Basics of English 7

The Basics
of
English
virtuallyfluent Virtually Fluent
Virtually Fluent V_Fluent
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruRmAUROQZPoSEJsTh8ImQ
1
Greetings
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Greeting Phonetics Formality Situation
Hello! hɛləʊ Formal and Informal With family and friends
Hi! haɪ Informal With family and friends
Good gʊd mɔːnɪŋ Formal In the morning, before

morning! 12pm
Good gʊd ɑːftənuːn Formal In the afternoon, between

afternoon! 12pm and 4pm
Good gʊd iːvnɪŋ Formal In the evening, after 6pm

evening!
PART 2: QUESTION
Greeting Phonetics
How are you? haʊ ɑ ː juː?
PART 3: ANSWER
Greeting Phonetics
I’m good thank you aɪm gʊd θæŋk j uː
PART 4: LEAVE
Greeting Phonetics Formality Situation
Goodbye! gʊdbaɪ Formal With colleagues/at work
Bye! baɪ Informal With family and friends
Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

2
The English Alphabet (Uppercase)
Letter of the Phonetic Letter of the Phonetic

Alphabet Transcription Alphabet Transcription
A eɪ N ɛn
B biː O əʊ
C siː P piː
D diː Q kjuː
E iː R ɑː
F ɛf S ɛs
G ʤiː T tiː
H ʤiː U juː
I aɪ V viː
J ʤeɪ W dʌbljuː
K keɪ X ɛks
L ɛl Y waɪ
M ɛm Z zɛd

3
The English Alphabet (Lowercase)
Letter of the Phonetic Letter of the Phonetic

Alphabet Transcription Alphabet Transcription
a æ n n
b bʌ o ɒ
c kʌ p pʌ
d dʌ q kwʌ
e ɛ r r
f fʌ s s
g gʌ t tʌ
h hʌ u ʌ
i ɪ v vʌ
j ʤʌ w wʌ
k kʌ x ks
l l y jʌ
m m z z

4
Number 0
Saying Phonetic Use Example Sentence

Transcription
zero zɪroʊ Counting numbers 0,1,2,3

Temperature It’s 0ºC today
naught nɔt American English (not used often) 0.34

Decimals smaller than 1
nought nɔt British English 0.25

Decimals smaller than 1
oh oʊ Telephone numbers 01234567830

After decimal points 1.05
Years 1905
Public transport numbers Bus number 305
(hotel/route numbers) My address is 204 Happy
Addresses Street
Time Let’s meet at 5:08
love lʌv A score of 0 in tennis The score is 0-15
nil nɪl A score of 0 in football The score is 3-0
nada nɑdə Slang for 0/nothing Do we have any chocolate?

No, nada.
zilch zɪlʧ Slang for 0/nothing I know zilch about physics
zip zɪp Slang for 0/nothing I know zip!

5
Numbers 0-11

6
Big Numbers
Examples;
4,591→ four thousand, five hundred and ninety-one

36,821 → thirty-six thousand, eight hundred and twenty-one
729,489 → seven hundred and twenty-nine thousand, four-hundred and
eighty-nine
1,456,763 → one million, four hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred
and sixty-three

7
Big Numbers with 0
Number Word Diagram
1,357,890 One million, If the last number is 0, this doesn’t change the number
three hundred because we use the last two digits together as a
and fifty-seven double-number (e.g. ninety)
thousand, eight
hundred and
ninety
1,357,906 One million, If the second-last number is 0, we don’t read the last two
three hundred digits together, we only read the last digit as a single
and fifty-seven number.
thousand, nine
hundred and six
1,357,06
7 One million, If the third-last number is 0, we delete the word “hundred”,
three hundred but we must keep the word and.
and fifty-seven
thousand, and
sixty-seven
1,350,892 One million, If the fourth-last number is 0, this doesn’t change the
three hundred number because this is part of a two-digit number (e.g. fifty).
and fifty, eight
hundred and
ninety-two

8
Number Word Diagram
1,306
,892 One million, If the fifth-last number is 0, we don’t read the two thousand
three hundred digits together, we only read the last digit as a single
and six number.
thousand, eight
hundred and
ninety-two
1,07
6,234 One million, If the sixth-last number is 0, we delete the words “hundred
seventy-six and”, then continue reading the rest of the number as
thousand, two normal.
hundred and
thirty-four

