1 Animal Kingdom

ANIMAL KINGDOM: 1. Level of organisation (L O O)

(KINGDOM ANIMALIA /METAZOANS)
Cellular: Only cells are present. eg: Porifera
� Multicellular
Tissue: Group of similar cells
� Heterotrophs: Dependent on others for food organised to Perform Digestion
� Holozoic mode of Nutrition a specific function
eg: C
 oelenterata,
Respiration
First ingestion, then Digestion Ctenophora
Excretion
Metazoans/Kingdom Animalia Organ: Tissues are organised to form an organ
eg: Platyhelminthes

Subkingdom Parazoa (ALSO ORGAN SYSTEM-TABLE 4.2 NCERT)

Organ-system: Organs are organised to form organ

Primitive Metazoans system. eg: From Aschelminthes upto Chordata
(old)
2. Symmetry
Phylum Porifera i) Asymmetrical:
  Body can't be divided into equal
(Advanced) halves passing through any plane that passes
Subkingdom Eumetazoa through centre
  eg: Mostly Porifera (sponges)

ii) Radially Symmetrical: Body can be divided into

Coelenterata/Cnidaria equal halves passing through any plane that
Ctenophora passes through centre
  eg: C
 oelenterata, Ctenophora
P Platyhelminthes
* ECHINODERMS (ADULT)
H Aschelminthes/Nemathelminthes/Nematoda
iii) Bilaterally Symmetrical: Body can be divided
Annelida into equal halves passing through only one plane
Y
through centre.
Arthropoda
L   eg: Platyhelminthes upto Chordata
Mollusca (*ECHINODERMATA LARVA)
A
Echinodermata
Advanced
Hemichordata

Chordata

Basis of Classification

In spite of differences in structure & form of

different animals, there are fundamental features
(a) (b)
common to them that are used as the basis of animal
classification. Figure: (a) Radial symmetry, (b) Bilateral symmetry
3. Body plan (Not in NCERT directly) iii) Tube within tube: 2 separate openings are
(vfrfjDr Gyaan) present, one acting as a
mouth & another like a anus.
i) Cellular aggregation: Only cell are diffused in   eg: Aschelminthes upto Chordata
body. Mouth
  eg: Porifera

ii) Blind sac: B

 ody has only one opening for entry
or exit of substances
  eg: C
 oelenterata, Ctenophora,
Platyhelminthes
Anus

One opening

4. Germ Layer
Diploblastic

ova Sperm 2 Layer

fusion Germ
Division layer
GASTRULA
zygote stage Seen

3 Layer

Triploblastic

Germ Layer

Diploblastic Triploblastic

� Animals in which only 2 germ layers: Ectoderm & � Animals in which 3 germ layers are found
Endoderm are found. ECTODERM, ENDODERM & MESODERM.
� A non-cellular MESOGLEA is present Between
them.

Ectoderm
Mesoderm

Primitive
Endoderm eg: P
 latyhelminthes
GUT
upto Chordata
Mesoglea

eg: Coelenterata, Ctenophora Primitive Gut

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Zoology
5. Coelom

Acoelomate: Absence of Coelom eg: Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora,

Platyhelminthes
C C
O O Pseudocoelomate: Aschelminthes
E E
L L
Eucoelomate: A
 nnelida upto Chordata
O O
M M

Eucoelomate (TRUE COELOM): The body cavity which Ectoderm

is lined by mesoderm on the both sides. Mesoderm

Endoderm

Figure: Solid Mesoderm in platyhelminthes

Mesoderm
6. Metameric Segmentation
Coelom Body can be divided externally, internally with
serial repetition of at least some organs is known as
'METAMERISM'
eg: A
 nnelida, Arthropoda, Chordata
13 chambered Heart
Pseudocoelomate (False coelom): Mesoderm is present
→ repeated in
as scattered pouches between ectoderm and endoderm segments

Scattered pouches of
mesoderm between Figure: Cockroach
Ectoderm & Endoderm
7. Notochord
A supporting mesodermally derived structure present
Dorsally only in CHORDATES.
Dorsal

Acoelomate: (No coelom) : Body cavity is absent. Notochord

In PLATYHELMINTHES, even though Mesoderm was Ventral
present but it does not split & remains SOLID Figure: Chordata

Complete → 2 opening present in alimentary canal.

