Archives of Business Research – Vol. 10, No.

5
Publication Date: May 25, 2022
DOI:10.14738/abr.105.12440.
Melania, Ujianto, & Nugroho, M. (2022). Why Becoming Diocesan Priests? Archives of Business Research, 10(05). 202-210.

Why Becoming Diocesan Priests?

Melania
Pancasetia College of Economics Banjarmasin

Ujianto
University of 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya

Mulyanto Nugroho
University 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya

ABSTRACT
This research aims to explore the motives that drive a person becoming a diocesan
priest in the beginning, using qualitative methods with a phenomenological
approach by conducting indepth interview to six diocesan priests who serve in the
Diocese of Banjarmasin. Identified themes classified according to construct of the
theory of planned behaviour (TPB): subjective norms. Results showed that
closeness to parents, missionary dedication, and the exemplary of role models are
the motives that drive a person in his childhood to become a diocesan priest.
Propositions obtained through this research (i) the closer and more trusting family
members are to the family, the stronger the influence of the family to form a
person's life motive / purpose; (ii) the stronger the urge to commit dedication and
totality, the stronger the intention and belief of becoming a diocesan priest; (iii) The
stronger the support of the environment and community, the stronger the
formation of intentions in a person.

Key words: diocesan priest, closeness to parents, missionary dedication, role models

INTRODUCTION
Becoming a priest in the Catholic church is not a worldly attractive thing. Being at that position
requires a lot of sacrifice from many parties. Education must be undertaken using the boarding
school system, which is a difficulty in itself because they must be separated from their family
and have to adapt to many people from various cultures who of course has different
characteristic. After completing the education, diocesan priests will get assignments to various
regions or countries which could be not comfortable. They must also live according to the
evangelical counsels: chastity-poverty–obedience. In today’s very materialistic life, it becomes
very interesting to know what motives drive them to decide becoming a diocesan priest in the
beginning?

LITERATURE REVIEW
Diocesan Priest
Diocesan priest is a priest who lives in the midst of his people in the world or profane or
saeculum or country/city, also called the secular priest. Not living in a monastery or
congregational house, but bound to a particular diocese (Heuken SJ, 1992). The priests
promises to obey his bishop and will not marry (celibacy) and usually take care of the people
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Melania, Ujianto, & Nugroho, M. (2022). Why Becoming Diocesan Priests? Archives of Business Research, 10(05). 202-210.

(parishes), therefore must be close to the people of his diocese with all differences and
conditions, in order to serve as best as possible. Consequently, if a priest is willing to provide
the needs of the people, it is necessary for them to have: (a) sensitivity in order to be able to
capture and understand exactly the needs of people that always develop and change; and (b)
ability to provide response (Heuken SJ, 1992).

Theory of Planned Behaviour

To be able to understand the process of forming behaviour intentions, in this study we adopt
the components from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). TPB although widely used to
explain human behaviour in many studies, such as entrepreneurial intention (Kautonen et al.,
2015) (Karimi et al., 2016)), intention to shop (Shah Alam & Mohamed Sayuti, 2011)(Hoeksma
et al., 2017) , (Moon, 2021)), intention to use marijuana (Jalilian et al., 2020), intention to live
in healthy life (Close et al., 2018) (Shubayr et al., 2020) (Muniandy & Mohamed, 2020),
intention to obey the rule (Goh, 2020), intention to participate in life insurance and saving
(Bhatti, 2020) (Satsios & Hadjidakis, 2018), and other research, but it has not been widely used
to explain long-term behaviour and the conditions in which cognition changes, in situations that
are full of meaning in social reality experienced by diocesan priests.

TPB consists of three determinants of intention that are conceptually independent, first,
attitude toward the behavior (A), this refers to which the person has a good or unpleasant
evaluation of the behavior, a person’s judgment regarding the expected impact of the behavior,
whether it is good or bad (Shapero & Sokol, 1982); (Krueger et al., 2000); (Kolvereid, 1996).