9
Personal Information
NAME
? What is your name?
? What are you called?
→ My name is …
→ I am called …
→ I am
AGE
? How old are you?
→ I am … years old
JOB
? What is your job?
? What do you do?
→ I am a/an
COUNTRY
? Where do you come from?
? Where are you from?
? Which country are you from?
→ I am from …
LIVE
? Where do you live?
? What is your address?
→ I live in
→ My address is ...
TELEPHONE NUMBER
? What is your number?
? What is your phone number?
? What is your telephone number?
→ My number is …
→ My phone number is …
→ My telephone number is …

10
The Calendar
Days of the Week Months of the Year
Monday January
Tuesday February
Wednesday March
Thursday April
Friday May
Saturday June
Sunday July
August
September
October
November
December
Useful Phrases
Question Answer
What day is it? It is Wednesday

What is the day today? Today is W ednesday
Which day is it?
Yesterday was T uesday
Tomorrow is T
hursday
What is your favourite day? My favourite day is Saturday
What month is it? This month is July

What is the month? It is July
Which month is it?
Next month is August
Last month was June
What is your favourite month? My favourite month is December
In which month is your birthday? My birthday is in O

ctober
Which month is your birthday?

11
Colours
Colours
black pink
blue purple
brown red
green white
grey yellow
orange
We can use the adjectives “dark” and “light” to describe a colour. This adjective
goes before the colour. E.g. dark blue, light blue.
Useful Phrases
Question Answer
What colour is this? The colour is b

lue
What is this colour? It is blue
What’s the colour?
What is your favourite colour? My favourite colour is green
What colours do you like? I like y

ellow
Which colours do you like?

12
Verb To Be
The verb to be is a very useful verb in English. These are the basic forms of the
present simple tense.
Positive Positive Negative Negative

(contracted) (contracted)
I am I’m I am not I’m not

you are you’re you are not you aren’t
he is he’s he is not he isn’t
she is she’s she is not she isn’t
it is it’s it is not it isn’t
we are we’re we are not we aren’t
they are they’re they are not they aren’t
● I am happy
● He isn’t a teacher
● They are in the house
● We aren’t sad

13
There Is and There Are
The expressions “there is” and “there are” are used to say that something exists.
Singular Plural
Positive There is There are

There’s
Negative There is not There are not

There isn’t There aren’t
● There are four people in my family

● There is a phone in my bag
● There isn’t a DVD in the TV
● There aren’t any dogs in the kitchen

14
The Phonetic Chart
There are 44 sounds in English and they are all shown in the phonetic chart.
Resource: Alba English. (2017). Improve English Pronunciation with the Phonemic Chart. Available:
https://albaenglish.co.uk/blog/improve-english-pronunciation-phonemic-chart. Last accessed 26th
July 2020.
There are two types of sounds;
● Consonant Sounds
These are the sounds at the bottom of the chart (blue and green)
○ Voiced Sounds: the vocal cords vibrate when you say these sounds
○ Unvoiced Sounds: the vocal cords do not vibrate when you say these
sounds
● Vowel Sounds
These are the sounds at the top of the chart (orange). All vowel sounds are
voiced.
○ Monophthong Sounds: one individual vowel sound (we have long and
short sounds)
○ Diphthong Sounds: two individual sounds pushed together

15
Question Words
Question words go at the beginning of a question. We can ask for specific

information in our questions.
Question Word Situation Phonetic Example Question

Transcription
Who? Person huː? Who is that?

She is Mary, my sister
What? Object/ wɒt? What is that?

Information It is an apple
Where? Place weə? Where do you live?

I live in London
When? Time/ date wɛn? When is our class?

It is at 4pm
Why? Reason waɪ? Why are you sad?

Because I lost my phone
Which? Choice wɪʧ? Which is your favourite colour- blue or

pink?
My favourite colour is blue
How often? Frequency haʊ ɒfən? How often do you play tennis? Every day
How? Manner haʊ? How are you?

