darkness, and in this model we get to return the light to our humanity”
(Margaret Jean Watson, 2012)
At the end of the topic learners will be able to know and understand the following:
● Describe the achievement of Jean Watson.
● Explain the major components of theory of § human/transpersonal caring. § Learn the concept of caring and it’s importance to nursing profession ● List the10 Clinical Caritas processes. ● born in a small, close-knit town in the Mountains of West Virginia in the 1940s. ● graduated from the Lewis Gale School of Nursing, West Virginia, in 1961. ● Earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1964 at the University of Colorado ● Master of Science degree in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966
4 ● doctorate degree in educational psychology and counseling in 1973 ● joined the nursing faculty at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and served in many teaching and administrative roles ● director of the doctoral program, dean of the School, of Nursing 5 Center for Human Caring at the University of Colorado to develop and use knowledge of human caring and healing in nursing and to assist in efforts to transform the healthcare system into a more care-centered entity 6 ● American Academy of Nursing named Dr. Watson a Living Legend in 2013 ● founded the Watson Caring Science Institute ● “all human beings have an inherent need to participate in caring exchanges, both as giver and receiver, and that nursing holds the essence of this fundamental 7 ● Watson’s commitment: prof essional role and mission of nursing; ethical covenant with society as sustaining human caring and preserving human dignity; attending to and helping to sustain human dignity, humanity, and wholeness in the midst of threats and crises of life and death ● Plan was to bring new meaning and dignity to nursing ● Used concepts from personal and professional experience ● Inducted, grounded, and combined with philosophy, ethical, intellectual, and experimental background. ● The goal was to enhance the public view of humanity and life in correlation with nursing Many men and women enter the nursing field because they see is as a career that cares about people. Compassion is often a trait required of nurses since taking care of patients needs their primary purpose. Jean Watsons philosophy and science of caring addresses how nurses care for their patients, and how that caring translates into better health plans to help patients get healthy. (Read Page 83. Theoretical Foundation In Nursing, 2nd edition 2020, Udan) § 1. Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally § 2. Caring consist of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs § 3. Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth § 4.Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is now as well as what he or she may become § 5. A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for himself/herself at a given point in time § 6. A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing § 7. The practice of caring is central to nursing § Human caring is… thinking related to intentionality connects with the concepts of consciousness, energy.. If our conscious intentionality is to hold thoughts that are caring, loving, open, kind, and receptive, in contrast to an intentionality to control, manipulate and have power over, the consequences will be significant…based on the different levels of consciousness.. And energy associated with the different thought. ● Clinical caritas processes (Carative) ● Transpersonal caring relationships ● Caring moments/caring occasions
1 0 §WATSON VIEWS THE “CARATIVE FACTORS” AS A GUIDE FOR THE CORE OF NURSING. SHE USES THE TERM CARATIVE TO CONTRAST WITH CONVENTIONAL MEDICINES CURATIVE FACTORS. §THE TERM ”CARATIVE” MEANS CARING WITH LOVE §ORIGINATED FROM THE TERM “CARITAS” WHICH MEANS TO CHERISH, APPRECIATE, AND GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION 10 Original Factors § 1 .Formation of a humanistic–altruistic system of values 2. Instillation of faith–hope 3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others 4.Development of a helping–trusting,human caring relationship 5.Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings 6.Systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching– learning 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, &spiritual environment 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs 10. Allowance for existential phenomenological– spiritual forces (Watson, 2014) 1. THE FORMATION OF A HUMANISTIC ALTRUISTIC SYSTEM OF VALUES
Begins developmentally at an early age with
values shared with the parents. Mediated through one’s own life experiences, the learning one gains and exposure to the humanities. Is perceived as necessary to the nurse’s own maturation which then promotesaltruistic behaviour towards others. 2. FAITH-HOPE Is essential to both the carative and the curative processes. When modern science has nothing further to offer the person, the nurse can continue to use faith-hope to provide a sense of well-being through beliefs which are meaningful to the individual. 3. CULTIVATION OF SENSITIVITY TO ONE’S SELF AND TO OTHERS Explores the need of the nurse to begin to feel an emotion as it presents itself. Development of one’s own feeling is needed to interact genuinely and sensitively with others. Striving to become sensitive, makes the nurse more authentic, which encourages self-growth and self- actualization, in both the nurse and those with whom the nurse interacts. The nurses promote health and higher level functioning only when they form person to person relationship. 4. ESTABLISHING A HELPING-TRUST RELATIONSHIP
