ideologies.

Some meanings in creative works are explicit, while 1-2 stalks of malunggay
Lesson I: Text as a Connected Discourse some are implied, especially in poems. Ordinary words, especially 1 teaspoon of salt
those used in a poem, are made appealing through sound 1 teaspoon of pepper
Definition and Purposes of a Discourse patterns. 3-4 cups of water
A discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic, Example:
where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and The Road Not Taken (An Excerpt) Procedure:
logical manner. By Robert Frost 1. Prepare all the ingredients.
Below are the purposes of a discourse. 2. Heat the pan in a medium flame.
1. To inform – A discourse that aims to inform provides a I shall be telling this with a sigh Add 2–3 tablespoons of oil.
descriptive and comprehensive discussion on the topic Somewhere ages and ages hence: 3. Sauté garlic, onion, and ginger. Add chicken wings and sauté
2. To persuade – A discourse that aims to persuade tries to Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— for 3–4 minutes.
convince the readers that the proposed claim or solution is better I took the one less traveled by, 4. Pour 3–4 cups of water.
than any other proposal. And that has made all the difference. Let it simmer.
3. To entertain – A discourse that aims to amuse provides a 5. Add the papaya. Simmer until the chicken becomes tender.
source of entertainment for its readers. 2. Expressive – This type of discourse is commonly 6. Add the malunggay leaves.
found in academic journals, letters, diaries, and blogs. It is a 7. Add salt and pepper to taste. 8. Serve and enjoy.
personal narrative and is typically written in the first-person point
Below are three of those factors. of view. In the process, the writer reveals something about his or IV. Academic Discourse
1. Culture – The beliefs, customs, attitudes, language. her identity. In literary terms, expressive discourses are referred to
2. Social environment – The author’s physical surroundings and as creative nonfiction. • An academic discourse is expository or argumentative in nature.
social relationships. Example: Sometimes, it presents an individual’s insights regarding a
3. Experiences – Personal accounts or first-hand experience of The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt) concept or method in a scholarly way.
events, though subjective, establish credibility and reliability of By Anne Frank Example: Medea is portrayed as an empowered woman in the
information presented in any discourse. Euripides’ play. It is a far cry from how women were viewed and
Sunday, 21 June 1942 Everyone at school is waiting to hear what represented in the Ancient Greece. Women then were mainly
Types of Discourse happens next. Who will move up a class, and who will stay down? portrayed as in charge of producing children, taking care of them,
Argumentation – In this type of discourse, the writer We’re all trying to guess! I think my girlfriends and I will be OK, and being a mistress of the household. Medea’s character defies
aims to persuade the audience or readers. though we’ll have to wait patiently to find out. Most of my teachers and challenges conformities. Her deeds, though evil in nature,
Description – This type of discourse is based on the like me, but old Mr. Keesing gets angry with me because I often stem from the strength of her mind… Medea, although elicits pity
main impression of the author about the topic or subject. talk too much! He made me do some extra homework and write from the audience during the first part of the play as an
Exposition – This aims to inform, clarify, and explain a about ‘Someone Who Talks Too Much.’ abandoned wife and mother, in the end, is feared and abhorred as
phenomenon. 3. Transactional – This type of discourse is commonly she proves to be aware of how wicked her deeds are and yet
Narration – This type of discourse is like storytelling. It found in instructional materials, advertisements, and editorial would not have it the other way around: “I understand what evil I
recalls events chronologically. It is told in the first, second, or third articles, among others. It is directive in nature as it provides am about to do but my wrath is stronger even than my thoughts…”
person point of view. detailed information on how something is done or achieved. (Euripides 27).
Moreover, it encourages the reader to do something or to take
Literary Discourse action. The text is a review of Euripides’ famous play Medea. The critic,
A literary discourse is generally focused on creative Example: although stating his or her insights of the play, writes in an
works, including nonfiction. Also, it includes texts that are used How to Cook Chicken Tinola objective tone, using the third person point of view. Moreover, the
strictly for business communication. The following are the three Ingredients: review does not use a figure of speech or idiomatic expression to
types of literary discourse: 1/2 kg chicken wings describe, elaborate, or prove a point.