I’m good thank you
How much? Quantity haʊ m

ʌʧ? How many cakes do you want?
How many? I want 4 cakes, please

16
Telling the Time
Time-Telling Devices Times of the Day
Clock Day
Hour hand Night
Minute hand Dawn
Second hand Sunrise
Clock face Morning
Watch Early
Watch strap Late
Sundial Midday
Hourglass Afternoon
Pocket watch Evening
Stopwatch Dusk
Sunset
Midnight
Middle of the night
We can tell the time using the 12-hour or the 24-hour method.
12-hour time
E.g. 4.20am → four twenty am
1. Number before the “.” (four)

2. Number after the “.” (twenty)
3. AM for morning or PM for night
24-hour time
● When the minute hand is between 12 and 6

1. Convert 12 to 0
2. Count the number of minutes between 0 and the minute hand
3. Say “past”
4. Say the number immediately before the hour hand
● When the minute hand is between 6 and 12

1. Convert 12 to 0
2. Count the number of minutes between 0 and the minute hand
3. Say “to”
4. Say the number immediately after the hour hand

17
Basic Phrases
Phrase Explanation Phonetics
Please This is a polite expression when you pliːz

ask for something.
Of course This is the same as yes when the ɒv kɔːs

answer “yes” is obvious.
Thank you This shows appreciation for θæŋk juː

something.
Thank you very This increases the basic expression θæŋk juː vɛri mʌʧ
much “thank you”.
Thanks This is an alternative to “thank you”. θæŋks
You’re welcome! This is the response when jʊə wɛlkəm!

somebody says “thank you” to show
that you accept their thanks.
Could you repeat If you want to listen a second time, kʊd juː rɪpiːt ðæt?
that? you can ask this question. The
person will say their phrase again.
Nice to meet you Polite phrases to say when naɪs tuː miːt juː
somebody tells you their name. This
Lovely to meet you is only used the first time somebody lʌvli tuː miːt juː
tells you their name.
It’s a pleasure to ɪts ə plɛʒə tuː miːt
meet you juː
Excuse me A polite expression to get the ɪkskjuːs miː

attention of somebody.
I’m sorry A phrase to apologise for aɪm sɒri

something.
I’m so sorry This increases the expression “I’m aɪm səʊ sɒri
sorry”.
I don’t understand This phrase explains that you have aɪ dəʊnt ʌndəstænd
no comprehension. Maybe the
language is too difficult or it’s a
strange accent.

18
Phrase Explanation Phonetics
Never mind These expressions mean that it is nɛvə maɪnd

not important and you can forget
It doesn’t matter something. ɪt dʌznt mætə
Let’s This expression is always followed lɛts

by a verb (let’s + infinitive verb).
This is used to make a suggestion.
What do you think? This means “what is your opinion”. wɒt duː juː θɪŋk?
That sounds great! This means it is a good idea and the ðæt saʊndz greɪt!
person is interested.
How can I help This is a question that offers help to haʊ kæn aɪ hɛlp juː?
you? somebody.
I really appreciate it This is a polite expression after aɪ rɪəli əpriːʃɪeɪt ɪt

“thank you”. This means you are
very happy and grateful for
somebody’s help.
Could you speak If you don’t understand because kʊd juː spiːk sləʊə?
slower? somebody is talking very fast, you
can use this expression. This is a
polite question to ask somebody to
speak slowly.
Here you go! You can use this expression at the hɪə juː gəʊ!
same time as giving something to
somebody.
That helps a lot This is an expression to say ðæt hɛlps ə lɒt

something was useful and helpful.
No problem This is an expression to say you are nəʊ prɒbləm

happy to help with something and it
was not a problem for you.
What does it mean? If you don’t understand something, wɒt dʌz ɪt miːn?
you can ask this question. This asks
somebody to help you understand
something. You can replace the
word “it” too. E.g. “what does this
message mean?”
I don’t know This means you do not understand aɪ dəʊnt nəʊ

something.

19
Countries
Europe
Austria (Austrian) Belgium (Belgian) Denmark (Danish)
Finland (Finnish) France (French) Germany (German)
Greece (Greek) Hungary (Hungarian) Ireland (Irish)
Italy (Italian) The Netherlands (Dutch) Norway (Norwegian)
Poland (Polish) Portugal (Portuguese) Russia (Russian)
Spain (Spanish) Sweden (Swedish) Switzerland (Swiss)
Ukraine (Ukrainian) The United Kingdom (British)
The Americas
Argentina (Argentinian) Bolivia (Bolivian) Brazil (Brazilian)
Canada (Canadian) Chile (Chilean) Colombia (Colombian)
Costa Rica (Costa Rican) Cuba (Cuban) Ecuador (Ecuadorian)
Guatemala (Guatemalan) Honduras (Honduran) Mexico (Mexican)
Nicaragua (Nicaraguan) Panama (Panamanian) Paraguay (Paraguayan)
Peru (Peruvian) Uruguay (Uruguayan) Venezuela (Venezuelan)
Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican) The Dominican Republic (Dominican)
The United States of America (American)
Asia
Bangladesh (Bangladeshi) China (Chinese) India (Indian)
Japan (Japanese) Malaysia (Malaysian) The Philippines (Filipino)
Singapore (Singaporean) Turkey (Turkish)
Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabian) The United Arab Emirates (Emirati)
Africa
Botswana (Botswana) Egypt (Egyptian) Ghana (Ghanaian)
Kenya (Kenyan) Morocco (Moroccan) Nigeria (Nigerian)
Tunisia (Tunisian) Zambia (Zambian) Zimbabwe (Zimbabwean)
South Africa (South African)
Oceania
Australia (Australian) Fiji (Fijian) New Zealand (New
Zealander)
Samoa (Samoan) Tonga (Tongan) Papua New Guinea (Papuan)

