UNIT 1.

A
I. Types of Communication According to Mode
-The true mode of communication pertains to the exact way by which a communication is
expressed or the way a communication is processed.
A. Verbal Communication
-occur when two or more individuals speak to each other, whether it be formally or
informally, face-to-face or virtually, or via telephone or video chat.
B. Non-verbal Communication
-are equally important as verbal communications, and in many instances, they occur at
the same time, as well as existing independently during other interactions.
C. Visual Communication
-are sometimes considered non-verbal, although may (such as television) include both
verbal and non-verbal interactions, practice of using visual elements to communicate
information or ideas.

II. Types of Communication According to Context

-The context definition in communication refers to the factors that work together to determine
the meaning of a message
A. Intrapersonal Communication
-define as communication with one’s self, and that may include self-talk, acts of
imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory (McLean, 2005) intrapersonal
communication is the way of communicating that we do with our inner self.
B. Interpersonal Communication
-the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two or more people
through verbal or non-verbal methods.
C. Extended Communication
-involves the use of electronic media. With the use of electronic media, messages are
transmitted quickly.

D. Organizational Communication
 -focuses on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts.
1. Types of Organizational Structure
a. Formal Structure
-this allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow
between positions in the organizations.
i. Downward Communication
-this is the type that flows from upper to lower positions.

ii. Upward Communication

-the message transmission is from subordinates to their superior/bosses bearing their

views/feedback on organizational policies, issues related to their jobs and the like.

iii. Horizontal Communication

-this is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same level
but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance of tasks
through proper coordination.

iv. Crosswise Communication

-the approach is diagonal in nature as employee from different units or departments

working at various levels communicate with each other.
b. Informal Communication
-this comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as “grapevine”
messages coming from different levels of the organization are transmitted.
E. Intercultural Communication
-a communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
social and professional backgrounds. Even gender difference affects communication.
Individuals having different orientation communicate and interpret messages differently

III. Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style

1. Formal Communication
-this type of communication employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. To
inform, to entertain and to persuade are the main objectives of this type of communication.
2. Informal Communication
-in this type of communication certainly does not employ formal language. It involves
personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members or acquaintances
about anything under the sun.

UNIT 1. B
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Linear: Aristotle’s Communication Model

-this model was developed some 2000 years ago. Aristotle (the Greek philosopher)
includes in this model the five necessary factors of communication: Speaker,
Speech/Message, Audience, Effect and Occasion. (sender>channel>receiver)
2. Interactional: Osgood and Schramm Communication Model
-Schramm continued from a simple human communication model to a more complex
model that justified the total experiences of two people trying to engage in
communication and then to a model that considered human communication with
interaction between two people. (message is sent and then followed by a reaction
(feedback), which is then followed by another reaction, and so on.)
3. Transactional: Berlo’s and Barlund’s Communication Model
-Transaction Model of communication describes communication as a process in which
communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. In
this model, persons involve don’t just communicate to exchange messages; they
communicate to create relationships. Form intercultural alliances.

UNIT 1. C
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the principles to be
observed to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, you should be able to
apply the following principles:
1. Know your purpose in communicating.
2. Know your audience.
3. Know your topic.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.
5. Work on the feedback given to you.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION
1. Be clear about your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by facts
and
essential information.
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or were they with your statements. Brevity in
speech
is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with appropriate gestures and
movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence if you do not feel confident enough.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time
7 C’S PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. Be clear
2. Be concise
3. Be concrete
4. Be correct
5. Be coherent
6. Be complete
7. Be courteous
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your
integrity
as a person. One’s behavior and decision- making style affect the intern in the operations of an
organization.
2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not the data should always
be contextualized correctly.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide information
that
is necessary for purpose of transparency.

Unit 1. D & E
Purposes and Styles of Communication
MAIN PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION
The first one is when individuals share knowledge about the world in which they live, their
purpose is to inform.
The second one Is when individuals describe their subjective impressions of the things around
them, their purpose is to evoke.
The third one Is when individuals share a feeling of pleasure and delight to other people, their
purpose is to entertain.
The fourth one Is when individuals attempt to clearly and concisely present arguments against
whatever the topic of the conversation is, their purpose is to argue.
The last one Is when people attempt to influence the beliefs or actions of others, their purpose is
to persuade.
COMMUNICATION STYLES
-defined by our tendency to communicate directly or indirectly.
FOUR BASIC COMMUNICATION STYLES
1. Passive
Passive communicators are typically quiet and don’t seek attention. They may act indifferent
during debates and rarely take a strong stance or assert themselves. They don’t usually share
their needs or express their feelings, so it may be difficult to know when they are uncomfortable
or need help with an important project.
2. Aggressive
Aggressive communicators frequently express their thoughts and feelings and tend to dominate
conversations, often at the expense of others. They may also react before thinking, which can
negatively affect relationships and decrease productivity in the workplace. While an aggressive
communication style might command respect in certain leadership situations, it’s often
intimidating to those who respond better to a calm approach.
3. Passive – aggressive
Passive-aggressive communicators appear passive on the surface but often have more aggressive
motivations driving their actions. While their words might sound agreeable, their actions don’t
always align with what they say. They can quietly manipulate a situation into one that benefits
them. Some passive-aggressive communicators use this approach because they feel powerless or
manipulated, though that isn’t necessarily the case.
4. Assertive
The assertive style is typically the most respectful and productive type of communication in the
workplace. Assertive communicators share their thoughts and ideas confidently, but they’re
always respectful and polite. They readily take on challenges but know how to say ‘no” when it’s
required. These individuals understand their own limits and protect their boundaries without
acting overly aggressive or defensive.

