What is the reading on the micrometer screw gauge below:
0 15
7 8 9 10
SECTION B
1. Derive the dimension for (a) work (b) volume (c) acceleration (d) force
2. Distinguished between fundamental and derived quantity
3. Distinguished between mass and weight
WEEK THREE
MOTION IN NATURE
CONTENT
Definition of Motion
Causes of Motion
Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration and Force
DEFINITION OF MOTION
Motion is the change of position of a body with time. The study of motion without
involving the force causing the motion is called kinematics. The study of motion
of objects and the forces acting on them is called dynamics.
Types of Motion
1. Translational motion: This type of motion occurs when a body moves in a
fixed direction without rotating e.g. A car moving in one direction from one town
to another, movement of a man etc. It is also called rectilinear motion
2. Rotational or Circular motion: This is the movement of a body in a
circular manner about its axis e.g. the movement of car wheels, electric fan blade,
earth about its axis etc.
3. Random Motion: This is a type of motion in which a body moves in a
zigzag or disorderly manner with no specific direction e.g. motion to molecules of
gasses, butterflies etc.
4. Vibratory or Oscillatory Motion: This is a to and fro or up and down
movement of a body about a fixed point e.g. the simple pendulum, vibration of
plucked guitar string, etc.
Relative Motion
If two bodies, A and B are moving on a straight line, the velocity of A relative to B
is found by adding the Velocity of B revered to the velocity of A. For instance, if a
car traveling on a straight road at 100km/hr passes a bus going in the same
direction at 60km/hr., the velocity of the car relative to the bus is (-60+100) =
40km/hr. If the car and the bus are traveling in opposite direction with the same
velocities of 100km/r and 60km/hr respectively, the velocity of the car relative to
the bus is ( -(-60) + 100) = (60 +100) = 160 km/hr.
NB: When the velocities are not in the same straight line, the parallelograms law
should be used to add this since velocities are vectors, and their magnitudes and
direction must be taken into consideration.
CAUSES OF MOTION
All objects will continue in their state of rest unless acted upon by force. Only the
application of a force can cause visible motion. Hence, force causes motion. There
are two types of force (a) Contact force (b) Field force
(a) Contact Force: They are forces that are in contact with the body they affect
e.g. tension, reaction frictional forces, forces of pull & push, viscous force etc.
(b) Field Force: They are forces whose sources do not require contact but the
effect of such forces is felt in a field of the force e.g. electrical force,
magnetic, gravitational pull etc.
CIRCULAR MOTION
In physics, circular motion is movement along a circular path or orbit. It can be
uniform (i.e. with constant angular rate of rotation) or non-uniform (i.e. with a
changing rate of rotation)
Formulae for uniform circular motion
Consider a body of mass (kg), moving in a circle of radius r (m), with an angular
velocity of ω (rads-1)
The angular velocity is w = Ө/t where Ө-angle subtended (rad) & t-time (s)
The linear speed is v = s/t where s-distance covered (m)
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
Centrifugal force is a force that acts in opposite direction to the centripetal force.
Centrifugal force is an outward force associated with rotation.
CLASSWORK
1. What is kinematics?
2. Define motion
3. List two types of motion and explain briefly each of them giving in each case
one example
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
SECTION B
WEEK FOUR
FRICTION
CONTENT
Definition of Friction
Laws Governing Solid Friction
Advantages & Disadvantages of Friction
Reducing Friction
DEFINITION OF FRICTION
Friction (Fr) is defined as an opposing force which acts at the surface of two
objects or bodies in contact. It is simply force of opposition. We have two types of
friction:
(a) Static friction, Fs
(b) Dynamic friction, Fd.
NOTE: Fs is greater than Fd for object at rest while Fd is greater than Fs for object
in motion.