20
Seas and Oceans

North Pacific
South Pacific
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
Arctic
Southern
Indian
The Compass
Useful Phrases
? Which continent do you come from?

→ I am from + noun
→ I come from + noun
→ I am + adjective
? Where do you come from?

? Which country are you from?
→ I am from + noun
→ I come from + noun
? What is your nationality?

→ I am + adjective

21
In the Classroom
Book Calculator
Chair Clock
Computer Desk
Door Folder
Highlighter Laptop
Magnet Paper
Pen Pencil
Photos Rubber
ruler Scissors
Whiteboard Whiteboard pen
Whiteboard window
rubber

22
Classroom Commands
Classroom Commands Classroom Rules
Stand up Don’t be late

Sit down Don’t cheat
Close Do your homework
Open Be quiet
Turn something on Help each other
Turn something off Don’t sleep
Go to the toilet Don’t talk
Ask a question Respect each other
Answer a question
Take something out Classroom Activities
Put something away
Clean the board Match
Point at something Fill in the gaps
Raise your hand Work in pairs
Come here Work in groups
Come in Work together
Listen to the audio
Classroom Phrases Listen to the teacher
How do you pronounce …? Write in your books
How do you say … in English? Write on the board
Can you explain that again? Read
Is this OK? Say
Can you speak louder? Complete the activity
What page are we on? I’m ready!
When is the exam?
When is the homework due?
Can I borrow a/an …?

23
Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives are used to draw attention to something.
Singular Plural
Close This These
Long Distance That Those
● Look at this person!

● Look at that dog over there!
● I am holding t hese shoes
● Look at those children in the park!

24
Sports
Badminton Baseball Basketball
Dancing Fishing Football

(Am:soccer)
Hockey Ice-skating Ride a bike
Roller-skating Running Sailing
Skateboarding Swimming Table tennis
Tennis Walking
Sports Verbs
Bounce
Catch
Hit
Hop
Jump
Kick
Run
Throw

25
Sports Equipment
ball bat bike
boat goal ice skates
net player roller skates
score skateboard sports centre
stick swimming pool tennis racket
towel

26
Play, Do and Go
The verbs play, do and go are used to say that an action happens. These are
normally used with sports and free time activities.
Play Sports with a ball and competitive Tennis, basketball, baseball, football,
hockey
Go Sports that end in ING Running, ice skating, roller skating,

skateboarding, fishing, sailing, swimming,
dancing
Do Individual sports with no Karate, yoga, exercise

equipment

27
Free Time Activities
drawing driving fly a kite
go shopping go to a party go to the cinema
listen to music listen to the play a board

radio game
play the guitar play the piano play with toys
read a book read comic read my emails

books
read my texts sing a song spend time with

my pets
take a photo watch a DVD watch a film

take a picture (Am: movie)
watch television camera doll
helicopter lorry robot

(Am: truck)
teddy bear train

28
Opinion Verbs
There are numerous opinion verbs in English.
OPINION VERB + NOUN

When an opinion verb is followed by a noun, the structure is: subject + opinion
verb+ noun. For example, I hate chocolate, I like apples.
OPINION VERB + VERB

When an opinion verb is followed by another verb, the structure is: subject +
opinion verb + verb+ING. For example, I like reading a book, I hate playing tennis.
TYPICAL OPINION QUESTIONS

● What is your favourite … ?
● Do you like … ?
● What do you think of … ?
● What is your opinion of … ?

