Language Basics

CSX3002/ITX2001 Object-Oriented Concepts and Programming

Assumption University
Structure of Java Program

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World");

System.out.println("How are you?");

System.out.print("I'm fine.");

System.out.print("Thank you");

}
Standard I/O
Displaying Outputs

Show the output

System.out.print( ); specified in the
parenthesis.

System.out.println( );

Show the output

and start a new
line.
Reading Inputs

 There are several ways to do so but we’ll just use the following
approach.
 Need to use Scanner class
 Scanner comes with Java Library
 You need to import the class to your code before using it.

Put it before the

class declaration
import java.util.scanner;
Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);

Tell the scanner to fetch

the input from standard
input (console)
Can we read inputs now?

 Not quite.
 You need space to store the values of those inputs.
 How to do so?
 You need to declare a variable first.
Example

import java.util.Scanner;

public class HelloYou {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);

String name = reader.nextLine();

System.out.println("Hello " + name);

System.out.println("How are you?");

reader.close();

}
Always close the Scanner
when you are done.
Variables
Variable Declaration

Declaration
without
<type> <name>; initialization

<type> <name> = <expression>;

Declaration with
an initialization
Variable Naming

 Valid Identifier
 Case-sensitive
 Sequence of letters and digits, underscore (_), dollar sign ($)
 Begin with letters, underscore or dollar sign
 Note that having a variable beginning with a dollar sign is not
conventional
 Keywords and reserved words can’t be used.
 White space is not allowed.
Notes on Variable Naming

 Always use full words not abbreviations

 It makes your code self-documenting

age a

h
weight
height w
s
speed
Data Types
Types in Java

 Primitive Types
 Reference Types
Primitive Types

 Primitive types are special data types built into the language.
 Predefined by the language and is named by a reserved keyword
 Are not objects created from a class
 For instance,
 int
 float
 double
 boolean
 char
Java Primitive Types

 Integer Types
 Floating-Point Numbers
 Boolean
 Character
Integer Types

 byte: 8-bit signed integer

 short: 16-bit signed integer
 int: 32-bit signed integer
 long: 64-bit signed integer
Arithmetic Overflow

 Suppose short is 16 bits

 The value of a short variable ranges from
-32768 to 32767

reset point
-32768 +32767

signed
integer

-1 +1
0
Example: Arithmetic Overflow

public class ArithmeticOverflowSample {

short is 16-bit
public static void main(String[] args) { signed
short positiveShort = 32767; integer
positiveShort++;
System.out.println(positiveShort);
short negativeShort = -32768;
negativeShort--;
System.out.println(negativeShort);
}
}
Floating-Point Numbers

 float: 32-bit floating point

 double: 64-bit floating point
Boolean

 boolean: has two possible values

 true
 false
 What is the size of boolean data type?
Character

 char: 16-bit Unicode character

 For instance,
 ‘1’ has the Unicode of ‘\u0031’ (49)
 ‘A’ has the Unicode of ‘\u0041’ (65)
 ‘Z’ has the Unicode of ‘\u005A’ (90)
 ‘a’ has the Unicode of ‘\u0061’ (97)
 ‘z’ has the Unicode of ‘\u007A’ (122)
Literals

 A literal is the source code representation of a fixed value

 They are represented directly in your code without requiring
computation.
Examples of Using Literals

 It's possible to assign a literal to a variable of a primitive type:

boolean result = true;

char capitalC = 'C';
byte b = 100;
short s = 10000;
int i = 100000;
Integer Literals

 For general-purpose programming, the decimal system is likely

to be the only number system you'll ever use.
 However, if you need to use another number system, use the
prefix to indicate the base.
 0x indicates hexadecimal
 0b indicates binary
Example: Integer Literals

int decVal = 26; Number 26

in decimal

int hexVal = 0x1a; Number 26 in

hexadecimal

int binVal = 0b11010;

Number 26
in binary
Feature for Readability

 In Java SE 7 and later, any number of underscore characters

(_) can appear anywhere between digits in a numerical literal.
 This feature enables you to separate groups of digits in numeric
literals, which can improve the readability of your code.
 You can use an underscore character to separate digits in
groups of three, similar to how you would use a punctuation
mark like a comma, or a space, as a separator.
Example: Using Underscores as
Separators

long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L;

long socialSecurityNumber = 999_99_9999L;
float pi = 3.14_15F;
long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5E;
long hexWords = 0xCAFE_BABE;
long maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffL;
byte nybbles = 0b0010_0101;
long bytes =
0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010;
What about Reference Types?

