CHEMICAL PROCESS

PRINCIPLES I

CHE471
ABOUT ME
• ASDARINA BINTI YAHYA
• A11-2C, LEVEL 11, TOWER 2, ENGINEERING
BUILDING, UITM
• 019-9854998
• COURSE NAME :CHEMICAL PROCESS PRINCIPLES
• COURSE CODE :CHE471
• PROGRAM :EH220
• SEMESTER :2
• CREDIT HOURS :3.0
• CONTACT HOURS :4.0
• COURSE STATUS :CORE
• PRE-REQUISITE :none

•FAIL : CPPII
 OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this module, students are expected to be
able to:

• Explain basic and illustrative techniques for expressing the

values of system variables and for setting up and solving
equations that relate these variables.
• Apply various physical properties of the process materials to
derive additional relations among the system variables.
• Evaluate the unit operations involved in a process by solving
material balance problems for non-reactive and reactive
system.
Lesson Plan
 CHEMIST
VS
CHEMICAL ENGINEER
 Chemist Chemical Engineer

 Developing new  Working with existing

compounds and materials substances
 Deals with large scale
 Deals with small amounts reactions with factory scale
of materials in glassware equipment
on A laboratory bench  Scale up the process to
 Make A few grams of A new
make it by the ton, and at a
profit
compound  More concerned with
 More concerned with heating and cooling large
establishing the details of reaction vessels, pumps
the reactions before the and piping to transfer
materials, and plant design
plant is designed. and operation
What happen if…….
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING
CALCULATIONS
CHAPTER 1
TOPIC OUTCOME
• Understand the units & dimensions and how to
convert the one unit system to another unit system
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
Test yourself
 Answer the following questions YES or NO. Can you….

 Divide ft by s?
YES
 Devide m by cm?
YES
 Multiply ft by s?
YES
 Divide ft by cm?
YES
 Add ft and s?
NO
 Subtract m and (deg) K?
NO
 Add cm and m2?
NO
 Add 1 and 2 cm?
NO
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
Dimensions and units
• Dimensions- property that can be measured

• Basic concepts of measurements are mass, length, time

and temperature.
• The other dimensions are obtained from multiplying or
dividing the above basic dimension. e.g. velocity
(length/time) etc.

• Units

• Means of expressing the dimensions in three

components:
• base, multiple and derived
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
Systems of units
Systems of units

Base units Multiple units Derived units

multiple or By multiplying As defined

units for
fractions and dividing equivalent of
the
of base base units; also compound
dimensions
unit referred to as unit
compound
units
Eg: mass, Eg: tera, Eg: Newton
length, time, kilo, giga = 1 kg.m/
Eg: ft/min
temperature, (velocity),
electrical cm2(area),
current, and kg.m/s2
light intensity (force)
Type of units

Standard
International
System (SI
system)

System
Centimetre-
gram-second
of units
American
system (CGS Engineering
System) System (AE
System)
Base unit
Table 2.3-1a (p. 9)
SI and CGS Units
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 4/E by Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, and Lisa G. Bullard
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple SI units
Derived SI Units
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
  A measured quantity can be expressed in
terms of any units having the appropriate
dimension
 To convert a quantity expressed in terms of
one unit to equivalent in terms of another
unit, multiply the given quantity by the
conversion factor
 Conversion factor – a ratio of equivalent
values of a quantity expressed in different
units
 Let say to convert 36 mg to gram
Conversion
factor
36 mg 1g = 0.036 g
1000 mg
2007/2008 I 27
Conversion factor
 Example
 Convert 4 kg/m3 to lbm /ft3


1.57 x 10-2 g 1 lbm 100 cm 1 m 1.055 x 10-5 lbm

(cm) (s) 453.393 g 1m 3,2806 ft cm.s

Dimensional Equation
To converta quantity with a unit to its
equivalent in term of other units, set up a
dimensional equation:

◦ Write the given quantity and units on left

◦ Write the units of conversion factors that
cancel the old unit and replace them with
the desired unit
◦ Fill the value of the conversion factors
◦ Carry out the arithmetic value
Example: convert 5 m to cm
Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
Try this..
 100,000 inchies to mile

 Convert 50 km/h in m/s

50 km 1000 m 1h 13.888 m
h 1 km 3600 s s

 4.5 kg to Lbs

 100 km to mi
 A truck owner will refuel his vehicle at rate of 2 gallon of
diesel fuel every 5 seconds. If diesel fuel costs RM 2.00 per
gallon, how long it will take for the truck owner to refuel his
vehicle with RM 100 of diesel fuel?