1. Poetic – This type of discourse is commonly found in 1 red onion, peeled and sliced
creative works like poems, novels, short stories, and plays. It 1 clove of garlic, peeled and crushed • Structures or formats of academic discourses may vary
focuses on how language is used to form themes and convey 1 small ginger, peeled and julienned depending on the approved or recommended style guide to use.
1 small green papaya, peeled and cut into wedges Below is a general format.
 manifested by the subject based on specific theories. It is
1. Introduction – In this part, the writer states the descriptive in nature as it provides a detailed account of • In-text citations are also known as parenthetical citations. When
significance of the topic and the issues that need to be what the researcher has observed among the subjects a writer uses a phrase or paragraph from another source, he or
addressed. (e.g., people, events, places, etc.) and his or her analysis she encloses the verbatim piece in quotation marks or paraphrase
2. Body – In this part, the writer discusses the methods of the situation. it and cites the source by placing the information inside the
of gathering information. parentheses. Keep in mind that the source of information provided
3. Conclusion – In this part, the writer reiterates the Writing in Business in an in-text citation should correspond to the reference list.
claims and asserts his or her stand. He or she may
include insights and recommendations for further studies. Memorandum – This is commonly referred to as memo. 1. Short quotations – These are usually less than 40 words.
It is a form of written communication in a corporate They are either paraphrased or enclosed in quotation marks.
Activity I Direction: Identify what kind of discourse is presented in setting. Its main purpose is to inform or convey ○ APA format: Begin with the author’s last name
Texts 1 and 2. Justify your answer by stating the characteristics of messages to concerned people or departments. followed by the year of publication of the work. Then
each text. Résumé – This is a short document that shows a present the quoted or paraphrased material and include
person’s educational and professional background. It the page where it can be found. Alternatively, you can
gives brief but detailed information about an applicant’s present the paraphrased or quoted material first and then
employment or work history. the information about the source—the last name of the
Text 1: Good day! I apologized for the delayed response. The art 1. Letter of request – This letter is persuasive in author, the year of publication, and the page numbers, all
event will be held on the 16th of July. To get to the venue, turn left nature. It aims to convince a person in authority or in of which are enclosed in parentheses.
from the mall. You will see a drugstore in the corner. Turn right charge to grant permission for an action to be done
after two blocks. You will find a low-rise building beside a bank. or accomplished. In this letter, the requester
Go inside and inform the receptionist that you are one of the explicitly states the purpose of the request. ○ MLA format: This format follows an author-page
participants. Do not forget to bring a proof of identification. The Writing in the Humanities structure. The author’s last name is presented first, and
venue is located on the third floor. then it is followed by the page number(s). (In the APA
Text 2: Hi, Mom! Sorry I only checked my email now. It has been Critique – This contains a writer’s opinion of the quality of any style, the word page is abbreviated to “p.” while pages
crazy lately. I have been working on several course requirements piece of writing or work of art. are abbreviated to “pp.” The “ps” do not appear in the
since last week. How are you and Dad? Please tell him I said hi Review – This refers to an assessment of a particular work, such MLA in-text citation style.) The author-page structure
as a movie, a book, or music. works in two ways.
and I miss him. Anyway, I got accepted for internship in an
accounting firm. Can you believe it? Finally! My internship starts The American Psychological Association (APA) and the
Modern Language Association (MLA) Citation Guides Example: According to Reyes, the romance mode “creates a
this October. I will let you know about the details soon. world that is not fully equivalent to our own because it goes
Lesson 2: Introduction to Writing across the Disciplines beyond the parameters by which life is normally bounded” (101).
• Citation guides refer to carefully crafted formats which are used
to acknowledge sources of information. Their styles vary,
Writing in the Sciences
depending on the prescribed guide by the university or the field of
 The following are some common writings in the sciences: study. For example, the American Psychological Association 2. Long quotations – Quoted sentences containing at least forty