Second, subjective norm (SN): refers to perceived social pressure to perform or not perform
behaviour, so related to the opinions of social groups that are considered important by a person
if he/she performs a behaviour. Normative beliefs as an antecedents over subjective norms
(SN) relate to the possibility that an important individual or reference group approves or
disapproves of performing certain behaviours (Ajzen, 1991). So, subjectives norms (SN) refers
to the most important perceived social influences, for example, family and friends, including
role models or mentors (Krueger et al., 2000).

Third, perceived behavioural control (PBC), refers to the perceived ease or difficulty felt in
performing behavior, considered to reflect past experiences obstacles as well as anticipated
obstacles, so it is a persons’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing a behaviors
(Ajzen, 1991). (Ajzen, 1987); (Ajzen, 2002); (Krueger et al., 2000).

Specifically, in this study the research focused on the formation of behavioural intentions that
are based on subjective norms.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research using qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach, making
phenomena experienced by humans the subject of this studies (Vespa, 2008). Data obtained
from six informants, selected purposively with criteria (1) is a diocesan priest who served in
the Diocese of Banjarmasin; (2) assignment in parochial or categorical work; (3) have adequate
time to convey related information.

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Data were collected through observation and indepth interviews to explore the beliefs of
informants within their own point of view through flashbacks of their life experiences,
therefore emphasize the natural depiction or interpretation of dynamic process of life with the
context of meaning conveyed by the informant about his experiences. The interviews in the
study use guidelines that referred to the concepts establised on the basis of theory. Using open
questions in small numbers with the intention of eliciting views and opinions from the
informants.

Using descriptive critical analysis, researchers conveying and analysing the subject matter with
appropriate interpretation to obtain an in-depth and systematic description of the case studied
in its social setting. Steps taken: (1) interview transcription; (2) read all data to obtain a general
opinion of the collected information and to portray the overall meaning; (3) organizing the
material into pieces or segments of text before bringing meaning to the information; (4)
represent the findings of analysis in qualitative narratives.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Demographic Characteristic
The youngest informant is 47 years old dan the oldest is 71 years old. Two informants entered
the seminary at the age 15-16 years (intermediate seminary level), three of them entered the
seminary after graduating high school, and one person entered the seminary in adulthood (28
years old). Those who enter the intermediate seminary are ordained within 12-14 years, while
the others within 8-11 years. All informants have master’s degree, and one of them is
participating in a doctoral program.

Subjective Norms
Family
According to the informants, they grew up in a catholic family, which carries out their daily
activities in a Catholic environment so that activities related to the Catholic church are
commonly encountered.
… my parents married Catholically and built a family as a Catholic (Informant 1 and 6)
… I came from Catholic family in a village that is all Catholic (Informan 2 and 5)

Although some of their grandparents were not Catholic

… I’m from a Catholic family but my parents were the first generation, my grandparents were
Muslims (Informant 3)
… originally Christian parents, they became Catholic after marriage (Informant 4)
This condition that mainly forming their intention to become diocesan priests, they get a model
of life from their parents.
… the duty of the church can be said to be the task that he faithfully carries out (Informant 2)
… my father was active in the parish (Informant 1)

This closeness to family members strengthens the influence of the family in shaping the
purpose of one’s life, as (Marques et al., 2012) says parents who know a lot about the profession
their child wants will support the desire early on and facilitate it.
Informants have a perception that their parents will feel proud and happy if they become a
priest and in fact there is no one whose wish is rejected by parents.

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... I only saw ooh my parents that actually had a desire for his child to be a nun or pastor... I want
to make my parents happy... (Informant 1)
... for the people, yes it [some become priests] is something extraordinary (Informant 3)

Missionary
Following the activities of parents in providing services in the church automatically brought
them closer to foreign missionaries at that time. Mission activities carried out in regional areas
in Indonesia bring many changes, these Missionaries bring christological values, namely
holiness, totality of love for God and others (Gonggur et al., 2019). And as kids, they saw that
the missionaries honored and loved by the people, and along with that grew admiration for the
dedication of the missionaries who completely dedicated their lives to serve the Lord.

