2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

Application of Double Park’s Vector Approach for

Detection of Inter-turn Fault in Induction Motor
Tushar G. Vilhekar ∗ Student Member, IEEE, Makarand S. Ballal∗ Member, IEEE and
H. M. Suryawanshi∗ Senior Member, IEEE
∗ Emails:[email protected], [email protected] and hms [email protected]
∗ Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India 440010

Abstract—In this paper, the double Park’s vector (DPV) cost, production revenue lost [1]. In order to avoid these losses
approach is used for the detection of inter-turn fault. This the fault needs to be detected at an incipient stage.
technique is verified on a three phase squirrel cage induction One of the commonly occurring fault in the SCIM is inter-
motor (SCIM). Wherever the inter-turn fault occurs in the SCIM,
the additional frequency components is introduced in stator turn fault [2]. In [3]–[5] different techniques for the detection
phase current. Detection of the inter-turn fault is made possible of stator winding fault and monitoring the health of SCIM
by continuous monitoring Park’s vector pattern of harmonic are reported. In [6], [7] detection of the fault using motor
frequency and fundamental component of the stator phase current signature analysis is reported. In [8] an adaptive fuzzy
currents using double Park’s vector approach. This is a new neural interface approach is used for the detection of stator
technique which is, not yet been reported in the literature. In this
analysis, the dominant harmonic and fundamental component inter-turn and bearing fault. In [9] condition of the stator
from the three phase stator currents are extracted using FFT winding is monitored using global optimization based on
of stator currents. These harmonic and fundamental component hyperbolic cross point. In [10] the insulation of the winding is
of stator currents are converted into two phase quantity using monitored by online switching transient exploitation. In [11]
Park’s vector transformation and the Park’s vector patterns are the stator winding fault is detected by continuous monitoring
plotted. As both Park’s vectors are monitored simultaneously, it
is called double Park’s vector. The Park’s vector of the harmonic of instantaneous active and reactive power signature analysis.
component is validated by the Park’s vector of the fundamental In [12]–[14] the Park’s vector approach is used for the
component of stator currents. detection of eccentricity, inter-turn and bearing faults. In [15],
[16] the extended Park’s vector approach is used for the
Keywords-Induction Motor; Inter-turn fault; FFT; Double detection of the rotor and stator faults. In [17] the Park’s
Park’s vector (DPV). vectors is used for the training of artificial neural network for
the detection of healthy and faulty condition. In [18] detection
NOMENCLATURE of the winding fault using symmetrical component is reported.
vsU , vsV , vsW Stator voltages for U , V and W phases. In [19] combination of the Hilbert transform and Park’s vector
isU , isV , isW Stator currents for U , V and W phases. approach is reported for detection of the broken rotor bar,
ZsU , ZsV , ZsW Stator impedance for U , V and W phases. bearing, eccentricity and voltage unbalanced. In [20] analyze
NsU , NsV , NsW Number of turns in stator U , V , W phases. the comparative Parks vector and symmetrical components
U1 , U2 , U3 Winding tapping fault for 5%, 10% and 15%. approach for inter-turn fault detection in transformer.
Zt Total impedance across shorted turns. In the existing techniques the health of the machines is
r fault severity limiting resistance. monitored by simply monitoring the Park’s vector pattern.
ω Angular supply frequency in rad/sec. But unbalanced voltage can also disturb the Park’s vector
t Instantaneous time in sec. pattern, which can lead to misinterpretation of the results.
Ism Maximum supply phase current. In order to overcome such problem, the double Park’s vector
Is1 Fundamental component stator current (DPV) approach is proposed. In the proposed technique, the
Isdh1 First dominant harmonic component of current fundamental and dominant frequency component are extracted
Isdhn nth dominant harmonic component of current from the three phase stator currents using FFT. The fundamen-
tal frequency component of the three phase stator currents
are converted into two phase quantity using Park’s vector
I. I NTRODUCTION transformation and Park’s vector pattern is plotted. Similarly,
the Park’s vector pattern is plotted for the dominant harmonic
The squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) is the most component. Both Park’s vector pattern are monitored continu-
important motor, among the motors used in the industries. The ously for detection of inter-turn fault in the SCIM hence it is
induction motor is most widely used because of cost, size, called DPV. The harmonic component Park’s vector pattern is
reliability, simplicity, efficiency etc. Due to the unexpected validated by monitoring fundamental component Park’s vector
failure can leads to unwanted downtime and it further lead component. Advantages of the proposed technique are simple,
to heavy financial losses to the industries in term maintenance easy to implement, it help to distinguish between different