(APA) is commonly used in social sciences, while the Modern words are considered long quotations. This is called a block
1. Case study – This is a careful and intensive study of a Language Association (MLA) is commonly used in humanities. quotation and is set apart from the main text.
specific subject or variable (e.g., person, phenomenon, ○ APA format: Introduce the author’s last name first and
epidemic, event, etc.) in which scientists or researchers • Most citations contain the following elements: ○ Author’s name ○ then indicate the year of publication enclosed in
identify what leads to its success or failure Title of work (book, article, etc.) ○ Year of publication ○ Page parentheses. Present the passage without quotation
2. Laboratory report – This is a formal documentation of number (s) ○ Volume or issue number(s) or edition(s) marks. Place the page number(s) enclosed in
an experiment, which includes the objectives, methods, parentheses after the period.
and results. • Text and nontext information require citations. Whether a
paragraph is directly lifted or paraphrased, it still requires source Example: Reyes (2012) particularly noted in her study that: As a
3. Field report – This writing is commonly done in the attribution. This way, one is safe from committing plagiarism. central mode in Philippine criticism, realism has given rise to a
social sciences. It aims to analyze behavior patterns number of critical views. In general, realist criticism favors serious,
socially committed and actively engaged works. Within this the tradition of Rizal and the “New Propagandists.”5 What
conceptual framework, writings that do not hew to the radical originally emerged in the late eighteenth century as a movement, ○ MLA format: Introduce the first author’s last
tradition assume less significance than those which follow the and later as an analytical tool, has become normative. name and then the second author’s first and last
tradition of Rizal and the “New Propagandists.”5 What originally names. Arrange them in an alphabetical order.
emerged in the late eighteenth century as a movement, and later This approach to Philippine literature offers a limited view of Set the title of the work in italics. Indicate the
as an analytical tool, has become normative. (p. 102) vernacular writing, much of which is meat for the masses, since publisher and the year the work was published.
realist criticism is ever conscious of the need to dissociate Example: Cohn, R. and David Levithan. Nick &
○ MLA format: Set the quote in a block quotation if it is serious/realistic from nonserious/romantic works. It would, Norah’s Infinite Playlist. Ember-Penguin
more than four lines long for prose, three lines long for therefore, be instructive to focus our attention on the romance Random House, 2008.
poetry, or two paragraphs long. The writer may add mode that has helped generate a large number of works. (102)
introductory sentences which include the author’s last 2. Periodicals – These commonly refer to magazines, news
name or, after the period, include the author’s last name • Reference List – This is usually found at the last section of a articles, and scholarly journals. In citing periodicals, the following
and page number. Enclose them in parentheses. published material. It is where the sources of information are elements are always included: author’s name, title of the article,
completely cited. and the name of the periodical.
a) For prose, introduce the context first in one to two a. Journals – This type of periodical caters to a specific
sentences and then present the passage. Remove the 1. Books audience.
quotation marks. a. A book with one author ○ APA format: Indicate the author’s last name
○ APA format: Indicate the author’s last name and the initial of the first name. Enclose the
Example: Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, first and then the initial of his or her first name. issue date in parentheses by stating the year
sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of Place the year of publication and enclose it in first followed by the month and the day. Specify
three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife parentheses. Set the work’s title in italics. Then the title of the article in sentence case, followed
understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. include the location where the work was by the title of the periodical. Set the title of the
She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and published and its publisher. periodical in italics and include the volume,
uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied Example: Austen, J. (2009). Pride and issue (in parenthesis), and page range.
herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters Prejudice. New York, NY: Penguin Random Example: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of
married; its solace was visiting and news. (Austen 4) House. listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.