8. Digestive system eg., Aschelminthes upto Chordate
Incomplete → Only single opening present in alimentary canal.
eg., Coelenterata upto Platyhelminthes
Circulatory system

9. Respiratory system It was properly seen for the first time in Non-cephalopod
Arthropods Mollusca
eg., of open

Open (Blood vessels not bounded by

capillary) ANTHE Hemichordata
10. Circulatory system
Closed (Blood vessels bounded by Echinodermata
capillary) Tunicata
eg., Chordata Arthropoda

3
Animal Kingdom
PORIFERA (SPONGES) 2. Level of Organisation: Cellular

'Pore' Bearers 3. Symmetry: Asymmetrical mostly

General Characteristics 4. Germ layer: Absent

5. Body plan: Cellular aggregation

1. 
Habitat: All are aquatic, few fresh water But
mostly marine 6. Coelom: Absent
� These are SESSILE animals
7. Metamerism: Absent

attached to the Substratum/ 8. Notochord: Absent

 Ocean floor
OSCULUM (Water exit)

SINGLE
OSTIA : 
Minute pores present in the
H2O H2 O body of porifera
Spongocoel

flagella
H2O
Collar cells / Choanocytes
Body
Wall H2 O These are flagellated cells lining the
H 2O spongocoel & helps in the movement
Figure: Water Canal System of H2O

WATER-CANAL-SYSTEM
Helps in OSTIA SPONGOCOEL OSCULUM
Digestion, respiration, excretion, Reproduction (transfer of gamete)
eg: Euspongia (Common Bath Sponge)
NOTE  
The body is supported with SKELETON
made of spongin fibers, SPICULES (Calcium Spongilla (Freshwater Sponge)
or Silicon) Sycon (Scypha)
Physiology
1. Digestive system: Intracellular
2. Respiratory system: Absent
3. Circulatory system: Absent
4. Excretory system: Absent
5. 
Reproduction: Hermaphrodite, 'Sexual' & Asexual (a) (b)
(By Fragmentation)
6. Fertilisation: Internal fertilisation
7. Development: Indirect (via larval Stages)

NOTE

UNISEXUAL /DIOECIOUS : Sexes are separate

(c)
BISEXUAL /MONOECIOUS / HERMAPHRODITE:
Sexes are not separate, male & female reproductive Figure: Examples of Porifera
organs are present within the same individual (a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla

4
Zoology
COELENTERATA/CNIDARIA STINGING CELL (Cnidoblast or Cnidocyte)

Because of the presence of It has the STINGING CAPSULE : Nematocyst

Stinging cell known as Cnidocyte FUNCTIONS:
CAPSULE
General Characteristic � Offense & defense
� Capturing prey
1. Habitat All are Aquatic, mostly marine, few fresh
� Anchorage
water, both Sessile or free-Swimming.
Operculum
2. Level of Organisation: Tissue (cap)

3. Symmetry: Radially move along

with water Capsule Poison
4. Body Plan: Blind sac injected
current
5. Germ Layer: Diploblastic Cell Projected
capsule
6. Coelom: Acoelomate Nucleus
Projected Nematocyst
7. Metamerism: Absent
8. Notochord: Absent Figure: Cnidoblast

Coelenterates have 2 body forms PHYSIOLOGY

1. Digestive system: I
 ncomplete digestive
system, Both intracellular &
Polyp Medusa extracellular
2. Respiratory system: Absent
� Cylindrical � Umbrella like
� Sessile � Free-swimming 3. Circulatory system: Absent
� Asexual form � Sexual form 4. Excretory system: Absent
eg: Hydra, Adamsia eg: Aurelia EX
� A few coelenterates exhibits alternation of Hydra (Freshwater Polyp)
generation also known as 'METAGENESIS'
Adamsia (Sea-anemone)
i.e from POLYP MEDUSA Aurelia (Jellyfish)
Asexually Obelia (Sea fur)
Physalia (Portuguese man of war)
Polyp Medusa Pennatula (Sea Pen)
Gorgonia (Sea fan)
i.e Physalia,
Meandrina (Brain coral)
Obelia Sexually

Mouth is located on
Hypostome

Hypostome

Tentacles below mouth

Gastrovascular Cavity
These have the
Stinging cells
Figure: Hydra (a) (b)
Figure: Examples of Coelenterata indicating
� Corals have a skeleton composed of calcium outline of their body form
carbonate (a) Aurelia (Medusa) (b) Adamsia (Polyp)