... there was a time when we went to the sub-parish, he took the old lady get in the car and drove
her home, I saw a figure... ooh the priest turned out like that... (Informant 1)
... In the past, all the Dutch priest, they visited from village to village, at that time there was no
vehicle, walk from village one – stay there a few days, then move to another village – another
sub-parish (Informant 2)
… western man willing to go to Kalimantan, why I’m not? (Informant 6)

It is this dedication and totality that attracts those around them to follow in their footsteps. A
person who is able to put himself in the position of others who have pure altruism behavior will
in turn act with similar sincerity. As relationships with others get closer, empathy will also
increase, empathy is significantly able to predict the desire to help (Cialdini et al., 1997).
Empathic concern encompasses the entire constellation such as sympathy, compassion,
tenderness, sensitivity to the suffering of others, sadness, anger, worry, and concern (Schroeder
et al., 2014).

Other Role Models

On the other hand, there is also informant who is moved to become priests precisely because
of the absence of priests in the church.

... Seeing that at my sub-parish was not every week held mass, I imagined, at my age at that time,
if there was the lack of priests
... mass only once a month, another worship led by catechist (Informant 3)

Sincere motivation arises when it is considered there is a need for it (Schroeder et al., 2014).
Jealousy because the church in other locations (parishes) gets full-time service from the priest
while in his church (sub-parish) the priest only comes at a certain time actually makes him
moved to complete the shortcomings.

Informants who have no affinity with foreign missionaries get exemplary from other religious
figures such as prospective priests, sisters, catechists.
… catechist who had a role in my calling (Informant 3)
… there was a nun closest to me... there is one prospective priest as well (Informant 4)

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This other figure who makes them know religious life through various activities such as prayer
groups, groups of young people, and other activities, which in turn makes them feel the desire
to be able to serve.

DISCUSSION
In understanding the motivation that develops in the diocesan priests, the formation of
behavior intentions can be identified as several aspects. First, the intention that they then
manifest in actual behavior is self-interpretation of the environment. The actions performed
have conformity with the situation in which they live. This situation involves another human
being doing something. Second, this intention of behaving appears as free will by remaining
within the limits of the values or norms that apply to the society that surrounds their life. Third,
the existing rules for priests are external factors that put pressure on individuals to adjust. This
adjustment inevitably has to be done because the profession as a diocesan priest does not
provide opportunities to avoid it.

The determination of choices and decision making certainly cannot be separated from various
obstacles in accordance with the context faced by each individual. The behavior of a person in
his daily life that is under the control of his will easily be able to be actualized into a behavior.
As rational beings, who always consider the available information and the implications of their
actions, a person's intention to perform or not perform a behavior is a direct determinant of the
action. It should not be forgotten also that this intention can change over time.

The intention of becoming a diocesan priest is driven by worldly things, wants to please
parents, wants to be respected, wants to be loved, wants to be like the figure they admire and
others, has not been realized as a special call to serve God. The realization that it was God's will
gradually understood as they progressed in the seminary and were further strengthened after
being ordained priests.

Behavior intention is a function of the individual's nature and environmental influences. The
nature of this individual is determined by a very strong belief in a behavior that is also related
to other attributes. In the context of the lives of priests, a person who surrenders his life to
God's will will gain inner peace. The result of this contemplation contributes to the formation
of behavior that brings a person closer to his God. A person who believes that his actions
produce the best will maintain his decision. This belief that underlies his attitude is called the
belief of behaving.

The environment influences behavior intentions through normative beliefs. A person who
believes that most of his role models think he should do something about behavior will be
intimidated into doing that. From the results of the research, the identification of role models
who encourage priests in strengthening their intention to decide to become a priest based on
their status and role in their lives. Status is a position in a social system, and role is an expected
behavior or normative behavior inherent to the status of the perpetrator (Ritzer, 2012).