Fr F P
W=mg
μ = tanӨ 3
Fr = RtanӨ 4
If μ> 0, P< Fr + mgsinӨ
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. It makes walking and running possible
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. It causes wear and tear
2. It reduces the efficiency of the machines
3. It causes a lot of energy to be consumed by the machine
4. It causes loss of resources
3. Which of the statement is correct (a) static friction is less than dynamic friction
(b) static friction equals dynamic friction (c) static friction is greater than
dynamic friction (d) none of the arrange
4. A metal block of mass 5kg lies on a rough horizontal platform. If a horizontal
force of 8N applied to the block on the platform, then the coefficient of limiting
friction between the block and the platform is: (a) 0.16 (b) 0.63 (c) 0.80 (d) 1.06
5. If the angle between the incline length and the horizontal platform of an incline
plane is 600 calculate the coefficient of friction (a) 0.86 (b) 1.73 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.73
SECTION B
1. State two (a) laws governing solid friction (ii) advantages of friction (iii)
disadvantage of friction (iv) methods of reducing friction
2. A body of weight 6N rest on a plane inclined at an angle of 30 0to the horizontal
(a) what force keeps it sliding down the plane? (b) what is the coefficient of
friction
3. A body of mass 25kg, moving at 3m/s on a rough horizontal floor is brought to
rest after sliding through a distance of 2.5m on the floor. Calculate the coefficient
of sliding friction (g=10m/s2)
WEEK 5
CONTENT
Distance & Displacement
Speed & Velocity
Acceleration & Retardation
Distance/Displacement - Time Graph
Speed/Velocity - Time Graph
LINEAR MOTION
Terminologies used in linear motion:
1. Distance: This defined as the total length of path traversed. It is also the
separation between two points. It is denoted as “s” or “x”. It is a scalar
quantity. The SI unit of distance is meters (m)
2. Displacement: this is distance moved in a specified direction. It is denoted as
“s” or “x”. It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of displacement is meters (m)
3. Speed: This is the rate of change of distance with time. It is a scalar quantity.
Its SI unit is meter per seconds (m/s or ms-1)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑠
𝑣=
𝑡
4. Uniform speed: This is when the rate of change of distance with time is
constant.
5. Velocity: This is the rate of change of displacement with time. It is a vector
quantity. Its SI unit is meter per seconds (m/s or ms -1).
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑠
𝑣=
𝑡
6. Uniform velocity: This is when the rate of change of displacement with time
is constant.
NOTE: Velocity is often used interchangeably with speed during calculations
7. Acceleration: This is the increasing rate of change of velocity with time. It is
a vector quantity. Its SI unit is meter per seconds-square (m/s2 or ms-2)
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
∆𝑣
𝑎=
∆𝑡
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑣 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
8. Uniform acceleration: This is when the increasing rate of change of velocity
with time is constant
9. Deceleration: This is the decreasing rate of change of velocity with time. It
is a vector quantity. It is commonly referred to as negative acceleration or
retardation.
10. Uniform deceleration: This is when the decreasing rate of change of velocity
with time is constant
Equation of Uniformly Accelerated motion
S = (v+u) t 7
2
v = u + at 8
v2 = u2 + 2 aS 9
S = ut + ½ at2 10
Equations (7) to (10) are called equations of uniformly accelerated motion and
could be used to solve problems associated with uniformly accelerated motion
If the velocity is non – uniform, the velocity at a point is the gradient or slope of
the tangent at that point.
S (m)
t (s)
Example - A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a
velocity of 30mls after 5 seconds. It travels with uniform velocity for 15
seconds and is then brought to rest in 10s with a uniform retardation. Determine
(a) the acceleration of the car(b) The retardation (c) The distance covered after
5s(d) The total distance covered (use both graphical and analytical method)
The velocity – time diagram for the journey is shown above, from this diagram
= 675m.
Using equations of motion:
a) U = O, V = 3, t = 5
V=u+t
a = v-u/t = 30 – 0 / 5
a = 30/5 = 6ms-2
b) a = (v – u) / t
a = (0-30) / 10
a = -3 mls2
c) S = (u + v) 5
2
S= (30 x 5)/2
S= 75m
d) To determine the total distance traveled we need to find the various
distance for the three stages of the journey and then add them.
For the 1st part S= 75m from (c) above
For the 2nd stage: where it moves with uniform velocity.
S = vt
= 30 x 15
= 450m
For the last stage S = ½ (u + v) t
= ½ (30 + 0) 10
= 150m.
Total distance = 75 + 450 + 100 = 675m.