978-1-4673-7748-5/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

healthy and faulty condition, it also helps for the identification hence the current flowing in the stator phase winding is
of fault location and this is an iterative technique for exact fault inversely proportion to the impedance of the winding.
identification. vs
isU = U
ZsU
II. FAULT DETECTION METHODOLOGY 1
∴ isU ∝ (6)
A. Problem formulation ZsU
When the N number of turns gets shorted in U phase due
The circuit diagram of the stator winding is shown in Fig. to inter-turn fault, it leads to reduction in number of turns
1. The resistance and inductance of the winding depends on (NsU − N ) in U phase. It further results into the decrease in
length that is, number of turns in the stator winding as given impedance of the phase winding. Therefore impedance of the
below, faulty winding is less than as compared with healthy winding.
ρlsU Hence the current during the faulty condition greater than
RsU = (1) healthy condition.
A
ZsU f < ZsU
µo <lr πNs2U ∴ isU f > isU (7)
LsU = (2)
g
B. Park’s vector approach
For the same conductor resistivity (ρ) of the material and In the Parks vector transformation, the rotating three phase
the cross section area (A) are constant. Hence resistance of the currents quantities are converted into stationary two phase
conductor is directly proportional to length of the conductor quantity. The three phase induction motors winding neutral
(lsU ) that is, number of turns. point is isolated, hence the currents will not have any homo-
polar component [16]. The two dimensional representations
RsU ∝ lsU ∝ NsU (3) can be used for detection of faults in the SCIM. The three
phase stator current are converted into the two phase quantity
using Parks vector transformation [12]. The Parks vector
Shorting transformation as given below,
resistance r
isU
ZsU NsU Zt 2 1 1
vs
isd = is − √ isV − √ isW
U
Us Phase 3 U 6 6
ZsV
U3 U2 U1 r
NsV 1 1
isV
vs V
isq = √ isV − √ isW (8)
Vs Phase 2 2
ZsW NsW 436 turns per phase
isW Where,
vs W

Ws Phase
q
Stator winding isU = i2sU 1 + i2sU dh1 + ......... + i2sU dhn
q
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of stator winding of SCIM. isV = i2sV 1 + i2sV dh1 + ......... + i2sV dhn
q
isW = i2sW 1 + i2sW dh1 + ......... + i2sW dhn
For normal running condition permeability of free space
(µo ), mean radius of air-gap (<), length of air-gap (g) and Under symmetric and healthy condition of the SCIM the
length of rotor (lr ) are constant, hence self inductance of the phase currents are balanced, hence other harmonics component
stator winding is directly proportional to the square of number are absent. Under such condition the direct axis and quadrature
turns in the stator winding. axis are perpendicular to each other, hence the Park’s vectors
can be express as below.
√
LsU ∝ Ns2U (4) 6
isd = Ism sin(ωt)
√2
Similarly, the mutual inductance is directly proportional to
6 π
the number of turns in stator winding. The resistance and isq = Ism sin(ωt − ) (9)
inductance of the stator winding is directly proportional to 2 2
number of turns in the stator winding, hence impedance of Under this condition the Park’s vector that is, Lissajou’s
the stator winding is depends on number turns in the stator pattern appears like circular in shape. If the inter-turn fault
winding. occurs, the current in faulty phase is increased (7), because
of the harmonic component is generated in stator current. The
ZsU = f (NsU ) (5) three phase stator currents become unbalanced, hence (9) is
no longer valid and the shape of the Park’s vector pattern also
The instantaneous value of stator U phase current is given changes. By continuous monitoring the shape of the Park’s
below. At normal running condition supply voltage is constant, vector pattern the health of the SCIM can be identified.

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

C. Algorithm for double Park’s vector approach III. E XPERIMENTAL SETUP DESCRIPTION
The proposed technique is verified on three phase SCIM.
The DPV approach is similar to existing Park’s vector The specification of the experimental motor are in depicted in
technique. In case of existing Park’s vector the unbalanced Table I. This is a specially designed SCIM for the analysis
voltage can also disturb the Park’s vector pattern and the of inter-turn faults experimentally. The three tappings of
result may be misinterpreted. In order to avoid such condition, U1 (5%), U2 (10%) and U3 (15%) are taken out from each phase
new DPV technique is proposed. In this technique, instead of of the stator winding as shown in Fig. 1. The functional dia-
plotted single Park’s vector of stator currents two Park’s vector gram of the experimental laboratory test setup and laboratory
of fundamental component and dominant harmonic component photograph are shown in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b) respectively.
are plotting on single, graph hence it is called DPV. The
algorithm for DPV is shown in Fig. 2.
TABLE I
D ESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF THE EXPERIMENT SCIM.

Start Parameters Specification

Output power one hp
Sense stator currents Supply voltage 415 V, 50 Hz
3* Winding type Single layer, concentric
FFT turns/phase 436
3* 3* Speed (full load) 1405 rpm
Extraction
Fundamental Dominant
component Harmonic

3*
component Shorting
Three phase
3* resistance
Correction Correction
autotransformer
factor factor Turns for inter- U1 U2 U3
3 *
3* turn Shorting
Generation Generation U
sine wave sine wave Three phase Rotor
3 *
3 * AC supply V
Apply PV Apply PV 415 V, 50 Hz W
approach approach
2* 2* 1 hp,
Compare
PV1
PV1 and PV2 PV2 Lab-View® NI DAS Current three phase, 1 kW DC
sensors SCIM Shunt
generator
Display DPV

No Are PV1 Yes Take

& PV2 appropriate (a)
diff. ? action

Fig. 2. Algorithm for Double Park’s Vector approach.

In this technique, initially three phase stator currents are

sensed. Then the fundamental and dominant harmonic fre-
quency components are extracted from the stator currents
using FFT. Generate sinusoidal signals with the amplitude
and frequency of the fundamental and dominant harmonic
frequency component. Due to constructional asymmetry the
fundamental and dominant harmonic frequency components
are unbalanced. To balance both quantities the correction fac-
tor is added [18] in both fundamental and dominant harmonic (b)
component. The correction factor is the ratio of reference Fig. 3. (a) Functional diagram of the laboratory test setup and (b) Experi-
currents and actual current. This has been calculated for both mental laboratory test setup photograph for inter-turn fault detection.
fundamental and third harmonic components. Three phase fun-
damental and dominant harmonic components are converted To creates the inter-turn fault on ZSCIM theZs tapping are
into two phase quantity by using Park’s vector transformation. N
shorted by using external variable resistance of 5 Ω, 10 A,
The Park’s vector pattern of both fundamental and dominant which will control the severity of the inter-turn r
fault. The
harmonic frequency are plotted. The DPV is the plot of Park’s neutral is not connected in the circuit, hence the homopolar
vector pattern of both fundamental and dominant harmonics component is absent in the stator current [17]. For the electrical
component on single graph. loading 1 kW DC shunt generator is coupled with SCIM and

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)
1
10
the DC shunt generator is further connected to a resistor load
bank. The stator current are sensed by using Hall effect sensors 10
0

(LEM LA 55-P). The sensed currents are acquired by using -1

10
National Instrument Data Acquisition System (NI DAS 6361
model). The NI DAS 6361 consists of 8 analog input channels 10
-2

Iu [A]
with ±10 volts, 16 bit ADC resolution. To process these sensed 10
-3

signal the Lab-VIEWr software package is used. The DPV -4

patterns are monitored on the Lab-VIEWr platform.

10

-5
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
IV. E XPERIMENTAL RESULTS Frequency (Hz)

The one hp experimental SCIM is tested in the laboratory (a)

1
10
under healthy and faulty condition. The results are analyzed for
unbalance supply voltage and turns shorted in the U, V and W 10
0

phases. In healthy conditions current may be unbalanced due 10

-1

to constructional asymmetry or the supply unbalanced. In order

Iu[A]
-2
to get balanced currents, the correction factor is added to the 10

fundamental component and dominant harmonics component 10

-3

of the stator currents [18]. In order get better visualization of -4

10
the Park’s vector pattern of dominant harmonic component are
scaled, so that it can be comparable with Park’s vector pattern 10
-5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Frequency (Hz)
of the fundamental component.
(b)
A. FFT analysis of the stator current
Fig. 4. Experimental FFT of the stator U phase current at no-load condition
The FFT of the stator U phase current for healthy and (a) Healthy and (b) Faulty.
faulty (15% turns shorted) at no-load condition are shown in
Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) respectively. It is observed that, if the
inter-turn fault occurs, then amplitude of the fundamental and winding currents is shown Fig. 6. The circular DPV pattern
dominant harmonic that is, 3rd order harmonic component in becomes an elliptical in shape. The DPV patterns for the 5%,
U phase is increased. Where as in case of other phases no 10% and 15% turns shorted in U are shown Fig. 6(a), Fig.
variation is observed in the 3rd order harmonic component. 6(b) and Fig. 6(c) respectively. It is also observed that, with
The 3rd harmonics component is produced due to winding the severity of the fault area of the both ellipse is increased.
asymmetry produced by the inter-turn fault. This is verified
5
on all three phases. The dominant harmonics can be of any PV2
PV1
4
order that depend on types of the supply, electrical design
and manufacture defects. In case of inverter fed induction 3

motor the dominant harmonics is one, which is showing more 2

significant varication with respect to the severity of the inter- 1

turn fault.
Iq (A)

-1
B. Double Park’s vector analysis
-2
It is observed that, during the inter-turn fault in the stator
winding the amplitude of the fundamental and 3rd order -3

harmonic component is increased. So, in order to have exact -4

inter-turn fault detection, the Park’s vector of the fundamental -5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
and 3rd order that is, dominant harmonic component of stator Id (A)

currents are plotted.