Theoretically found a link between a person's behavior and strong beliefs. At an early level ,
behavior is assumed to be determined by intention. At the next level, intention is explained by
attitudes towards subjective behaviors and norms. The third level associates subjective
attitudes and norms with the consequences of action, action is an activity related to everything

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Melania, Ujianto, & Nugroho, M. (2022). Why Becoming Diocesan Priests? Archives of Business Research, 10(05). 202-210.

that exists outside of itself (Swatos, Jr., 2010), and normative expectations of relevant
references. A person's behavior is explained by references to his beliefs. A person's beliefs
represent the information they have about their world.

Behavior intentions formed from an early age in the resource persons mainly grow because of
the influence of parents, this study corroborates the findings (Moriano et al., 2012) (Reinecke
et al., 1996) (Iakovleva et al., 2011) (Van Gelderen et al., 2008) (Karimi et al., 2014) (Yurtkoru
et al., 2014) (Kautonen et al., 2015) (Karimi et al., 2016) which show a significant influence of
the role of parents in forming intentions. The role of the family, which in the context of this
study is a parent, is very large, especially in communities with a collective culture where family
ties are strong. The informants wanted to make their parents proud and happy to have a child
who became a diocesan priest.

Closeness to parents, especially in this case who became role models is the father, making the
informants in his childhood actively participate in church activities, for example as altar boys,
active in the youth community, Legion of Mary, and others, which further makes them also close
to priests, nuns, catechists. Exemplary captured from these parties is total dedication to serve
the people (especially from foreign missionaries). Seeing someone willing to take pains to do
something sincerely arouses empathy (Frimer et al., 2014). Informants see this sincerity in
serving making them loved, admired, and respected by the people, as a kid they think that is
what brings happiness. This condition is in line with the opinion (Weaver & Agle, 2002) that
when religion is internalized through repeated social interactions it will contribute to
influencing religious behavior.

The formation of this behavior intentions can be constructed as follows:

Closeness with family

Missionary dedication Behavior

Intention

Exemplary of other
role models

In the picture above it is shown that the intention of becoming a priest is formed in the family,
especially both parents. The closeness of the child to parents makes the child imitate the
religious behavior of his parents, which indirectly makes the child close to the figures in the
church environment, one of which is a foreign missionary. These foreign missionaries are
interesting, because they show very high dedication, they are willing to leave life in their
advanced home countries to serve with totality, willing to live hard in the mission area. In
addition, there are other figures who also form the motive of becoming a priest, namely
prospective priests, nuns, catechists, which also strengthens the formation of this intention. The
existence of these parties simultaneously provides a positive environment for the developing
of the calling.

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The premises and propositions obtained related to this can be seen in the following table:
Table 1. Themes, premises, propositions to form the motives
Theme Premise Proposition
Family is the most Family is a source of The closer and more trusting family
important reference experience and a living members are to the family, the stronger
to the formation of reference for a person the influence of the family to form a
"motives" person's life motive / purpose.
Parents the main Parental exemplary is an
reference to the important source of
formation of reference in a person's life
religious motives
Dedication, totality, The desire to live The stronger the drive to commit
intention, faith dedication and totality dedication and totality, the stronger the
confirms the intention and intention and belief to become a diocesan
belief of being a diocesan priest.
priest
Environment, Environmental and The stronger the support of the
community community support environment and community, the
strengthens intentions in stronger the formation of intentions in a
shaping specific behaviors person.

CONCLUSSION
The motive that drives a person to become a diocesan priest is (1) closeness to the family, the
closer to the family the stronger the influence of the family in forming the motive / purpose of
one's life; (2) missionary dedication, the stronger the urge to commit dedication and totality,
the stronger the intention and belief of becoming a diocesan priest; (3) the exemplarity of other
role models such as catechists, prospective priest, nuns, the stronger the support of the
environment and community reflected by the behavior that is modeled then the stronger the
formation of intentions in a person.

For further research, quantitative analysis can be done to find out how strong the influence of
each motive in forming behavior intentions to became a diocesan priest.

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