UNIT 2
MIGRATION IN COMMUNICATION
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Setting
A. A World of Diversity
B. The Global Community
C. Cultural Awareness Sensitivity
D. Gender Sensitivity
-refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and cultural factors
involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of
public and private life. It focuses mainly on instances of structural disadvantage in the
positions and roles of women.
Examples of gender-neutral words that may be used are as follows:

1. ancestors, forebears (instead of forefathers)

2. artificial, manufactured (instead of man-made)
3. average/ordinary person (instead of common man)
4. chair, chairperson, coordinator (instead of chairman)
5. courteous, cultured (instead of ladylike)
 6. first-year student (instead of freshman)
7. flight attendant (instead of steward, stewardess)
8. human resources (instead of manpower)
9. legislator, representative (instead of congressman)
10. mail carrier, letter carrier, postal worker (instead of mailman, postman)
11. people, human beings (instead of mankind)
12. person, individual (instead of man)
13. police officer (instead of policeman)
14. solidarity (instead of brotherhood)
15. to operate, to cover, to staff (instead of to man)
E. Political Correctness
-The term politico' correctness is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are
intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.
Since the late 1980s, the term has come to refer to avoiding language or behavior that can
be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting groups of people considered
disadvantaged or discriminated against, especially groups defined by sex or race. In
public discourse and the media, it is generally used as a pejorative, implying that these
policies are excessive.
Some words that may be used for political correctness are as follows:

1. academic dishonesty (instead of cheating)

2. aesthetically challenged (instead of ugly)
3. black (instead of negro)
4. comb-free (instead of bald)
5. differently abled (instead of disabled)
6. drug dependent (instead of drug addict)
7. dysfunctional family (instead of broker home)
8. economically marginalized (instead of poor)
9. elderly, senior (instead of old)
10. ethically disoriented (instead of dishonest)
11. hearing impaired (instead of deaf)
12. informal settlers (instead of squatters)
13. intellectual disability, intellectual developmental disorder (instead of mental
retardation)
14. intellectually impaired (instead of stupid)
15. little people (instead of midget, dwarf)
16. morally challenged (instead of a crook)
17. nondiscretionary fragrance (instead of body odor)
18. outdoor urban dwellers (instead of homeless)
19. people of mass (instead of fat)
20. rape survivor (instead of rape victim)
21. sexually dysfunctional (instead of perverted)
22. socially misaligned (instead of psychopath)
23. technologically challenged (instead of computer illiterate)
24. vertically challenged (instead of short)
25. visually challenged (instead of blind)

Unit 3
Evaluating Messages and Images

A. LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPES

When you find yourself lost in an unfamiliar place, you would first look around for signs
that may tell you where you actually are. You would look for street names, billboards,
signage, or even bills posted on walls and posts. Those signs will help you familiarize
yourself in the surrounding and may signal you about a familiar thing that may make you
identify your location. The things that you can actually see that do not necessarily need
words to express a thought is called linguistic landscape.
Official signs are produced with a top down discourse, while signs produced by an
individual or a group, but not officially recognized has bottom up discourse.

B. GEOSEMIOTICS

Looking at a particular sign, you may notice that the various elements used in it have
meaning, and elements symbolic in the message they want to convey. Try to pay attention
to the various features including color, size, shape, and where the sign is placed. They
may be used in analyzing the symbolic and contextual meaning of signs. This is what
linguists call as geosemiotics. It is a mode of analyzing signs.

C. KINDS OF SIGNS

Although it is often assumed that signs only differ in features, signs are divided into
different kinds based on the contextual meaning and discourse, thus, a sign may be:

1. Regulatory, if it indicates authority and is official or legal prohibitions.

2. Infrastructural, if it labels things or directs for the maintenance of a building or any
infrastructure.
3. Commercial, which advertises or promotes a product, an event, or a service in
commerce, or
4. Transgressive, if it violates (intentionally or accidentally) the conventional semiotics
or is in wrong place, like a graffiti (In English, graffiti is used both as a singular and
plural noun. In Italian, though, the singular form is graffito.)

D. ONLINE LANDSCAPES
People who go online are called netizens-an abstraction of the words Internet and citizen.
Netizens are metaphorically considered as the citizens of the virtual world.
We now live in a time when almost every one has at least one social media account. We
communicate now through these virtual landscapes more than ever. This virtual space is
also a language landscape. Looking at it as landscape rather than a language should
prompt you to see the semiotic options in the context of social spaces in this environment.
Three of the many media in this landscape are the following:
1. YouTube.
Although YouTube (Be mindful as to how the word is spelled because it is a proper
noun.) videos cannot specifically be considered as https://winbuzzer.com signs or
symbols, YouTube video producers use symbols and signs, generally inclusive in the
language used, to convey the message they want to express. It is difficult to
generalize the use of YouTube whether for research, entertainment, or extensive
advertisement.
2. Twitter.
This virtual landscape is described by Mooney & Evans (2015) as ubiquitous. What
this virtual landscape looks like depends on the technology and on the choires the
user makes.
3. Memes.
Is a term given to any posts, language or photo that has an uptake to a social, moral,
or political idea that most of the time seems funny.