29
Course List
Course 1 Greetings
Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/greetings/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/hBVequEEoAQ
Course 2 The English Alphabet

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/the-english-alphabet/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/qVVqgVJ2zL4
Course 3 Cardinal Numbers

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/cardinal-numbers/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/HINKo5nW7ic
Course 4 Personal Information

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/personal-information/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/-dYi_If3AZs
Course 5 The Calendar

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/the-calendar/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/WVGsZQIzixM
Course 6 Colours
Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/colours/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/0DWVJJINzP8
Course 7 Verb To Be
Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/verb-to-be/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/2JuEB2AKQbc
Course 8 There Is/There Are

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/there-is-there-are/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/8fJ1u03kvy0
Course 9 The Phonetic Chart

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/the-phonetic-chart/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/09mGGrbgYOY
Course 10 Question Words

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/question-words/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/YuR2PhlCw9w

30
Course 11 Telling the Time

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/telling-the-time/
Course 12 Basic Phrases

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/basic-phrases/
Course 13 Countries
Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/countries/
Course 14 In the Classroom

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/in-the-classroom/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/07EeXQEkVB0
Course 15 Classroom Commands

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/classroom-commands/
Course 16 Demonstrative Adjectives

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/demonstrative-adjectives/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/Tte9yR26gqU
Course 17 Sports
Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/sports/
YouTube Video: https://youtu.be/5Qhn7wmYIiA
Course 18 Play, Do and Go

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/play-do-and-go/
Course 19 Free Time Activities

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/free-time-activities/
Course 20 Opinion Verbs

Link: https://virtually-fluent.com/courses/opinion-verbs/
Signup: https://virtually-fluent.com/pre-a1-academy-courses/

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The Basics

virtuallyfluent Virtually Fluent

Virtually Fluent V_Fluent

Greeting Phonetics Formality Situation

Hello! hɛ​ləʊ Formal and Informal With family and friends

Hi! haɪ Informal With family and friends

Good gʊd​ ​mɔː​nɪŋ Formal In the morning, before

Good gʊd​ ​ɑːftə​nuːn Formal In the afternoon, between

Good gʊd​ ​iːv​nɪŋ Formal In the evening, after 6pm

How are you? haʊ​ ɑ​ ː​ ​juː​?

I’m good thank you aɪm​ ​gʊd​ ​θæŋk​ j​ uː

Greeting Phonetics Formality Situation

Goodbye! gʊd​ba​ɪ Formal With colleagues/at work

Bye! baɪ Informal With family and friends

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

The English Alphabet (Uppercase)

Letter of the Phonetic Letter of the Phonetic

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

The English Alphabet (Lowercase)

Letter of the Phonetic Letter of the Phonetic

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Saying Phonetic Use Example Sentence

zero zɪ​roʊ Counting numbers 0,1,2,3

naught nɔt American English (not used often) 0.34

nought nɔt British English 0.25

oh oʊ Telephone numbers 01234567830

love lʌv A score of 0 in tennis The score is 0-15

nil nɪl A score of 0 in football The score is 3-0

nada nɑ​də Slang for 0/nothing Do we have any chocolate?

zilch zɪlʧ Slang for 0/nothing I know zilch about physics

zip zɪp Slang for 0/nothing I know zip!

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

4,591→ four thousand, five hundred and ninety-one

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Big Numbers with 0

Number Word Diagram

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Number Word Diagram

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Days of the Week Months of the Year

What day is it? It is ​Wednesday

What is your favourite day? My favourite day is ​Saturday

What month is it? This month is ​July

What is your favourite month? My favourite month is ​December

In which month is your birthday? My birthday is in O

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

What colour is this? The colour is b

What is your favourite colour? My favourite colour is ​green

What colours do you like? I like y

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

Positive Positive Negative Negative

I am I’m I am not I’m not

Copyright © 2020 Virtually Fluent Ltd.

There Is and There Are

Positive There is There are

Negative There is not There are not

● There are​ four people in my family

Hello! hɛləʊ Formal and Informal With family and friends

Good gʊd mɔːnɪŋ Formal In the morning, before

Good gʊd ɑːftənuːn Formal In the afternoon, between

Good gʊd iːvnɪŋ Formal In the evening, after 6pm

How are you? haʊ ɑ ː juː?

I’m good thank you aɪm gʊd θæŋk j uː

Goodbye! gʊdbaɪ Formal With colleagues/at work

zero zɪroʊ Counting numbers 0,1,2,3

nada nɑdə Slang for 0/nothing Do we have any chocolate?

What day is it? It is Wednesday

What is your favourite day? My favourite day is Saturday

What month is it? This month is July

What is your favourite month? My favourite month is December

What is your favourite colour? My favourite colour is green

● There are four people in my family

How much? Quantity haʊ m

● Look at this person!