AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review Name

1. Answer the following questions about ozone

a. The O3 molecule has a central oxygen atom bonded to two outer oxygen atoms that are
not bonded to one another. In the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot diagram of the
O3 molecule. Include all valid resonance structures.

b. Based on the diagram you drew in part (a), what is the shape of the ozone molecule?

Ozone decomposes according to the reaction represented below

2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)

ΔH° = − 285 kJ/molrxn

c. The bond enthalpy of the oxygen-oxygen bond in O 2 is 498 kJ/mol. Based on the
enthalpy of the reaction represented above, what is the average bond enthalpy, in
kJ/mol, of an oxygen-oxygen bond in O3?

Ozone can oxidize HSO3−(aq), as represented by the equation below.

HSO3−(aq) + O3(aq) → HSO4−(aq) + O2(g)

A solution is prepared in which the initial concentration of HSO3−(aq) (6.4 × 10−4 M) is

much larger than that of O3(aq) (1.0 × 10−5 M). The concentration of O3(aq) is monitored
as the reaction proceeds, and the data are plotted in the graph below

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

d. The data are consistent with the following rate law: rate = k1[O3]

i. Based on the graph on the previous page, determine the half-life of the reaction

ii. Determine the value of the rate constant, k1, for the rate law. Include units with
your answer.

iii. Considering the relative concentrations of the reactants, briefly explain why the
data in the graph are also consistent with the following rate law: rate =
−
k2[O3][HSO3 ]

iv. Briefly describe an experiment that could provide evidence to support the rate law
given in part (d)(iii)

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

2. Answer the following questions that relate to the chemistry of halogen oxoacids.

a. Use the information in the table below to answer part (a)(i).

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

i. Which of the two acids is stronger, HOCl or HOBr ? Justify your answer in terms of
Ka .

ii. Draw a complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for the acid that you identified in part
(a)(i).

iii. Hypoiodous acid has the formula HOI. Predict whether HOI is a stronger acid or a
weaker acid than the acid that you identified in part (a)(i). Justify your prediction in
terms of chemical bonding.

b. Write the equation for the reaction that occurs between hypochlorous acid and water.

c. A 1.2 M NaOCl solution is prepared by dissolving solid NaOCl in distilled water at 298 K.
The hydrolysis reaction OCl−(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ HOCl(aq) + OH−(aq) occurs.

i. Write the equilibrium-constant expression for the hydrolysis reaction that occurs
between OCl-(aq) and H2O(l) .

ii. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 298 K for the hydrolysis reaction.

iii. Calculate the value of [OH-] in the 1.2 M NaOCl solution at 298 K .

d. A buffer solution is prepared by dissolving some solid NaOCl in a solution of HOCl at 298
K. The pH of the buffer solution is determined to be 6.48.

i. Calculate the value of [H3O+] in the buffer solution.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

ii. Indicate which of HOCl(aq) or OCl−(aq) is present at the higher concentration in

the buffer solution. Support your answer with a calculation.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

3.

Ethene, C2H4(g) (molar mass 28.1 g/mol), may be prepared by the dehydration of ethanol,
C2H5OH(g) (molar mass 46.1 g/mol), using a solid catalyst. A setup for the lab synthesis is
shown in the diagram above. The equation for the dehydration reaction is given below.

A student added a 0.200 g sample of C2H5OH(l) to a test tube using the setup shown above.
The student heated the test tube gently with a Bunsen burner until all of the C 2 H 5 OH(l)
evaporated and gas generation stopped. When the reaction stopped, the volume of collected
gas was 0.0854 L at 0.822 atm and 305 K. (The vapor pressure of water at 305 K is 35.7 torr.)

a. Calculate the number of moles of C2H4(g)

i. that are actually produced in the experiment and measured in the gas collection
tube and

ii. that would be produced if the dehydration reaction went to completion.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

b. Calculate the percent yield of C2H4(g) in the experiment.

Because the dehydration reaction is not observed to occur at 298 K, the student claims
that the reaction has an equilibrium constant less than 1.00 at 298 K.

c. Do the thermodynamic data for the reaction support the student’s claim? Justify your
answer, including a calculation of ΔG°298 for the reaction.

d. The Lewis electron-dot diagram for C2H4 is shown below in the box on the left. In the box
on the right, complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram for C2H5OH by drawing in all of the
electron pairs.

e. What is the approximate value of the C–O–H bond angle in the ethanol molecule?

f. During the dehydration experiment, C2H4(g) and unreacted C2H5OH(g) passed through
the tube into the water. The C2H4 was quantitatively collected as a gas, but the unreacted
C2H5OH was not. Explain this observation in terms of the intermolecular forces between
water and each of the two gases.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

4. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit
for your answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

Answer the following questions related to .

(a) In the box below, draw the complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) What is the shape of the molecule?

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

A sample of and a sample of are placed in a previously

evacuated rigid container, and the reaction represented above takes place. At
equilibrium, the concentration of in the container is .

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

(c) On the graph above, carefully draw three curves, one for each of the three gases. The
curves must show how the concentration of each of the three gases changes as equilibrium is
established. Label each curve with the formula of the gas.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(d) Explain how the slopes of the curves at equilibrium can be used to show that the rates of
the forward and reverse reactions are the same at equilibrium.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(e) As the reaction occurs at constant temperature, does the pressure inside the container
increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Another mixture of , , and is at equilibrium at a different temperature in a

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

different vessel. The system at equilibrium is represented by the following box on the left. Then
the volume of the vessel is decreased. The box in the middle represents the system before
equilibrium is reestablished at the same temperature.