Solution: Calculation :
RM 2.00 = RM 100
Information given: gallon x gallon
2.00 x = 100
rate = 2 gallon
5 sec x = 50

2 gallon = 50 gallon
cost = RM 2.00 / gallon
5 sec γ sec
γ = 125 sec
= 2 min 5 sec
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
2.4 Force And Weight
 Force is proportional to product of mass and acceleration
 Usually defined using derived units ;
1 Newton (N) = 1 kg.m/s2
1 dyne = 1 g.cm/s2
1 Ibf = 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2
 Weight of an object is force exerted on the object by
gravitational attraction of the earth i.e. force of gravity, g.
where value of gravitational acceleration:
g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2
 gc is used to denote the conversion factor from a natural force unit
to a derived force unit.

gc = 1 kg.m/s2 = 32.174 lbm.ft/s2

1N 1 lbf
Example

• What is the force of 2 kg . m /s2 in newtons (N)

2 kg . m 1N s2 2N

s2 1 kg .m

Weight (W) = Mass (m) x Gravity (g)

• An object weight
W= mg
2 lbf at sea level. What is its
mass?

2 lbf 32.174 lbm . ft 1 lbf s2 2 lbm

s2 32.174 ft
Example
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
Numerical Calculation and Estimation
Scientific Notation
A convenient way to represent very large and
very small numbers (often encountered in
process calculation) is to use scientific notation,
in which a number is expressed as the product of
another number (usually between 0.1 and 10)
and a power of 10.

Example:
123,000,000 = 1.23 x 108 (or 0.123 x 109)
0.000028 = 2.8 x 10-5 (or 0.28 x 10-4)
Significant Figures
 The significant figures of a number are the digits from
the first nonzero digit on the left to either (a) the last digit
(zero or nonzero) on the right if there is a decimal point, or
(b) the last nonzero digit of the number if there is no
decimal point.

 Note: The number of significant figures is easily shown and seen if

scientific notation is used.
To validate a quantitative problem solution are
 Back-substitution: After you solve a set of equations,
substitute your solution back into the equations and make
sure it works.
 Order-of-magnitude estimation: Come up with a crude
and easy-to-obtain approximation of the answer to a
problem and making sure that the more exact solution
comes reasonably close to it.
 The test of reasonableness: Verifying the solution
makes sense, example you should be concerned if you
calculate a reactor volume larger than earth (1021 m3).
Process data representation

estimating a point within

Interpolation a known data set
Data
estimating a point outside
Extrapolation
a known data set.
Interpolation Extrapolation
Example 1
• Find the value of y at x = 4 given some set of
values (2, 4), (6, 7)?
Example 2
• Using the linear interpolation formula, find the equation
for the given coordinates (6, 8) and (10, 16).

Given coordinate values are

(x0, y0) and (x1, y1) are (6, 8)
and (10, 16).
July 2017
June 2016
June 2014
June 2012
Quiz 1

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-
school/story.php?title=mtg1mdgwnwf8ij
WHAT ARE IN THIS CHAPTER
Systems of Units

Units and
Dimension
Conversions of Unit
Introduction to
Engineering
Numerical Calculation
Calculation and
Estimations

Force and Weight

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity
Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity

Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless Quantity

Dimensional Homogeneity
• The dimensions on both sides of the “equals” sign in an
equation must be the same.

• Consequently, the units of each term in the equation must

be the same (via conversion) as the units of other terms it
is added to or subtracted from.

• It is also good practice to identify an invalid equation

based on dimensional arguments.
Derivation
•

H = 3.28084 H’
example
Try this
July 2017
Dec 2016
June 2016
Dec 2015
June 2012