5
Animal Kingdom
CTENOPHORA 2. Respiratory System: Absent
3. Circulatory System: Absent
4. Excretory System: Absent
Commonly known as 'Sea- WALNUTS'
or 'COMB-JELLIES', Sea Gooseberry 5. Reproduction: Sexual, Bisexual
6. Fertilisation: External
� They have 8 external 7. Development: Indirect
rows of Ciliated Comb
Plates eg. Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana

PLATYHELMINTHES
USED FOR LOCOMOTION Flat Worms
� They show a property 1. Habitat: Aquatic or terrestrial,
of Bioluminescence free living or Endoparasite (within host)
Emission of light
Mostly in Animals
Tentacle
Act as host including humans
2. Level of Organisation: Organ or organ system
3. Body Plan: Blind Sac
4. Germ Layer: Triploblastic
Comb Plates 5. COELOM: Acoelomate
(CILIATED)
6. Symmetry: Bilaterally
7. Metamerism: Absent
8. Notochord: Absent

Parasitic Adaptations
1. Thick Tegument (prevent action of any Digestive
Figure: Example of Ctenophora (Pleurobrachia) enzymes)
2. 
Some parasites may develop 'HOOK' for
General Characters attachment to the host body.
1. Habitat*: Exclusively Marine (V. Imp.) 3. 
Some may also have 'SUCKERS' for absorbing
2. Level of Organisation: Tissue nutrients from the host.
3. Body Plan: Blind Sac 4. 
Some have the capability to directly absorb
4. Symmetry: Radially nutrients from their body surface.
5. Germ Layer: Diploblastic
Hooks
6. Coelom: Acoelomate
Suckers
7. Metamerism: Absent
8. Notochord: Absent
Head of Taenia
Physiology

1. Digestive System: Incomplete, both extracellular

& intracellular

6
Zoology
Physiology 6. Symmetry: Bilateral
7. Metamerism: Absent
1. Digestive System: Incomplete 8. Notochord: Absent
2. Respiratory System: Absent, Simple diffusion,
Physiology
general body surface
1. Digestive System: A well developed muscular
3. Circulatory System: Absent
pharynx is associated with its Digestive system
4. Excretory System: 'Flame-cells' for Excretion & which helps in sucking of food with complete
Osmoregulation Digestive system
5. Reproduction: Bisexual 2. Respiratory System: Absent

6. Fertilisation: eg: Taenia (tapeworm) 3. Circulatory System: Absent

Fasciola (liver Fluke) 4. Excretory System: There is an excretory tube
Internal
which eliminates the N2 waste via an excretory
7. Development: Parasitic pore that opens outside
Indirect
Excretory tube
NOTE Free living Planaria
     High regeneration capacity
Excretory pore

5. Reproduction: Unisexual
6. Fertilisation: Internal
7. Development: Direct & Indirect
Causes

eg: � Wuchereria (Filarial worm) Elephantiasis

  � Ancylostoma (Hookworm ) Causes

� Ascaris (Common roundworm): Ascariasis

(a) (b)
o
Figure: Examples of Platyhelminthes +
(a) Tapeworm    (b) Liver fluke � Male usually shorter → Usually longer
� Posterior tail is curved → Posterior tail is Straight
ASCHELMINTHES/NEMATHELMINTHES/
NEMATODA
Commonly known Cross section: Appears
as 'Roundworms' Circular

General Characteristics 
1. Habitat: Aquatic or terrestrial, free living or Parasitic
*(they can be parasitic for Plants as well as Animals).
2. Level of Organisation: Organ System
3. Body Plan: Tube within Tube
4. Germ Layer: Triploblastic Male Female
5. Coelom: Pseudocoelom Figure: Aschelminthes: Roundworm

7
Animal Kingdom
Physiology Ex Economically Important Insects

1. Digestive System: Complete Apis (Honey bee)

2. Respiratory System: Gills Bombyx (Silkworm)

Book gills Laccifer (Lac insect)
Book Lungs
Insects as Vector
Tracheal system
O Anopheles mosquito (Malaria)
+
Insect O Aedes mosquito (Dengue, Chikungunya)
+
O Culex mosquito (Elephantiasis)
3. Circulatory System: O
 pen Circulatory System +
Known as Gregarious pest attack in groups
(Color less Blood): Hemolymph Locusta (Locust)
4. Excretory System: M
 alpighian tubules, green Other eg: Limulus (King Crab)
gland/antennary gland,
Living Fossil
which helps in Excretion,
Osmoregulation.