CLASSWORK
1. Define the following terms as used in linear motion: i. Acceleration ii. Speed
iii. Displacement
2. A car moves with a velocity of 72kmhr -1. It is brought to rest in 10s. Find (i)
the velocity in ms -1 (ii) the retardation
3. State the differences & similarity between speed & velocity
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. The area under the curve of a velocity-time graph represents (a) distance
covered (b) acceleration (c) instantaneous speed (d) work done
2. Which of the following statements is correct about speed and velocity (a)
speed and velocity are both scalar quantities (b) speed and velocity have the
same unit (c) velocity relates to translational motion while speed relates to
circular motion (d) velocity and speed cannot be represented graphically
3. A car moving with speed 90kmhr -1 was brought uniformly to rest by the
application of brakes in 10s. How far did the car travel after brakes were
applied (a)120m (b) 150m (c) 125m(d)15km
4. The slope of distant-time graph f0r a uniform rectilinear motion of a body
represents (a) its acceleration (b) its total distance travelled (c) its speed (d)
the force causing the motion
5. The distance traveled by a particle starting from rest is plotted against the
square of the time elapsed from the commencement of motion. The resulting
graph is linear. The slope of this graph is a measure of (a) initial
displacement (b) initial velocity (c) acceleration (d) half of acceleration
SECION B
1. (a) Explain the terms uniform acceleration and average speed (b) a body at
rest is given an initial uniform acceleration of 8.0ms -2 for 30 seconds after
which the acceleration is reduced to 5.0ms -2 for the next 20 seconds. The
body maintains the speed for 60seconds after which it is brought to rest in 20
seconds. Draw the velocity-time graph of the motion using the information
given above (c) using the graph, calculate the: (i) maximum speed attained
during the motion; (ii) average retardation as the body is being brought to
rest (iii) total distance travelled during the first 50s; (iv) average speed
during the same interval as in (iii)
2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 10s, until it attains a
velocity of 25ms-1; it then travels with uniform velocity for 20s before
decelerating uniformly to rest in 5s. (i) calculate the acceleration during the
first 10s (ii) calculate the deceleration during the last 5s (iii) sketch a graph
of the motion and calculate the total distance covered throughout the motion
WEEK SIX
CONTENT
Definition of Density
Determination of Density
Relative Density
Determination of Relative Density of Solids & Liquid
DEFINITION OF DENSITY
The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance.
Density = mass of a given substance
Volume of the substance
Density is scalar quantity& measured in kgm-3 (kilogram per cubic meter)
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY
The determination of density involves the determination of a mass and a volume.
The mass can be found by weighing. The density of a substance can be determined
using a graduated density bottle.
Relative Density
Relative density is also known as specific gravity. Relative density of a substance
is defined as the density of the substance per density of water.
R.D = Density of the substance
Density of water
R.D is also equal to the ratio weight of a substance to weight of an equal volume of
water. As weight is proportional to mass
R.D = mass of substance
Mass of equal volume of water
Mass of sand = m2 – m1
Mass of water added to sand = m3 –m2
Mass of water filling the bottle = m4 – m1
Mass of water having the same volume as sand = (M 4-M1) – (M3-M2)
Relative density = Mass of sand
Mass of equal volume of water
R.D = m2 – m1
(m4 - m1) - (m3 -m2)
DETERMINATION OF R.D OF LIQUID
Mass of empty density bottle = m1
Mass of bottle filled with water = m2
Mass of bottle filled with liquid = m3
R.D of liquid = m3 – m1
m2 – m1
Example - A glass block of length 10cm width 8cm and thickness 2cm has a mass
of 400g. Calculate the density of the glass.
Solution
l = 10cm = 0.1m, b = 8cm = 0.08cm, h = 2cm = 0.02m, m = 400g = 0.4kg
V = l x b x h = 0.1 x 0.08 x 0.02 = 0.00016m3
Density = Mass (m) = 0.4 = 2500kgm3
Volume (V) 0.00016
Example 1
Calculate the volume in m3 of a piece of wood of mass 500g and density 0.76gcm-3
Mass of the wood = 500g
Density = 0.76gcm-3
Volume =?
Volume = mass / density
= 500
0.76
Volume = 658cm3 = 6.58 x 10-4 m3
Example 2
An empty relative density bottle has a mass of 15.0g. When completely filled with
water, its mass is 39.0g. What will be its mass if completely filled with acid of
relative density 1.20?
Solution
m1, mass of empty bottle = 15.0g
m2, mass of bottle + water = 39.0g
Mass of acid = n – 15.0g
Mass of water = 39.0 – 15.0g
= 24.0g
R.D = 1.20
R.D = n – 15.0g
39.0 – 15.0g
1.20 = n –15.0
24.0
n- 15.0= 1.20x24.0
n- 15= 28.8
n =28.8+15
n=43.8g
NOTE: The hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the relative density of
liquids
CLASSWORK
1. Define density
2. What does it mean by the statement that the density of gold is 19.3gcm-3
3. Differentiate between density & relative density
4. A glass block of length 100cm width 60cm and thickness 20cm has a mass
of 4000g. Calculate the density of the glass
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. The relative densities of zinc, brass, copper, gold and silver are respectively
7.1, 8.5, 8.9, 19.3 and 10.5. A metal ornament which weighs 0.425kg and
can displace 50x10-6m3 of water is made of (a) zinc (b) brass (c) copper (d)
gold (e) silver
2. Find the density of a substance, if the mass of the substance is 150,000g and
the dimension is 20m by 10m by 500cm (a) 0.5kg/m3 (b) 0.24 kg/m3 (c) 1.50
kg/m3 (d) 2.40 kg/m3.
