ADC-ASSIGNMENT-1

(ANSWERS)

1. Explain the need for modulation in communication

systems.

Modulation is essential in communication systems for several reasons:

1. Bandwidth Efficiency: Modulation enables the transmission of information

over a range of frequencies, allowing for the efficient use of available bandwidth.
This permits multiple signals to be sent simultaneously without interference.

2. Long-Distance Transmission: By modulating signals onto carrier waves,

communication systems can overcome signal degradation over long distances
caused by factors like attenuation and noise.

3. Compatibility: Standardized modulation techniques ensure interoperability

between different communication systems and devices, allowing them to
transmit and receive signals effectively.

4. Security: Certain modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum modulation,

enhance the security of communication by making it difficult for unauthorized
parties to intercept or decipher the transmitted information.
 5. Multiplexing: Modulation enables multiplexing, the process of transmitting
multiple signals simultaneously over a shared medium. This is crucial for
efficiently utilizing communication channels.

6. Noise Immunity: Modulation schemes can improve a signal's resilience to

noise, ensuring reliable communication even in noisy environments.

In summary, modulation is indispensable in communication systems as it

optimizes bandwidth usage, facilitates long-distance transmission, ensures
compatibility, enhances security, enables multiplexing, and improves noise
immunity.

2. Explain General Communication System with Block

Diagram.

Here's an explanation of a general communication system, along with a

description of its key components in a block diagram:

General Communication System

A communication system is the setup that allows for the transfer of

information from one point to another. Here's a breakdown of the primary
elements:

Block Diagram
1. Information Source: This is where the message originates. It could be
speech, text, images, or any other form of data.
2. Transmitter: The transmitter takes the information and transforms it into a
suitable format for transmission over the channel. This may involve:
o Transducer: Converts the original signal into an electrical form if needed
(e.g., a microphone turning sound waves into electrical signals).
o Signal Processing: May perform amplification, noise reduction, or
compression.
o Modulation: The electrical signal is superimposed on a high-frequency
carrier wave (see previous explanation on why we use modulation).
3. Channel: The medium through which the signal travels. This could be
wired (coaxial cable, fiber optics) or wireless (through the air for radio or
satellite communication).
4. Noise: Undesirable and random signals that interfere with the transmitted
signal during its journey through the channel.
5. Receiver: The receiver picks up the signal from the channel and reverses
the process performed by the transmitter:
o Demodulation: Extracts the original information from the high-frequency
carrier wave.
o Signal Processing: Further processing may be done to enhance the
signal quality or convert it back to its original form.
o Transducer: If necessary, converts the electrical signal back into its
original form (e.g., a speaker turning electrical signals into sound).
6. Destination: The final point where the information reaches, such as a
person, a computer, or another device.
 Simplified Block Diagram

3. An Amplifier operating over the Frequency Range

from 19 MHz to 22 MHz has a 5 KΩ input resistor.
Using thermal agitation noise formula, find RMS
Noise Voltage and Noise Power at the input to this
amplifier if the ambient temperature is 29°C.
Boltzmann’s Constant k=1.38 x 10-23 J/K

Finding the RMS Noise Voltage and Noise Power

We can use the thermal agitation noise formula to solve this problem.
Here's the breakdown:
Formula:
v_n^2 = 4 * k * T * B * R

Where:

 v_n^2 is the mean squared noise voltage (in V²)

 k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38 x 10^-23 J/K)
 T is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin)
 B is the bandwidth (in Hz)
 R is the input resistance (in Ω)
Steps:
1. Convert temperature to Kelvin:
o Ambient temperature (T_a) = 29 °C
o Absolute temperature (T) = T_a + 273.15 K
o T = 29 °C + 273.15 K = 302.15 K
2. Calculate bandwidth:
o Given: Frequency range = 19 MHz to 22 MHz
o Bandwidth (B) = Upper frequency - Lower frequency
o B = 22 MHz - 19 MHz = 3 MHz = 3 x 10^6 Hz
3. Substitute values into the formula:
o v_n^2 = 4 * (1.38 x 10^-23 J/K) * 302.15 K * 3 x 10^6 Hz * 5000 Ω
4. Solve for v_n^2:
o v_n^2 ≈ 2.501 x 10^-10 V²
5. Calculate RMS noise voltage (v_n):
o v_n = sqrt(v_n^2)
o v_n ≈ 1.58 x 10^-5 V
6. Calculate noise power (P_n):
o P_n = v_n^2 / R
o P_n ≈ (2.501 x 10^-10 V) / 5000 Ω
o P_n ≈ 0.5004 x 10^-13 W
Therefore:
o The RMS noise voltage at the input to the amplifier is approximately 1.58 x
10^-5 V.
 The noise power at the input is approximately 0.5004 x 10^-13 W
 4. What is noise Temperature and noise factor?

Both noise temperature and noise factor are related to the level of noise
present in a system, but they have slightly different interpretations:
Noise Temperature (Te):
 Concept: It's a hypothetical temperature assigned to a resistor that
would generate the same amount of thermal noise as the actual noise
measured at the output of a device or system.
 Units: Kelvin (K)
 Significance: Provides a common reference point for comparing
different noise sources regardless of their specific nature. A higher noise
temperature indicates a noisier device.
Noise Factor (F):
 Concept: It's a unitless ratio that represents the degradation of the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by a device compared to an ideal
noiseless device.
 Calculation: F = (Input SNR) / (Output SNR)
 Interpretation: A noise factor of 1 indicates no added noise (ideal case),
while values greater than 1 signify increasing noise introduced by the
device.
Relationship between Noise Temperature and Noise Factor:

They are related through the following formula:

Te = To * (F - 1)

Where:

 Te is the noise temperature of the device (K)

 To is the standard reference temperature (usually 290 K, representing
room temperature)
 F is the noise factor of the device

This equation allows you to convert between noise temperature and noise
factor for a particular device.

5. Discuss the types, causes and effects of the various

forms of noise which may be created within a
receiver

Receiver Noise: Types, Causes, and Effects

Receivers, like any electronic device, are susceptible to various forms of

internal noise that can interfere with the desired signal and degrade the
received information. Here's a concise overview:

Types:
 Thermal Noise: Random movement of electrons due to temperature,
causing a constant, low-level hiss.
 Shot Noise: Random fluctuations in electron flow, creating a popping or
crackling sound.
 Flicker Noise: Variations in component resistance, leading to a low-
frequency hum.
 Crosstalk: Unwanted signal coupling from other channels, introducing
audible interference.
 Intermodulation Distortion (IMD): Non-linear components mixing
frequencies, creating new unwanted tones.
Causes:
 Internal electrical components: All electronic components contribute
some level of noise due to inherent physical properties.
 Circuit design: Improper design or imperfect component choice can
exacerbate noise issues.
Effects:
 Reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): Makes it difficult to distinguish the
desired signal from the background noise, impacting data integrity or
audio/video quality.
 Increased bit error rate (BER): In digital communication, higher noise
levels can lead to errors in data transmission.
 Signal distortion: Noise can introduce unwanted sounds or visual
artifacts, degrading user experience.

6. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Random noise power is inversely proportional
to bandwidth.
b. Flicker is sometimes called demodulation noise.
c. Noise in mixers is caused by inadequate image
frequency rejection.
d. A random voltage across a resistance cannot be
calculated.