POWER SYSTEM

SIMULATION

LABORATORY MANUAL
 LIST OF PROGRAMS

1. TRANSMISSION LINE MODELLING

2. STRING EFFICIENCY OF OVERHEAD INSULATORS

3. BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX YBUS OF POWER SYSTEM

4. GAUSS SEIDAL METHOD

5. ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF THERMAL UNITS

(A) WITHOUT CONSIDERING LOSSES

(B) CONSIDERING LOSSES

6. UNIT COMMITMENT

7. OPTIMAL SCHEDULING OF THERMAL POWER UNITS

8. ROTAR ANGLE AND FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE

9. STEP RESPONSE OF SMIB SYSTEM USING SIMULINK

10. TWO AREA LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

AIM: To obtain the parameters of given transmission line

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Load the given inputs and length of the transmission line.

STEP 3: If the Length L<80 Calculate the parameters of short line and Go-to

Step6

STEP 4: If the Length 80<L<200 Calculate the parameters of medium line and

Go-to Step6

STEP 5: If the Length L>200 Calculate the parameters of long line and Go-to

next step

STEP 6: Print the results

STEP 7: Stop

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
f=50;
L=input('enter the length of transmission line L=');
VRll=input('enter receiving end voltage Vrll=');
R=input('enter resistance per phase R=');
X=input('enter the reactance X=');
Y=input('enter value of susceptance Y=');
rpf=input('enter receiving end power factor rpf=');
P=input('enter receiving end power P=');
Z=R+1j*X;
VR=VRll/sqrt(3);
PR=P*rpf;
QR=P*(sqrt(1-rpf^2));
SR=PR+1j*QR;
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VR));
if(L<=80)
disp('PARAMETERS FOR SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE');
A=1;
B=(Z*L);
C=0;
D=1;
VS=VR+B*IR;
IS=IR;
VSll=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
Spf=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*real(VS)*abs(IS)*Spf;
regulation=((VSll-VRll)/VRll)*100;
efficiency=(real(SR)/real(SS))*100;
elseif (80<L&& L<200)
disp('PARAMETERS FOR MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE');
A=1+((Y*L)*(Z*L))/2;
B=Z*L;
 C=Y*L*(1+((Z*L)*(Y*L))/4);
D=A;
VS=A*VR+B*IR;
VSll=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=C*VR+D*IR;
Spf=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*real(VS)*abs(IS)*Spf;
regulation=((VSll-VRll)/VRll)*100;
efficiency=(real(SR)/real(SS))*100;
else
disp('PARAMETERS FOR LONG TRANSMISSION LINE');
Zc=sqrt(Z/Y);
gamma=sqrt(Z*Y);
A=cosh(gamma*L);
B=Zc*sinh(gamma*L);
C=(1/Zc)*sinh(gamma*L);
D=cosh(gamma*L);
VS=A*VR+B*IR;
IS=C*VR+D*IR;
VSll=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
Spf=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*real(VS)*abs(IS)*Spf;
regulation=((VSll-VRll)/VRll)*100;
efficiency=(real(SR)/real(SS))*100;
end
disp(‘A=’);
disp(A)
disp(‘B=’);
disp(B)
disp(‘C=’);
disp(C)
disp(‘D=’);
disp(D)
disp(‘Sending end voltage VS=’);
disp(VSll)
disp(‘Sending end Current IS=’);
disp(IS)
disp(‘Sending end power factor SPFF=’);
disp(Spf)
disp(‘Sending end power SS=’);
disp(SS)
disp(‘Regulation=’);
disp(regulation)
disp(‘Efficiency=’);
disp(efficiency)

INPUT:
For a short transmission line:
Length of line=40
Resistance per phase=0.15
Reactance per phase=0.4166
Susceptance=0
Receiving end voltage=220KV
Receiving end power=381MW
Receiving end power factor=0.8
For a medium transmission line:
Length of line=150
Resistance per phase=0.19
Reactance per phase=0.4533
Susceptance=2.67x10^-6i
Receiving end voltage=132KV
Receiving end power=75MW
Receiving end power factor=0.8
For a long transmission line:
Length of line=200
Resistance per phase=0.2
Reactance per phase=0.4085
Susceptance=2.82x10^-6i
Receiving end voltage=230KV
Receiving end power=50MW
Receiving end power factor=0.8

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 STRING EFFICIENCY OF OVERHEAD INSULATORS

AIM: To obtain the String Efficiency of overhead insulators.