3. What is the height of a cylindrical iron if the density is 7900kg1m? The mass
is 700kg and the radius is 0.1m (a) 2.918m (b) 2.819m (c) 3.418m
4. Which is the correct unit of density? (a) m3/kg (b) kg/m (c) kg/m3 (d) m/v
5. What volume of alcohol with density of 8.4x102kgm-3 will have the same
mass as 4.2m3 of alcohol whose density is 7.2x102kgm-3? (a) 1.4m3 (b) 6.3m3
(c) 4.9m3 (d) 3.6m3
SECTION B
1. 40 m3 of liquid P is mixed with 60m3 of another liquid Q. if the density of P
and Q are 1.00kgm-3 and 1.6kgm-3 respectively. What is the density of the
mixture?
2. The density of 400cm3 of palm oil was 0.9gcm-3 before frying. If the density
of the oil was 0.6cm-3 after frying, assuming no loss of oil due to spilling, its
new volume was?
MIDTERM
PROJECT
Downloaded by Ishaq Daramola Nasir (nassreal01@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|36577701
Using a white cardboard draw these instruments, write short note and explain
how to take readings from them:
Vernier caliper
Micrometer screwguage
Metre rule
Spring balance
Beam balance
WEEK SEVEN
CONTENT
Pressure
Archimedes’ Principles & Upthrust
Laws of Floatation
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as force per unit surface area. It is a scalar quantity & measured
in N/m2 or Pascal (pa).
P=F 1
A
Where P-pressure, F- force & A-area
NOTE: 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 pa
Example – A force of 40N acts on an area of 5m2. What is the pressure exerted on
the surface?
Solution
F = 40N, A = 5m2, P =?
P = F/A = 40/5 = 8pa
Pressure in Liquid
Pressure in liquid has the following properties
1. Pressure increases with depth
2. Pressure depend on density
3. Pressure at any point in the liquid acts equally in all direction
4. Pressure at all points at the same level within a liquid is the same
5. It is independent of cross-sectional area
P = ρgh 2
Let us confirm this principle theoretically. On the figure on the left, a solid block is
immersed completely in a fluid with density ρ. The difference in the force exerted,
d on the top and bottom surfaces with area a is due to the difference in pressure,
given by
d = h2aρg – h1aρg = (h2 – h1)aρg
But (h2– h1) is the height of the wooden block. So, (h2 – h1)a is the volume of the
solid block, V.
d = Vρg
Upthrust = Vρg
Weight in air – upthrust = weight in fluid
Upthrust = weight in air – weight in fluid
Upthrust = Apparent loss in weight
NB: When an object is wholly immersed, it displaces its volume of fluid.
So;
Upthrust = weight of fluid displaces
Example - The mass of a stone is 15g when completely immersed in water and
10g when completely immersed in liquid of relative density 2.0. What is the mass
of the stone in air?
Solution:
Relative density = upthrust in liquid
upthrust in water
Let W represents the mass of the stone in air
2 = w – 10
w – 15
2(w – 15) = w –10
2w – 30 = w – 10
2 w – w = -10 + 30
w = 20g
LAW OF FLOATATION
A floating object displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it floats or an
object floats when the upthrust exerted upon it by the fluid is equal to the weight of
the body. When an object is floating freely (i.e. neither sinking nor moving
vertically upwards), then the upthrust must be fully supporting the object’s weight.
We can say
Upthrust on body = Weight of floating body. By Archimedes’ principle,
Upthrust on body = Weight of fluid displaced.
Therefore, Weight of floating body = Weight of fluid displaced.
This result sometimes called the “principle of floatation”, is a special case of
Archimedes’ principle
CLASSWORK
1. Define pressure
2. State three characteristics of pressure in liquids
3. State Archimedes’ principle.
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. A force of 40N acts on an area of 10m2. What is the pressure exerted on the
surface? (a) 8pa (b) 4pa (c) 400pa (d) 10pa
2. For which of the following sets are the units fundamental? (a) density, length
and pressure (b) impulse, mass and time (c) volume, mass and density (d)
length, time and mass
3. What is the height of a cylindrical iron if the density is 7900kglm3 the mass
is 700kg and the radius is 0.1m (a) 2.918cm (b) 2.819m (c) 3.418m (d)
4.328m
WEEK EIGHT
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
CONTENT
Work
Energy
Power
WORK
Work is defined as the product of force and distance in the direction of the force. It
is a scalar quantity & measured in Joules.
Mathematically:
W=FXd 1.