 We will talk about them later.

 Now…
Let’s go back to reading
Inputs
Methods to Read Inputs

Method Description

nextInt() Scans the next token of the input as an int.

nextFloat() Scans the next token of the input as a float.

nextDouble() Scans the next token of the input as

a double.

nextBoolean() Scans the next token of the input into a

boolean value and returns that value.

Fore more information, visit

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html
Operators
Operators

 Unary Operators
 Binary Operators
 Ternary Operators
Operators

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical/Conditional Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operators
Arithmetic Operators - Binary

Operator Description Example

+ Additive Operator x+y
Also used for String
concatenation
- Subtraction Operator x–y
* Multiplication Operator x*y
/ Division Operator x/y
% Remainder Operator x%y
Arithmetic Operators - Unary

Unary Description Example

Operator
+ Unary plus operator result = +1;
(indicates positive value)
- Unary minus operator result = -15;
(negates an expression x = 10;
x = -result;
x = -x;
++ Increment operator ++i ;
Increase the value by 1 i++ ;
-- Decrement operator --i ;
Decrease the value by 1 i-- ;
Equality and Relational
Operators

Operator Description Example

== Equal to 2 == 4
x == 15
!= Not equal to 3 != 5
y != 10
> Greater than 25 > 12
x>6
>= Greater than or equal -1 >= 4
y >= 10
< Less than 6<3
6<x
<= Less than or equal 10 <= y
x <= y
Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

&& Conditional AND x > 3 && x <= 10
|| Conditional OR x == 2 || y < 5
! Logical complement (Unary ! (x < 3)
operator)

op1 op2 op1 AND op2 op1 op2 op1 OR op2

true true true true true true
true false false true false true
false true false false true true
false false false false false false
 Conditional Operator – Ternary
Operator

Ternary Operator Description Example

?: If the condition is true, See the source code
the expression gets the ConditionalDemo2.java
Usage: value of value1. If not,
condition ? value1 : value2 the expression has
value2.
Examples

 x > 5 && x < 10

 !x > 5
 !(x > 5)
 x > 5 && x < 10 || y > 200
 x < 10 || y > 200 && x > 5
Short-Circuit Evaluation

 Java evaluates a logical expression from left to right.

 The evaluation stops as soon as it knows the answer.
 Guess what happens if x equals to 0.
 x != 0 && 1.0 / x > 100
 x == 0 || very_complex_function(x)
Operator Precedence in Java

 Unary Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators

 =
 +=
 -=
 *=
 /=
 %=
 Bitwise assignment
Exercise

int a = 10; a = 50
b = 10
int b = 5;
c=2
int c = 2;

a = a / c; a=5
c %= a *= b += a /= c;
b = b + a; b = 10

a = a * b; a = 50

c = c % a; c=2
Assignment Operators

 Right associative
 Conversion on assignment
 No problem if you are assigning a value to a type with a
greater range.
 Assign a short value to a long variable
 Assigning a large value to a smaller variable type results in
precision loss.
Potential Problems

• Bigger floating-point type → Smaller floating-point type

▫ Loss of precision (significant figures)
▫ double → float
• Floating-point type → Integer type
▫ Loss of fractional part
• Bigger integer type → Smaller integer type
▫ Just low-order bytes are copied.
Block

 A block of code in Java is normally enclosed with curly braces

i.e., { }
 { indicates the beginning of the block
 } indicates the end of the block
Reference

 Java Tutorials
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbo
lts/index.html