b) For poetry, keep the formatting as close to the original as ○ MLA format: Introduce the author’s last name ○ MLA format: Indicate the author’s last name
possible. and first name. Set the title of the work in italics. and then the first name. Specify the title of the
Indicate the publisher and the year the work article in title-case style of capitalization and
Example: Leaning into the evenings I throw my sad nets to your was published. enclose the title in quotation marks. Set the title
ocean eyes. There my loneliness stretches and burns in the tallest Example: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. of the periodical in italics. State the day,
bonfire, arms twisting like a drowning man’s. I cast red signals Penguin Random House, 2009. abbreviated name of the month, year,
over your absent eyes which lap like the sea at the lighthouse respectively, then the pages.
shore. (Neruda 5) b. A book with two authors Example: Herrera, Christine. “Personal
○ APA format: Indicate the authors’ last names Contacts Eyed to Repair China Relations.” The
c) For more than two paragraphs, indent the first line of the first and then the initial of their first names. Standard, 2 September 2016, A2.
paragraphs. Arrange them in an alphabetical order. Place
the year of publication and enclose it in b. Magazine – This type of periodical caters to a general
Example: In Salungat: A Soledad S. Reyes Reader, Reyes parentheses. Set the title of the work in italics. audience.
insisted that: As a central mode in Philippine criticism, realism has Then include the location where the work was ○ APA format: The format for magazine articles
given rise to a number of critical views. In general, realist criticism published and its publisher. is similar with the one for journals.
favors serious, socially committed and actively engaged works. Example: Cohn, R. & Levithan, D. (2008). Nick Example: Fantauzzo, L. (2016, July). Fear and
Within this conceptual framework, writings that do not hew to the & Norah’s Infinite Playlist. New York, NY: loathing in Orlando. Rogue, p. 72.
radical tradition assume less significance than those which follow Ember-Penguin Random House.
 ○ MLA format: The format for magazine quotation marks. Set the title of the periodical in
articles is similar with the one for journals. italics and then indicate the issue date by
Example: Fantauzzon, Laurel. “Fear and following this format: day, abbreviated name of
Loathing in Orlando.” Rogue, July 2016, 72. the month, year. Then indicate the URL
address. In providing the date of access,
3. Electronic sources – These contain a Web or uniform include the term “Accessed” and then the date:
resource locator (URL) or digital object identifier (DOI). Readers day, abbreviated month, year.
can use any of the two to verify the information included in the Example: Arong, Joanna. “Lost Horizons: How to Navigate the
reference list. Tibetan Countryside.” Rogue, 23 June 2016, http://rogue.ph/lost-
a. Books horizons-navigate-tibetan-countryside/. Accessed 25 Aug. 2016
○ APA format: Indicate the author’s last name
and initials of the first and middle names.
Provide the year of publication. Set the title of
the work in italics and then identify the medium.
Also, provide the URL or DOI address or the
download host.
Example: Hawkins, P. (2015). The girl on the
train. [Kindle version]. Retrieved from Amazon.
Com

○ MLA format: Provide the author’s last and

first names. Set the title of the work in italics.
Indicate the city where it was published, the
publisher, and the year. Specify the medium if it
is a book, e-book, PDF, etc.
Example: Hawkins, Paula. The Girl on the
Train. New York: Riverhead Books, 2015. E-
book.

b. Periodicals
○ APA format: Provide the author’s last name
and initials of first and middle names. Enclose
the issue date in parentheses, using the format
“year, month day.” Specify the title of the article
and then set the title of the periodical in italics.
Include the phrase “Retrieved from” followed by
the URL address.
Example: Arong, J. (2016, June 23). Lost
horizons: How to navigate the Tibetan
countryside. Rogue. Retrieved from
http://rogue.ph/lost-horizons-navigate-tibetan-
countryside/.

○ MLA format: Provide the author’s last and

first names. Enclose the title of the article in