INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY - KATUNAYAKE

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE2030 – Introduction to Telecommunications

Experiment: 02

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & FREQUENCY MODULATION

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 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY - KATUNAYAKE

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE2030 – Introduction to Telecommunications

Student Name:

Registration Number: Group No.

Date of Performed: Date Due:

Initial Submission Date: Re Submission Date:

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Marking Guide Attitudes and Behavior 10%

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70%
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 Institute of Engineering Technology
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Semester 2
EE 2030 – Introduction to Telecommunication
Amplitude Modulation & Frequency Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, the students should be able to,
• Produce an amplitude modulated signal by superimposing two sine waves of different
frequencies.
• Determine the modulation factor.
• Analysis the frequencies present in an AM signal.
APPARATUS:
• Sine Wave Generator
• 1: 1 Repeating coil – 2 Nos
• Coil (200mH)
• Diode (AA118)
• Resistors (10kΩ, 220kΩ)
• Capacitors (100PF, 0.1µF)
• Oscilloscope

THEORY:

Figure 1

The Figure 1 shows how the message modulates the carrier signal to produce the AM signal. Notice
that the AM signal’s amplitude increases or decreases as the message signal increases or decreases –
this is where the term amplitude modulation comes from. Even though we only need the amplitude to
change, looking at the AM signal we can see that by modulating the amplitude, we have added
frequency components to the carrier signal.
Amplitude modulation in its simplest form can be represented as a few signals. The first signal is the
carrier signal, c(t). This signal can be represented by the equation:
c(t)=AcSin(2πfct)
Where,
fc - frequency of the carrier signal
Ac - amplitude of the carrier signal
The second signal is the message signal, m(t). This is represented by the equation:
 m(t)=AmSin(2πfmt)
Where,
fm = frequency of the message signal
Am = amplitude of the message signal.
The message signal can also be referred to as the modulation signal.
From these two signals, an amplitude modulated signal, y(t), can be defined as follows:
y(t) = A'Sin(2πfct)
y(t)=[Ac+m(t)]Sin(2πfct)
y(t)=[Ac+ AmSin(2πfmt)]Sin(2πfct) = Ac[1+µSin(2πfmt)]Sin(2πfct)
Where µ = Modulating Index ( Am/Ac)

Using trigonometric identities, y(t) can be expanded in a sum of three sine waves:
y(t)=Acsin(2πfct) +1/2AcµCos[2π(fc-fm) t] -1/2AcµCos[2π(fc+fm) t
The frequencies of the additional sine waves produced by amplitude modulation are called the upper
(for the higher frequency) and lower (for the lower frequency) sidebands. The difference between the
upper sideband and the lower sideband is referred to as the bandwidth of the AM signal.
When discussing amplitude modulation, it can be important to talk about the modulation index (µ) of
a signal. The modulation index describes the extent to which a signal is modulated about the carrier
and can be expressed with the equation:
µ=Am /Ac
where,
AM = amplitude of the message signal
AC = amplitude of the carrier signal.
While we can compute the modulation index directly from a known carrier and message signal, it is
more common to compute the modulation index from measurements taken from using the Scope.
Using this method, the modulation index can be defined as:
µ=(Vmax−Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)
where,
Vmax = maximum peak to peak value of the modulated signal
Vmin = minimum peak to peak value of the modulated signal.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.
2. Using RF signal generator
a. Set the Carrier Signal to 4Vpp & 28Khz.
b. Set the Message Signal to 2Vpp & 1KHz.
3. Using Oscilloscope measure the voltage at point A, B & C.
4. Draw the oscilloscope display at these points.
5. Calculate the modulation factor.

Figure 2
PART 2 – FREQUENCY MODULATION

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, the students should be able to, Investigate the techniques of frequency
modulation.

APPARATUS:

• Multisim software
o Oscilloscope - XSC1
o Function generator – XFG1
o Voltage – Controlled Sine Wave Oscillator – VCO

THEORY:

Frequency modulation is the process of superimposing the message signal onto the carrier signal and
the resulting wave with variable frequency is called a frequency modulated wave.

Figure 3

In the figure, it shows the message signal or modulating signal which contains information, the
second figure shows the high frequency carrier wave which contains no information, and the last
figure shows the resultant frequency modulated wave.

The equation for an FM signal can be expressed as:

𝐭
Yfm(t) = EcCos[ 2πfct + 2πkf∫𝟎 𝐗(𝐭)𝐝𝐭]

where,
Ec - amplitude of the carrier signal
fc - frequency of the carrier signal
kf - frequency sensitivity constant, (determines the amount of frequency deviation in the FM
signal for a given amplitude of the modulating signal X(t))
X(t) - modulating signal

In this equation, the modulating signal X(t) is integrated over time and multiplied by the frequency
sensitivity constant kf before being added to the carrier signal. This causes the frequency of the carrier
signal to vary in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal, resulting in a frequency
modulated signal.
The frequency deviation of the FM signal is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal
and the frequency sensitivity constant kf. The bandwidth of the FM signal is determined by the
maximum frequency present in the modulating signal, as well as the frequency sensitivity constant kf.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as follows using Multisim software

Figure 4

2. Set the function Generator with following settings

a. Waveform Type – Sine Wave
b. Frequency - 1Hz
c. Amplitude - 1V
3. Set the values in VCO as follows

4. Observe the Frequency Modulated Signal and draw in observation sheet.

DISCUSSION:

1. What is AM and FM modulation, and how do they differ?

2. How do these modulation techniques allow signals to be transmitted over long distances?
3. What are some common applications of AM and FM modulation in real-life situations?
4. How do AM and FM signals differ in terms of bandwidth, power, and spectral
characteristics?
5. What advantages and disadvantages do each of these techniques offer in terms of signal
quality, noise immunity, and interference resistance?
6. What are some real-world applications of AM and FM modulation in fields like radio
broadcasting, wireless communication, and radar systems?
7. What new developments are occurring in the field of signal processing and modulation
techniques, and how might these impact future communication systems?