5. Nervous System: Ganglions with Double Ventral

Solid Nerve Cord.

6. Reproduction: Mostly unisexual. (a) (b)

7. Fertilisation: Usually Internal,

Mostly Oviparous

egg laying animals

(c) (d)
8. Development: Direct and indirect Both.
Figure: Examples of Arthropods:
9. Sensory structures: Eyes (Simple or compound), (a) Locust (b) Butterfly
Antennae, Balancing structure "Statocyst" (c) Scorpion (d) Prawn

MOLLUSCA: Second Largest Phylum

1 Head Calcareous Shell (May or may not
Mollis
be present in all Molluscs)
Soft Bodied Animals 2
Tentacles Visceral hump/mass
Body 1 Head
Alimentary canal

2 Visceral hump/mass Feather like gills (Ctenidia)

Mantle

3 muscular foot 3 muscular foot

It is a soft spongy layer of skin
Mantle cavity which covers the visceral hump.
has feather like gills Space between Mantle & Visceral hump

Figure: Body parts of Molluscs

9
Animal Kingdom
 General Characters

1. Habitat: Exclusively Marine

2. Level of Organisation: Organ System
3. Body Plan: Tube within Tube
Figure: Examples of Echinodermata
4. Symmetry: Bilaterally
(a) Asterias    (b) Ophiura
5. Germ Layer: Triploblastic
HEMICHORDATA
6. Coelom: Eucoelomate
� Earlier it was placed under Phylum chordata due
7. Metamerism: Absent
to a structure similar to Notochord known as,
'Stomochord' but later it was found to have a 8. Notochord: Absent
different origin (Ectodermal) than Notochord
(Mesodermal) hence placed under a separate phylum. Physiology

Proboscis 1. Digestive System: Complete Digestive System

2. Respiratory System: Gills
Body is Divisible into 3. Circulatory System: Open

Proboscis Collar 4. Excretory System: Proboscis gland

5. Reproduction: Unisexual, Sexual
Collar
6. Fertilisation: External
Trunk Trunk 7. Development: Indirect
eg: Balanoglossus
Tongue worms
Figure: Balanoglossus   Saccoglossus

Table: Salient features of non-chordates. (ONLY those mentioned in NCERT) [‘—’ Means NOT in NCERT]

Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Excretory Nervous Sensory

PHYLUM Locomotion Reproduction Fertilization Development
System system system system system structure

Absent Both Sexual

Porifera Absent Absent Absent — — — and Asexual, Internal Indirect
Intracellular Bisexual
Incomplete,
Coelenterata Both intra & Absent Absent Absent — — — — — —
extra
Comb Sexual,
Ctenophora " Absent Absent Absent — — External Indirect
Plates Bisexual
Flame
Platyhelminthes Incomplete Absent Absent — — — Bisexual Internal Indirect
cells

Excretory Unisexual,
Aschelminthes Complete Absent Absent — — — Internal Both
tube Sexual
Double
ventral Sexual both
Parapodia,
Annelida " Absent Closed Nephridia solid — Unsexual and — —
Muscles
nerve Bisexual
cord
Gill, Book Double
Gills, Book Malpighian ventral Eyes, Direct
Mostly Usually
Arthropod " Lungs, Open solid — statocyst, or
tubule Unisexual internal
Tracheal nerve antennae Indirect
system cord

11
Animal Kingdom
 Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Excretory Nervous Sensory
PHYLUM Locomotion Reproduction Fertilization Development
System system system system system structure
Feather Mostly
Mollusca " Both Nephridia — — — — Indirect
like gills Unisexual
Water Water
Sexual
Echinoderm " vascular Open Absent — Vascular — External Indirect
Unisexual
system System
Proboscis
Hemichordata " Gills Open — — — " " "
gland

PHYLUM CHORDATA � Heart is usually ventral

� Presence of dorsal notochord at any stage of life. NOTE Notochord & Nerve cord both are dorsal
structure but Nerve cord is most Dorsal.
� Presence of dorsal nerve cord "  "  "
Table: Chordates vs non-chordates.
� Presence of Paired pharyngeal gill slits
� Presence of Post anal tail S.No. Chordates Non-chordates
Single, Dorsal, 1. Notochord present. Notochord absent.
Hollow
Dorsal 2. Central nervous Central nervous
system is dorsal system is ventral
Nerve cord hollow and single. solid and double
Notochord
3. Pharynx perforated Gill slits are absent.
by gill slits
4. Heart is ventral Heart is dorsal
Post anal tail
(if present)
Pharyngeal Ventral gill slits
5. A post-anal part Post-anal tail is
Figure: Chordata (tail) is present absent.