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Load the input parameters

STEP 3: Calculate the voltages at across each insulator in the string and

Efficiency

STEP 4: Print the results

STEP 5: Plot the graph

STEP 6: Stop

PROGRAM:

clc;

clear all;

n=input('enter the number of insulators=');

m=input('enter the mutual inductance=');

V=input('enter the line conductance voltage=');

s=0;

v(1)=1;

for i=2:n
 s=s+v(i-1);

v(i)=v(i-1)+(s/m);

end

x=sum(v);

v(1)=V/x;

for i=2:n

v(i)=v(i)*v(1);

end

for i=1:n

disp(v(i))

end

eff=(V/(n*v(n)))*100;

disp('efficiency');

disp(eff)

%%to plot the graph

a=zeros(n,n);

for k=1:m

for i=1:(n-1)

for j=1:n

if i= =j

a(i,j)=k+1;

end

if j= =(i+1)

a(i,j)=-k;
 end

if j< i

a(i,j)=1;

end

end

end

a(n,i)=1;

b=zeros(n,1);

b(n,1)=V;

x=zeros(n,1);

x=inv(a)*b;

se(k)=(V/(n*x(n,1)));

end

k=1:m;

plot(k,se)

INPUT:

Number of insulators=5

Number of mutual inductance=5

Line conductance voltage=60KV

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX YBUS OF POWER SYSTEM

AIM: To find bus admittance YBUS of given system

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Load the input data files.

STEP 3: Initialize the admittance values to zeros

STEP 4: Calculate the line admittances

STEP 5: Initialise YBus to Zero.

STEP 6: Calculate Ybus matrix and obtain magnitude and angle of YBus

STEP 7: Print the results

STEP 8: Stop

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
load bus.dat;
load ln.dat;
nline=bus(1,2);
n=bus(1,1);
%Initialising admittance values to zero
y=zeros(n,n);
%Calculation of line admittances
for k=1:nline
y(ln(k,1),ln(k,2))=1/complex(ln(k,3),ln(k,4));
y(ln(k,2),ln(k,1))=y(ln(k,1),ln(k,2));
end
%Initialising Y bus matrix to zero
Y=zeros(n,n);
%Formulating Y bus matrix
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if(i~=j)
Y(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
Y(i,i)=y(i,j)+Y(i,i);
end
Y(i,i)=Y(i,i)+complex(0,ln(i,5));
end
%to obtain magnitude of Y bus matrix
Ymag=abs(Y);
%to obtain angle of Y bus matrix
Yangle=angle(Y);
disp(‘Line admittance y=’);
disp(y)
disp(‘YBUS=’);
disp(Y)
disp(‘Ymag=’);
disp(Ymag)
disp(‘Yangle=’);
disp(Yangle)
INPUT:

bus data:

bus.dat

%nl nb nt ns

3 3 0 0

line data:

ln.dat

% from to r x bsh

1 2 0.002 0.008 0.01

1 3 0.002 0.008 0.01

2 3 0.002 0.008 0.01

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD

AIM: To obtain the load flow solution for a the given system using Gauss-

Seidel Method.

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Load the input data

STEP 3: Calculate the bus admittance matrix.

STEP 4: Assign the given values of Slack bus

STEP 5: Calculate Line Voltages for set number of iterations.

STEP 6: Calculate line currents, line flows, line losses

STEP 7: Print the results.

STEP 8: Stop

PROGRAM:

clc;

clear all;

load gauss.dat;

a=gauss;

nb=a(1,1);

nl=a(1,2);
y=zeros(nb,nb);

for i=1:nl

i=i+1;

y(a(i,1),a(i,2))=1/complex(a(i,3),a(i,4));

disp(y(a(i,1),a(i,2)))

end

for i=2:4

i=i+3;

s(a(i,1))=(a(i,2)+1i*(a(i,3)));

v(a(i,1))=a(i,4);

end

disp(v)

iter=0;

for i=1:7

iter=iter+1;

v(2)=((conj(s(2))/conj(v(2))+(y(1,2)*v(1))+(y(2,3)*v(3)))/(y(1,2)+y(2,3)));

v(3)=((conj(s(3))/conj(v(3))+(y(1,3)*v(1))+(y(2,3)*v(2)))/(y(1,3)+y(2,3)));

disp([iter,v(2),v(3)])

end

disp('line currents=');

I12=y(1,2)*(v(1)-v(2))

I21=-I12

I13=y(1,3)*(v(1)-v(3))

I31=-I13
I23=y(2,3)*(v(2)-v(3))

I32=-I23

disp('line flows=');

s12=v(1)*conj(I12)*100

s21=v(2)*conj(I21)*100

s13=v(1)*conj(I13)*100

s31=v(3)*conj(I31)*100

s23=v(2)*conj(I23)*100

s32=v(3)*conj(I32)*100

disp('line losses=');

s1221=s12+s21

s1331=s13+s31

s2332=s23+s32

INPUT:

Gauss.dat

%nbus nline ntrans nsh

3 3 0 3

%from to R X

1 2 0.02 0.04

1 3 0.01 0.03

2 3 0.0125 0.025
%bus P Q Vm

1 1 1 1.05

2 -2.566 -1.102 1

3 -2.386 -0.452 1

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF THERMAL UNITS

(A) WITHOUT CONSIDERING LOSSES

AIM: To obtain economic dispatch of thermal units without considering losses

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Read the input data Ng. Pd, accost coefficients

STEP 3: Calculate Lemda

STEP 4: Calculate Generation, ∆P=Pd-∑Pg

STEP 5: If , ∆P>=0.001, Calculate ∆Lemda and Lemda and goto Step 4

Else goto next step

STEP 6: Calculate Total cost of Generation

STEP 7: Print Generation and Total Cost

STEP 8: Stop

PROGRAM:

clc

clear all

load dt.dat

load co.dat

ng=dt(1,1); %NUMBER OF GENERATORS

for i=1:ng

a(i)=co(i,1);

b(i)=co(i,2);

c(i)=co(i,3);

end

X=0;

Y=0;

for i=1:ng

X= X+(b(i)/(2*c(i)));

Y= Y+(1/(2*c(i)));

end

lemda=(pd+X)/Y;

P=zeros(1,ng);

delp=10;

while (abs(delp>=0.001))

for i=1:ng

P(i)=(lemda-b(i))/(2*c(i));

end

Pall=zeros(1,ng);

for i=1:ng

Pall=Pall+P(i);

end

delp=pd-Pall;
 if(delp>=0.001)

dellemda=delp/Y;

lemda=lemda+dellemda;

end

end

ct=0;

for i=1:ng

ct=ct+(a(i)+(b(i)*P(i))+(c(i)*P(i))*P(i));

end

disp('TOTAL COST OF GENERATION:');

disp(ct)

disp('GENERATORS OUTPUT P1 P2 P3:');

disp(P)

disp('lemda:');

disp(lemda)

INPUT:

Cost Co-effecient matrix:

co.dat

%a b c

500 5.3 0.004

400 5.5 0.006

200 5.8 0.009

dt.dat

% ng pd

3 800

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF THERMAL UNITS

(B) CONSIDERING LOSSES

AIM: To obtain economic dispatch of thermal units with considering losses

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Read the input data Ng,Pd, cost coefficients (a,b,c) , lemda and loss

coefficients

STEP 3: Set iteration count.

STEP 4: Calculate Generation, Total generation (Pt) Total losses (Plt) and

∆P=Pd+Plt-∑Pg

STEP 5: Calculate ∆Lemda and Lemda and goto Step 4

If iteration count is reached goto next step

STEP 6: Calculate Total cost of Generation

STEP 7: Print Generation and Total Cost

STEP 8: Stop

PROGRAM:

clc

clear all

load coeff.dat
load bc.dat

load dat.dat

ng=dat(1,1); %number of generators

pd=dat(1,2); %load demand

for i=1:ng

a(i)=coeff(i,1);

b(i)=coeff(i,2);

c(i)=coeff(i,3);

end

for i=1:ng

for j=1:ng

B(i,j)=0;

B(i,i)=bc(i,i);

end

end

lemda=dat(1,3);

count=0;

while(count<4)

for i=1:ng

P(i)=(lemda-b(i))/(2*(c(i)+(lemda*B(i,i))));

end

pt=0;

for i=1:ng

pt=pt+P(i);
 end

for i=1:ng

pl(i)=B(i,i)*P(i)*P(i);

end

plt=0;

for i=1:ng

plt=plt+pl(i);

end

delp=pd+plt-pt;

diffp=0;

for i=1:ng

X(i)=c(i)+(B(i,i)*b(i));

Y(i)=2*(c(i)+(lemda*B(i,i)))^2;

diffp=diffp+(X(i)/Y(i));

end

dellemda=(delp/diffp);

lemda=lemda+dellemda;

count=count+1;

end

ct=0;

for i=1:ng

ct=ct+(a(i)+b(i)*P(i))+(c(i)*P(i)*P(i));

end

disp('TOTAL COST OF GENERATION:');

disp('GENERATORS OUTPUT P1 P2 P3:');

disp(P)

disp('lemda:');

disp(lemda)

INPUT:

Cost Co-efficient matrix:

coeff.dat

%a b c

200 7.0 0.008

180 6.3 0.009

140 6.8 0.007

Generator Data:

dat.dat

% ng pd lemda

3 150 8

Loss Matrix:

bc.dat

% b1 b2 b3

0.000218 0 0

0 0.000228 0

0 0 0.000179
OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 UNIT COMMITMENT

AIM: To write a program to find optimal commitment of Generating units

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Load the input data

STEP 3: Initialize cunit=units commited, min=inf, cost=0, unit=0

STEP 4: Find the optimal commitment of units

STEP 5: Find the cost for each combination of units

STEP 6: If cost<min, then cunit=unit and min=cost

STEP 7: Print the optimal cost and Unit committed

STEP 8: Stop

PROGRAM:

clc;

clear all;

% alpha and beta arrays denote alpha beta coefficients for given generators

alpha=[0.77 1.60 2.00 2.50];

beta=[23.5 26.5 30.0 32.0];

Pgmin=[1 1 1 1];

Pgmax=[12 12 12 12];

disp ('cunit display the no of committed units on each of four generators')

disp('the total number of units commited are')

for n=1:10 %load variations from 1 to 200MW

min=inf;

cost=0;

unit=[0 0 0 0];

for i=0:n

for j=0:n

for k=0:n

for l=0:n

unit=[0 0 0 0];

if(i+j+k+l)==n && i<Pgmax(1) && j<Pgmax(2)&& k<Pgmax(3) &&

if i~=0

unit(1,1)=i;

% Find out the cost of generating these units and

% add 'it up to total cost

cost=cost+0.5*alpha(1)*i*i+beta(1)*i ;

end

if j~=0

unit(1,2)=j;

cost=cost+0.5*alpha(2)*j*j+beta(2)*j ;

end

if k~=0

unit(1,3)=k;
 cost=cost+0.5*alpha(3)*k*k+beta(3)*k ;

end

if l~=0

unit(1,4)=l;

cost=cost+0.5*alpha(4)*l*l+beta(4)*l ;

end

% If the total cost is coming out to be less than minimum of the in

%previous combinations then make min equal to cost and

% cunit (stand for committed units) equal to units

% committed in this iteration (denoted by variable units)

if cost < min

cunit=unit;

min=cost;

else

cost=0;

end

end

end

end

end

end

disp('cunit:');

disp(cunit)

disp('cost of generation:');
disp(min)

end

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 OPTIMAL SCHEDULING OF THERMAL POWER UNITS

AIM: To obtain economic dispatch of thermal units with considering losses and

Generator limits

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Read the input data Ng. Pd, cost coefficients, Pmax, Pmin, loss

coeffficients

STEP 3: Set iteration count

STEP 4: Calculate P(i) and check whether P(i)>Pmax and set P(i)=Pmax

P(i)<Pmin and set P(i)=Pmin

STEP 4: Calculate Total generation(Pt) and Total loss(Pl)

STEP 5: Find ∆P=Pd+Pl-Pt

STEP 6: Calculate ∆Lemda and Lemda

STEP 7: Initialize count=count+1 and goto Step 4

STEP 8: Calculate Total cost of Generation

STEP 9: Print Generation and Total Cost

STEP 10: Stop

clc;

clear all;

load coeff.dat;

load bc.dat;

load dat.dat;

ng=dat(1,1); %number of generators

pd=dat(1,2); %load demand

Pmax=[85 80 70];

Pmin=[10 10 10];

for i=1:ng

a(i)=coeff(i,1);

b(i)=coeff(i,2);

c(i)=coeff(i,3);

end

for i=1:ng

for j=1:ng

B(i,j)=0;

B(i,i)=bc(i,i);

end

end

lemda=dat(1,3);

count=0;

while(count<4)
 for i=1:ng

P(i)=(lemda-b(i))/(2*(c(i)+(lemda*B(i,i))));

if P(i)>Pmax(i)

P(i)=Pmax(i);

if P(i)<Pmin(i)

P(i)=Pmin(i);

end

end

end

for i=1:ng

pl(i)=B(i,i)*P(i)*P(i);

end

pt=0;

for i=1:ng

pt=pt+P(i);

end

plt=0;

for i=1:ng

plt=plt+pl(i);

end

delp=pd+plt-pt;

diffp=0;

for i=1:ng

X(i)=c(i)+(B(i,i)*b(i));
 Y(i)=2*(c(i)+(lemda*B(i,i)))^2;

diffp=diffp+(X(i)/Y(i));

end

dellemda=(delp/diffp);

lemda=lemda+dellemda;

count=count+1;

end

ct=0;

for i=1:ng

ct=ct+(a(i)+b(i)*P(i))+(c(i)*P(i)*P(i));

end

disp('TOTAL COST OF GENERATION:');

disp(ct)

disp('GENERATORS OUTPUT P1 P2 P3:');

disp(P)

disp(‘TOTAL LOSS :’);

disp(plt)

disp('lemda:');

disp(lemda)
INPUT:

Cost Co-efficient matrix:

coeff.dat

%a b c

200 7.0 0.008

180 6.3 0.009

140 6.8 0.007

Generator Data:

dat.dat

% ng pd lemda

3 150 8

Loss Matrix:

bc.dat

% b1 b2 b3

0.000218 0 0

0 0.000228 0

0 0 0.000179

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
ROTAR ANGLE AND FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE

MACHINE CONNECTED TO INFINITE BUS (SMIB)

AIM: To obtain the rotor angle and frequency characteristics of SMIB system.

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Load the input data values.

STEP 3: Calculate maximum power Pmax. Also find d0 to find synchronizing

power coefficient Ps=Pmax*cos(d0)

STEP 4: Calculate undamped frequency of oscillation ‘wn’, damping ratio ‘z’,

damped frequency of oscillation ‘wd’, time constant ‘tau’,

phase angle ‘th’, initial angle ‘Dd0’ in radians

STEP 5: Initialize time scale t=0:0.01:8

STEP 6: Calculate ‘Dd’ , power angle ‘d’ in degrees, Dw and F

STEP 7: Plot the rotor angle and frequency characteristics

STEP 8: Stop
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
E = 1.35, V= 1.0; H= 9.94; X=0.65; Pm=0.6; D=0.138; f0 = 60;
Pmax = E*V/X % Max. power
d0 = asin(Pm/Pmax)
Ps = Pmax*cos(d0) % Synchronizing power coefficient
wn = sqrt((pi*60/H)*Ps) % Undamped frequency of oscillation
z = (D/2)*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps)) % Damping ratio
wd = wn*sqrt(1-z^2),
fd = wd/(2*pi) %Damped frequency oscillation.
tau = 1/(z*wn) % Time constant
th = acos(z) % Phase angle theta
Dd0 = 10*pi/180; % Initial angle in radian
t = 0:.01:8; %time scale
Dd = Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t + th);
d = (d0+Dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degree
Dw = -wn*Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f = f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz
%to plot characteristics
figure(1), subplot(2,1,1), plot(t, d), grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('Delta, degree')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(t,f), grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('f, Hz')
subplot(111)

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
 STEP RESPONSE OF SMIB SYSTEM USING SIMULINK

AIM: To obtain the step response of SMIB system using simulink

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

PARAMETERS:
Frequency=60,
Generator Excitation= 1.35per unit
Infinite bus voltage V=1pu
Real power =0.6pu at 0.8 pf lagging
Inertia Constant H=9.94MJ/MVA
Transient reactance XdI = 0.3pu
Damping power coefficient D=0.138 ∆δ=16.790.
Change in power input ∆P=0.2
State space model vector A=[0 1; -37.705 -2.617] ∆u = 3.79

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Simulink-File-New-Model
2. Open simulink library and browse required components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram.
4. Set the required parameters.
5. Simulate the block diagram.
6. Plot the waveforms
OBSERVATIONS:
The response shows that the oscillation subsides in approximately 3.1 Seconds and a
new steady state operating point is attained at δ0 = 22.50.

RESULT:
 TWO AREA LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

AIM: To obtain frequency deviation and power deviation of Two-Area system

SOFTWARE: MATLAB

PARAMETERS:
A two-area system connected by a tie-line has the following parameters on
1000-MVA common Base.
AREA 1 2
Speed Regulation R1= 0.05 R2 =0.0625
Frequency-sens Load D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Coefficient
Inertia Constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Constant Tg1 =0.2sec Tg2 =0.3sec
Turbine Time Constant Tt1 =0.5sec Tt2 =0.6sec
Integrator Gain Constant KI1 = 0.3 KI2 = 0.3

The two units are operating inparallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The
synchronizing power coefficient is PS = 2.0 p.u. A load change of 187.5MW
occurs in area1.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Simulink-File-New-Model
2. Open simulink library and brose required components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram.
4. Set the required parameters.
5. Simulate the block diagram.
6. Plot the waveforms
OBSERVATIONS:
The simulation diagram returns the vector ∆P , containig t, ∆Pm1 , ∆Pm2 and
∆P12 as seen in fiure 1. As we can see from the fig 2 that frequency deviation
returns to zero with settling time of approximately 20seconds. Also the Tie-line
power change reduces to Zero, and the increase in Area1 load is met by the
increase in generation ∆Pm1.

RESULT: