NumPy is a Python package. It stands for 'Numerical Python'.
It is a library consisting of multidimensional
array objects and a collection of routines for processing of array.
The most important object defined in NumPy is an N-dimensional array type called ndarray. It describes
the collection of items of the same type. Items in the collection can be accessed using a zero-based
index. Every item in an ndarray takes the same size of block in the memory. Each element in ndarray is
an object of data-type object (called dtype)
Standard Python distribution doesn't come bundled with NumPy module. A lightweight alternative is to
install NumPy using popular Python package installer, pip.
pip install numpy
Numpy functions
import numpy as np
array
1. >>np.array(object, dtype = None, ndmin = 0)
object: Any object exposing the array interface method returns an array, or any (nested) sequence
dtype: Desired data type of array, optional
ndmin: Specifies minimum dimensions of resultant array
Example 1
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2,3])
print(a)
The output is as follows −
[1, 2, 3]
Example 2
# more than one dimensions
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(a)
The output is as follows −
[[1, 2]
[3, 4]]
Example 3
# minimum dimensions
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3,4,5], ndmin = 2)
print(a)
The output is as follows −
[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
Example 4
# dtype parameter
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype = complex)
print (a)
The output is as follows −
[ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j]
2. >>ndarray.shape
This array attribute returns a tuple consisting of array dimensions. It can also be used to resize the array.
Example 1
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print (a.shape)
The output is as follows −
(2, 3)
Example 2
# this resizes the ndarray
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
a.shape = (3,2)
print (a)
The output is as follows −
[[1, 2]
[3, 4]
[5, 6]]
3. >>ndarray.reshape
Example 1
NumPy also provides a reshape function to resize an array.
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
b = a.reshape(3,2)
print (b)
The output is as follows −
[[1, 2]
[3, 4]
[5, 6]]
4. >>np.arange(strt,end,step)
Array with float values
Example 1
# an array of evenly spaced numbers
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(24)
print( a)
The output is as follows −
[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23]
Arr = np.arange(1,20,2.4)
print(Arr)
The output is as follows −
array([ 1. , 3.4, 5.8, 8.2, 10.6, 13. , 15.4, 17.8])
# now reshape it
b = a.reshape(2,4)
print( b)
Mathematical Functions
import numpy as np
a = np.array([0,30,45,60,90])
print ('Sine of different angles:' )
# Convert to radians by multiplying with pi/180
print(np.sin(a*np.pi/180))
print ('Cosine values for angles in array:')
print (np.cos(a*np.pi/180) )
print ('Tangent values for given angles:')
print (np.tan(a*np.pi/180))
print('value of pi')
print(np.pi)
Functions for Rounding
numpy.around()
This is a function that returns the value rounded to the desired precision. The function takes the
following parameters.
numpy.around(a,decimals)
The number of decimals to round to. Default is 0. If negative, the integer is rounded to position to the
left of the decimal point
Example
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1.0,5.55, 123, 0.567, 25.532])
print ('Original array:' )
print (a)
print ('After rounding:')
print (np.around(a) )
print (np.around(a, decimals = 1) )
numpy.floor()
This function returns the largest integer not greater than the input parameter. The floor of the scalar x is
the largest integer i, such that i <= x. Note that in Python, flooring always is rounded away from 0.
Example
import numpy as np
a = np.array([-1.7, 1.5, -0.2, 0.6, 10])
print( 'The given array:')
print (a)
print ('The modified array:')
print (np.floor(a))
It produces the following output −
The given array:
[ -1.7 1.5 -0.2 0.6 10. ]
The modified array:
[ -2. 1. -1. 0. 10.]
numpy.ceil()
The ceil() function returns the ceiling of an input value, i.e. the ceil of the scalar x is the smallest integer
i, such that i >= x.
Example
import numpy as np
a = np.array([-1.7, 1.5, -0.2, 0.6, 10])
print( 'The given array:' )
print (a)
print( 'The modified array:' )
print( np.ceil(a))
It will produce the following output −
The given array:
[ -1.7 1.5 -0.2 0.6 10. ]
The modified array:
[ -1. 2. -0. 1. 10.]
NumPy - Arithmetic Operations
Input arrays for performing arithmetic operations such as add(), subtract(), multiply(), dot() and divide()
must be either of the same shape or should conform to array broadcasting rules
Example
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(9, dtype = np.float_).reshape(3,3)
print ('First array:' )
print (a)
print ('Second array:' )
b = np.array([10,10,10])
print (b)
print( 'Add the two arrays:' )
print (np.add(a,b) )
print ('Subtract the two arrays:' )
print (np.subtract(a,b))
print ('Multiply the two arrays:' )
print (np.multiply(a,b) )
print ('Divide the two arrays:')
print (np.divide(a,b)
print('Dot product two arrays:')
print(np.dot(a,b))
np.product(A) : product at given axis
np.sum(A) : sum
np.max(A) : maximum
np.min(A) : Minimum
np.mean(A) : Returns the average of the array elements
np.var() : Returns the variance of the array elements
np.std() : standard deviations
Arrays with different functions
linspace() will create arrays with a specified number of elements, and spaced equally between the
specified beginning and end values. For example:
>>> np.linspace(1., 4., 6)
array([ 1. , 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4. ])
>>> np.zeros((2,3))
array([[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]])
>>> np.ones((2,3))
array([[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]])
>>> np.empty((2,4))
array([[ 1. , 3.4, 5.8, 8.2],
[10.6, 13. , 15.4, 17.8]])
>>> np.full((2,2), 3)
array([[3, 3],
[3, 3]])
>>> np.eye(3)
array([[1., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 1.]])