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Group Protochordates/Acraniata
Group Euchordate/Craniata

Sub-Phylum Sub-Phylum

Urochordata Cephalochordata VERTEBRATA

Division Agnatha Division Gnathostomata

CLASS Cyclostomata
Superclass Pisces Superclass Tetrapoda

C Amphibia
Class
Class Chondrichthyes L
Osteichthyes A Reptilia
S
Aves
S
Mammals

12
Zoology
Protochordate/Acraniata: � Primitive chordates, � Jawless Vertebrates
cranium Absent, all
Primitive cranium Division Gnathostomata
are marine
Absence � Jawed Vertebrate
Sub-Phylum: Urochordata
Division Agnathostome
tail
CLASS CYCLOSTOME:
� Notochord is present only in the larval tail � All are Aquatic
� They are known as Tunicates as their body is � They have Circular, Suctorial mouth without any
covered with Tunicin which is made up of cellulose jaws.
like substance. � All living members are Ectoparasites on Some
  eg: Ascidia , Salpa, Doliolum Fishes.
� They have 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.
� Scales & paired fins are absent.
� Cranium & vertebral column are Cartilaginous.
� They are Marine water animals but for spawning
they migrate to freshwater.
� After spawning, the adults die & the larva develops
into adult & migrates back to the marine water.
E
NOT
Figure: Ascidia Spawning : It means to lay egg & sperm

Sub-Phylum: Cephalochordata eg: Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish)

Head
� Notochord is present from head to tail.
  eg: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus/ lancelet) Figure: Jawless vertebrate- Petromyzon
� Euchordata / Craniata : True Chordates, Brain
Division Gnathostome
Box is Present.
SUPERCLASS PISCES
Sub-Phylum: VERTEBRATA
True Fish
� Notochord is replaced by a vertebral column.
� Heart can be 2 / 3 / 4 chambered. General Characters:
� Respiration through gills /Lungs. � Aquatic
� Paired appendages: Fins/Limbs may be present. � RESPIRATION GILLS
� Kidney for Excretion and Osmoregulation. � Heart 2 chambered, Single circulation
� Gonads present.
� Scales & fins present
NOTE � Nictitating membrane on eye for protection under
water.
All VERTEBRATES are CHORDATES But all
CHORDATES are not VERTEBRATES � Cold Blooded / Poikilothermal.
Division Agnathostome They do not have a fixed
body temperature, instead
Mouth
Jaw it changes with the change in
Absent outer temperature.

13
Animal Kingdom
� Eyelids are present AVES
eg: Rana (Frog) � Forelimbs are modified into wings, hindlimb with
Bufo (Toad) CLAWS: walk, hold.
� No glands except at the base of tail: Uropygeal
Hyla (Tree frog)
gland/oil gland.
Ichthyophis (Limbless Amphibian)
� Beak is present.
Salamandra (Salamander) Crop
� *Alimentary canal with additional chambers
Gizzard

� Lungs provided with 'AIR-SACS' additionally to

supplement Respiration.
� Bones are fully ossified (Bony) & Pneumatic
(long Bones are Hollow).
(a) (b)
� Cloaca is present
Figure: Examples of Amphibia (a) Salamandra
� The waste/excretory product: Paste/Pellet
(b) Rana
REPTILES eg: Pavo (Peacock)
Creeping & crawling animals Psittacula (Parrot)

� First true land Vertebrates Neophron (Vulture)

Largest flightless bird
� Tympanum represents external ear
Struthio (Ostrich)
� Cloaca is present
Corvus (Crow)
� Snakes & Lizard shed their skin as skin cast
Aptenodytes (Penguin)
eg: Alligator (Alligator)
Columba (Pigeon)
Crocodilus (Crocodile)
Testudo (Tortoise)
Chelone (Turtle)
Chameleon (Tree lizard)
Calotes (Garden lizard)
Hemidactylus (Wall Lizard)

Poisonous Snakes
Naja (Cobra), Vipera (Viper)
Bangarus (Krait) (a) (b)

Non-poisonous
Python

(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d)

Figure: Reptiles: (a) Chameleon, (b) Crocodilus, Figure: Some birds: (a) Neophron (b)
(c) Chelone, (d) Naja Struthio (c) Psittacula (d) Pavo

16
Zoology