Strongest tool is the mode of
communication, which establishes rapport and caring. She has defined the characteristics needed to in the helping-trustrelationship. These are: • Congruence • Empathy • Warmth Communication includes verbal, nonverbal and listening in a manner which connotes(imply) empathetic understanding. 5. THE EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS, BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
“Feelings alter thoughts and behaviour, and
they need to be considered and allowed for in a caring relationship”. Awareness of the feelings helps to understand thebehaviour it engenders. 6. THE SYSTEMATIC USE OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD FOR DECISION MAKING According to Watson, the scientific problem- solving method is the only method that allows for control and prediction, and that permits self-correction. She also values the relative nature of nursing and supports the need to examine and develop the other methods of knowing to provide an holistic perspective. The science of caring should not be always neutral and objective. 7.PROMOTION OF INTERPERSONAL TEACHING-LEARNING
The caring nurse must focus on the
learning process as much as the teaching process. Understanding the person’s perception of the situation assist the nurse to prepare a cognitive plan. 8. PROVISION FOR A SUPPORTIVE, PROTECTIVE AND /OR CORRECTIVE MENTAL, PHYSICAL, SOCIO CULTURALAND SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT
Watson divides these into external and internal variables, which the nurse manipulates in order to provide support and protection for the person’s mental and physical well- being. The external and internal environments are interdependent. Watson suggests that the nurse also must provide comfort, privacy and safety as a part of this carative factor. 9. ASSISTANCE WITH THE GRATIFICATION OF HUMAN NEEDS It is grounded in a hierarchy of need similar to that of the Maslow’s. She has created a hierarchy which she believes is relevant to the science of caring in nursing. According to her each need is equally important for quality nursing care and the promotion of optimal health. All the needs deserve to be attended to and valued. Lower order needs (biophysical needs) The need for food and fluid self- actualization The need for elimination The need for ventilation (Psychosocial Lower order needs (psychophysical needs) needs) The need for activity-inactivity Need for achievement, The need for sexuality affiliation Watson’s ordering of needs (Psychophysical needs) Higher order needs (psychosocial needs) The need for activity- The need for achievement inactivity, sexuality The need for affiliation Higher order need (intrapersonal- (Biophysical needs) interpersonal need) The need for food and fluid, The need for self-actualization elimination, ventilation 10.ALLOWANCE FOR EXISTENTIAL- PHENOMENOLOGICAL FORCES Phenomenology is a way of understanding people from the way things appear to them, from their frame of reference This factor helps the nurse to reconcile and mediate the incongruity of viewing the person holistically while at the same time attending to the hierarchical ordering of needs. Thus the nurse assists the person to find the strength or courage to confront life or death. • This portion of the theory focuses on “the one caring and the one cared for.” (Cara, 2003). • This process requires the use of “Actions, words, behaviours, cognition, body language, feelings, intuition, thought, senses, and the energy field” (Watson & Woodword, 2010). • The nurse has a professional as well as a personal obligation to not only see the patient as more than an object but to also protect and assist with improving the patient’s dignity. (Cara, 2003) • This portion of the theory focuses on an actual tangible moment in time in which the nurse recognizes the connection that is developed between him/herself and the patient. (Cara, 2003). •According to Cara, The Caring Moment “Consists of feelings, bodily sensations, thoughts, spiritual beliefs, goals, expectations, environmental considerations, and meanings of one’s perceptions—all of which are based upon one’s past life history, one’s present moment, and one’s imagined future.” (Cara, 2003). • This can occur during various nursing interventions and interactions with each patient. §“ A HUMAN SCIENCE OF PEOPLE AND HUMAN HEALTH-ILLNESS EXPERIENCES THAT ARE MEDIATED BY PROFESSIONAL, PERSONAL, SCIENTIFIC, ESTHETIC AND ETHICAL HUMAN TRANSANCTIONS” § In practice, her theory has been validated in outpatient, inpatient, and community health clinical setting and with various populations, including recent applications with attention to patient care essentials, living on a ventilator, simulating care, mothers struggling with mental illness and women with infertility. § On administration and leadership, her theory calls for administrative practices and business models to embrace caring §On education, her writings focus on educating graduate nursing students and providing them with ontological, ethical, and epistological bases for their practice.
§On research, methods have been identified as
particularly relevant to to the study of caring and to the development of nursing as a human science
