.

f /
'L/!'rr rJ ' 6- - t , ^ . 1
{:;!
t , . a ) * -
L - 1
: : I
I r

UNIT CIRCLE

t=C

1.50 1
lGl

Figrne4.2Amplificationfactormodulusforupstreamdifferencingscheme.

UI,IITCIRCLE

'l u'au v'w

1. 5 0 .00
0/0e
sdleme'
of upstreun differencing
Figure 4'3 Relativephaseenor
 ,A i! {
/or /M- ffirset
/ co,
t\
n+4 f r L n - . . / i rL ,4?

uL lu'*' + u t _ t) 1 , f c l u r * , - u r l ,) : o
At \=a{ /
\ \
..rrr4 II
O {at.' ij:r^

4f
I

/
l r t l - r
s4af"le ;{ l q t s t
/ _ "1 'lf* J
/-argz o{a-s I ,i,e,{,tr* ffi{n€ u; l*'rrt,, C
L/ + t

G= tdsF t{sinP
F= k*ax
I crl= L|
a
\

(os-F
r l

+ci,"fJ" C- q{f
4X
^1)=
e
@e
= Loil (- ( tonF)
-pc
C

e/ve
lcl
(b)
(a)

Figure4.4Laxmethod.(a)Amplificationfactormoduius.(b)Relativephaseerror.
 /o [ - W**do+- tu*.t&
#n{' w
?
_ n+t
",?-,)+
u;'*'-- u: - c 4t {_ur?,* 4 , t {u,}, -;)i+*,r,
1)
AAX 4J X'
a t /
o (ax',u*?
,#= F} * g #'su" F
/ -. C=,'-i*{d.if 13= k*ax
*f .f r t , - . " a. .i f , - / ? r -\7+ g: €+_*
6 = *e,i-:r:f*::::::Y:
r
AX
a f ,
€- e F u
t

v = 0.75 rr = O
0.

'1.00
0.00
t ^ l
lul

(a)

Figure 4-8 Lax-Wendroffmethod. (a) Amplification factor moduius.(b) Relativephaseenor.

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"\
.n+t n ,. tl+t 11+t
UL
- ^ {
L{L LI
( uro,
?r'- Lli-r i : o
#4X l t /o{of,
oxt
Lr- l- t$s,Lp
F k*aX
/ c4t
/ AX
; p
0e
'
w,g d*:, 'id'tk LDq"ut nuh4,6*

l*W 1ry84g/ h ant €'yt'e -#* l"fit{4 wa rff- n Lt*r.A**vf'

v - 0.25
0.50
0.75
I .00
v=C

'l 'l 'l

.00 0.00 I .00 .00 0.00 .00
lel o/oe
(a) (b)
Figure 4{ Euler implicit method. (a) Amplification factor modulus. O) Relative phaseerror.
 /- t -t n^,P+.1
/r"p F*s f'u,:
{.k#d''

n-t n y l
Ut*t ^ L{e.-t :
f ,
tlL + C o
2st 2M,
o (ati "r)
C r = a ( t- C"s,,
n^F)'/- [ C s,, f
- A = +r;' [ - Cs,^F
/t (r- Ch*^P)"1 I r / )

Qe

h rut Ya{lua S,fur&fg

C/

\)= C

0.00
lel olQe

(a) (b)
Figure4'7 Leap frog method. (a) Amplification factor modulus. (b) Relative phase
error.
 T*-urytr.,w&*e-
6<
ka* &* *ffi f-**nt,

u , :
11]4
qfh
{$* I
nft
t'{L+r I r,t,\
uL-fr?),'-
+ o[oxi e rf '
4AX \

G= I _ #fif lr)*trnff
l + ( i Cf*)srnf

n<u-trq +L'rble,

APPLICATION OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS TO SELECTED EQUATIONS IO5

'1.00
0.00 ].00

lGl o/0e
, \
t a l (L')
Figure 4-10 Timecentered implicit method. (a) Amplification factor modulus. (b) Relative phase
ertor.