Fig. 5. Double Park’s vector pattern for healthy condition.
The typical DPV pattern for healthy condition is shown in
Fig. 5. The PV1 and PV2 indicate Park’s vector pattern for the
fundamental and dominant harmonic component. It is observed The SCIM is further analyzed for inter-turn fault in V and
that both Park’s vector patterns are almost circular in shape. W phases winding. The DPV patten for 15% turns shorted in V
This indicates that the SCIM is in the healthy condition. The and W phase are shown in Fig. 7(a) and Fig. 7(b) respectively.
occurrence of the inter-turn fault in the stator winding will It is observed that, when the inter-turn fault location that is,
result into generation of additional harmonic component into phase is changes the orientation of the DPV pattern changes.
stator winding. This causes unbalanced in the stator currents, That is, angle of the major axis of Park’s vector with X axis
which further leads to deformation in the DPV pattern of the of the DPV pattern. For this particular machine whenever the
fundamental and dominant harmonic component of the stator inter-turn fault occurs in U phase the DPV pattern deformed

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

5 5 5
PV2 PV2 PV2
PV1 PV1 PV1
4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1
Iq (A)

Iq (A)

Iq (A)
0 0 0

-1 -1 -1

-2 -2 -2

-3 -3 -3

-4 -4 -4

-5 -5 -5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Id (A) Id (A) Id (A)

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 6. Double Park’s vector pattern for inter-turn fault in U phase winding (a) 5% turns shorted, (b) 10% turns shorted and (c) 15% turns shorted.

5
in the horizontal direction, where in case of inter-turn fault PV2
PV1
in V phase the double Park’s vector pattern deformed in 4

north-west and south-east direction, and for W phase the 3

DPV pattern deformed in north-east and south-west direction. 2

So, depending on the orientation of the double Park’s vector 1

pattern the location of the inter-turn fault can be identified.

Iq (A)
0

-1

C. Unbalanced supply voltage analysis -2

The Unbalanced in the supply voltage is a common problem. -3

Even through SCIM is in the healthy condition, due to -4

unbalanced in supply voltage will disturb the Park’s vector
-5
pattern. This may leads to misinterpretation of the health status -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Id (A)
1 2 3 4 5

of SCIM. To overcome this problem the DPV is proposed.

(a)
Because, during unbalanced voltage and inter-turn fault con-
5
dition, the harmonics produced are of the different frequency PV2
PV1
4
[18]. The DPV pattern for the unbalance supply voltage is
shown in Fig. 8. To create unbalance in the supply voltage, 3

the V phase voltage is increased by 5% of the rated voltage. 2

Due to increased in voltage of the V phase the fundamental 1

component of V phase stator current is increased. Hence the

Iq (A)

0
Park’s vector pattern of the fundamental component of the
-1
stator current showing slightly deformation in the shape along
-2
north-west and south-east direction. The dominant harmonic
-3
component for inter-turn fault not showing variation due to
absence of inter-turn fault in SCIM. Hence the Park’s vector -4

pattern of the dominant harmonic component is almost same. -5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
In this way the DPV approach is used to distinguish between Id (A)

inter-turn fault and unbalanced supply voltage. (b)

D. Comparison of Area of Park’s vector patterns Fig. 7. Double Park’s vector pattern for 15% turns shorted in (a) V phase
The area of the Park’s vector pattern calculated by consid- winding and (b) W phase winding.
ering Park’s vector pattern as ellipse. The comparison of the
Park’s vector pattern is given in Table II. It is observed that, as
the percentage of number of turns shorted increased then the
area of the both Park’s vector is increased. Where in case of
unbalanced voltage only area of PV1 changes and area of PV2 Park’s vector also changes with respect to loading condition,
is almost constant. This confirmed that the proposed technique in such case monitoring the shape of the Park’s vector pattern
is more accurate than existing techniques. The area of the can help to distinguish between loading and faulty condition.

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 2015 International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON)

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