W = mgh 2.
v. Nuclear/Atomic Energy
vi. Solar/Light energy
vii. Sound Energy
Types of Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is classified as
1) Potential energy
2) Kinetic energy
Potential Energy - is simply “stored energy” i.e. energy possessed by a body by
virtue of its states:
P.E = mgh 5.
Kinetic Energy: is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion.
Examples area student running a race, wind or air motion, electrical charges in
motion, a moving bullet
K.E = ½ mv2 6.
Example I - An object of mass 5kg is moving at a constant velocity of 15m/s.
Calculate its kinetic energy.
Solution
K.E = ½ mv2 = ½ x 5 x 15 x 15= 562.5 J
Example II- Find the potential energy of a boy of mass 10kg standing on a
building floor 10m above the ground level. g = 10m/s 2
Solution:
P.E =m x g x h= 10 x 10 x10 =1000 J
POWER
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. It is a
scalar quantity & measured in watt
Power = work done
Time 7
P = (F X d)/t = F X d/t = FV 8
CLASSWORK
1. Define these terms (i) power (ii) work done (iii) energy
2. A boy of mass 960g climbs up to 12 steps each of height 20cm in 20
seconds. Calculate the power of the boy
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. Under which of the following conditions is work done (a) a man supports
heavy load above his head with his hands (b) a woman holds pot of water (c)
a boy climb unto a table (d) a man pushes against stationary petrol tanker
2. An object of mass 0.5kg has kinetic energy of 25J. Calculate the speed of the
object (a) 50ms1 (b) 25ms-1 (c) 2.ms-1 (d)10ml-1
3. A man of mass 50kg ascends a flight of stairs 5m high in 5seconds. If
acceleration due to gravity is 10m/s2, the power expended is (a) 100W (b)
250W (c) 500W (d) 400W
4. The kinetic energy of a bullet fired from a gun is 40J. If the mass of the
bullet is 0.1kg, calculate the initial speed of the bullet (a) 4.0ms -1 (b) 40.0ms-
1
(c) 28.28 ms-1 (d) 20.0 ms-1
5. A diver is 5.2m below the surface of water of density 10 3 kg/m3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 1.02 x 105 pa. Calculate the pressure on the diver.
(g=10m/s2 ) (a) 6.02 x 104 pa (b) 1.02 x 105 pa (c) 1.54 x 105 pa (d) 5.20 x
105 pa
6. Force (N)
100
A Displacement (m)
0,0 10 20
Using the force-displacement diagram shown above, calculate the work done.
(a) 2000J (b) 1000J (c) 20J (d) 5J
SECTION B
1. Explain work done.
2. (a) State the law of conservation of energy. (b) A body is displaced through
a certain distance x by a force of 30N. If the work done is 100J and the
displacement is in the direction of force, what is the value of x?
3. A motor can converts chemical energy of petrol to mechanical energy at
30% efficiency. Calculate the mechanical energy obtained from 10litres of
petrol. (1 litre of petrol contains 2.8kJ of chemical energy)
4. A student eats a dinner container 8.0x106J of energy. He wishes to do an
equivalent amount of work in a nearby gym by lifting a 60kg object. How
many times must he raise the object to expand this much energy? Assume
that he raises it a distance of 2.0m each time
WEEK 9
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
WEEK 10
VISCOSITY
CONTENT:
Meaning of Viscosity
Experiment to Determine the Terminal Velocity of a Steel Ball Falling in
a Fluid
Factors Affecting Viscosity
Effect of Viscosity
Application of Viscosity
MEANING OF VISCOSITY
Viscosity is the internal friction which exists between layers of the molecules of
fluid (liquid or gas) in motion. The viscosity of a fluid can also be defined as the
measure of how resistive the fluid is to flow. It is a vector quantity & measured in
Pascal-seconds (Pa.s).
It can be defined mathematically as the ratio of the shearing stress to the velocity
gradient in a fluid
Viscosity (ŋ) = Force
Area x Velocity gradient 1.
Velocity gradient = velocity
Length 2.
W=U+V
W – U- V = 0 ……………………………………………………………3.
V = W – U (apparent or effective weight)
Where: V-viscous force, W- weight, U- upthrust
NOTE: Substances with low viscosity include water, kerosene, petrol, ethanol etc.
Those with high viscosity are glue, syrup, grease, glycerin etc.
Procedure: Set-up the apparatus as shown above &gently drop the steel ball in the
jar of glycerin
Observation: It will be observed that the ball is accelerating in the liquid. Also the
time taken for the ball to move from A-B will be different from B-C and so on. A
time will be reached when the ball will be moving at a constant speed or velocity.
It is that point that terminal velocity is experience.
Graph:
WEEK 11
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Revision
WEEK 12
Examination