(f) In the box above on the right, draw an appropriate number of each type of molecule to
represent a possible new equilibrium.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

5. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit
for your answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

Sulfur trioxide, , is commercially produced on a massive scale for use in manufacturing. It

is also produced as a by-product of burning fossil fuels and is an air pollutant involved in the
formation of acid rain.

(a) In the box below, complete one of the valid Lewis electron-dot diagrams for
the molecule. Be sure to include all valence electrons, including lone pairs.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) Predict the shape of the molecule based on the diagram you completed above.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Under some conditions, decomposes to produce and , as represented by

the equation below.

(c) Under what temperature conditions will the reaction be thermodynamically favored: high
temperatures, low temperatures, all temperatures, or no temperatures? Justify your answer in
terms of the change in enthalpy and the change in entropy during the reaction.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

A chemist fills a rigid vessel with at a certain temperature until the pressure of
in the container is . The decomposes as the partial pressures of
, , and in the container are monitored over time, as shown in the
following graph. A change is made to the system at time .

(d) Answer the following based on the graph.

(i) Draw an on the time axis to show when the system first reached equilibrium.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(ii) Describe the change that was made to the system at time .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

(iii) After the change was made at time , the partial pressure of increased while the
partial pressure of decreased. Explain this observation.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(e) Use the information above to answer the following.

(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, , for the reaction.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(ii) Determine the value of for the reaction.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

6. The compound butane, C4H10 , occurs in two isomeric forms, n-butane and isobutane (2-methyl
propane). Both compounds exist as gases at 25°C and 1.0 atm.

a. Draw the structural formula of each of the isomers (include all atoms). Clearly label each
structure.

b. On the basis of molecular structure, identify the isomer that has the higher boiling point.
Justify your answer.

The two isomers exist in equilibrium as represented by the equation below.

n-butane(g) ⇄ isobutane(g) Kc = 2.5 at 25°C

Suppose that a 0.010 mol sample of pure n-butane is placed in an evacuated 1.0 L rigid
container at 25°C.

c. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc , for the reaction.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

d. Calculate the initial pressure in the container when the n-butane is first introduced
(before the reaction starts).

e. The n-butane reacts until equilibrium has been established at 25°C .

Suppose that in another experiment a 0.010 mol sample of pure isobutane is placed in
an evacuated 1.0 L rigid container and allowed to come to equilibrium at 25°C .

i. Calculate the total pressure in the container at equilibrium. Justify your answer.

ii. Calculate the molar concentration of each species at equilibrium.

iii. If the volume of the system is reduced to half of its original volume, what will be
the new concentration of n-butane after equilibrium has been reestablished at
25°C ? Justify your answer.

f. Calculate the molar concentration of each species after equilibrium has been
established.

Note: The text box below should be used for notes only and not your final response.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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7.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

Elemental sulfur can exist as molecules with the formula S8. The S8 molecule is represented by
the incomplete Lewis diagram above.

a. The diagram of S 8 shows only bonding pairs of electrons. How many lone pairs of
electrons does each S atom in the molecule have?

b. Based on your answer to part (a), determine the expected value of the S–S–S bond
angles in the S8 molecule.

c. Write the electron configuration for the S atom in its ground state.

d. The complete photoelectron spectrum for the element chlorine is represented below.
Peak X in the spectrum corresponds to the binding energy of electrons in a certain orbital
of chlorine atoms. The electrons in this orbital of chlorine have a binding energy of 273
MJ/mol, while the electrons in the same orbital of sulfur atoms have a binding energy of
239 MJ/mol

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

i. Identify the orbital and explain the difference between the binding energies in
terms of Coulombic forces.

ii. Peak Y corresponds to the electrons in certain orbitals of chlorine atoms. On the
spectrum shown, carefully draw the peak that would correspond to the electrons in
the same orbitals of sulfur atoms.

In an experiment, a student studies the kinetics of the reaction represented above and
obtains the data shown in the following table.

e. Use the data in the table to do the following.

i. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to S8. Justify your answer.

ii. Determine the value of [OH-] that was used in trial 3, considering that the reaction
is first order with respect to OH- . Justify your answer.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

The next day the student conducts trial 4 using the same concentrations of S8 and OH-
as in trial 1, but the reaction occurs at a much slower rate than the reaction in trial 1. The
student observes that the temperature in the lab is lower than it was the day before.

f. Using particle-level reasoning, provide TWO explanations that help to account for the
fact that the reaction rate is slower in trial 4.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

8.

Some binary compounds that form between fluorine and various nonmetals are listed in the
table above. A student examines the data in the table and poses the following hypothesis: the
number of F atoms that will bond to a nonmetal is always equal to 8 minus the number of
valence electrons in the nonmetal atom.

a. Based on the student’s hypothesis, what should be the formula of the compound that
forms between chlorine and fluorine?

b. In an attempt to verify the hypothesis, the student researches the fluoride compounds of
the other halogens and finds the formula ClF3. In the box below, draw a complete Lewis
electron-dot diagram for a molecule of ClF3.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

c. Two possible geometric shapes for the ClF3 molecule are trigonal planar and T-shaped.
The student does some research and learns that the molecule has a dipole moment.
Which of the two shapes is consistent with the fact that the ClF3 molecule has a dipole
moment? Justify your answer in terms of bond polarity and molecular structure.

In an attempt to resolve the existence of the ClF3 molecule with the hypothesis stated
above, the student researches the compounds that form between halogens and fluorine,
and assembles the following list.

d. Based on concepts of atomic structure and periodicity, propose a modification to the

student’s previous hypothesis to account for the compounds that form between halogens
and fluorine.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

9.

Some binary compounds that form between fluorine and various nonmetals are listed in the
table above. A student examines the data in the table and poses the following hypothesis: the
number of F atoms that will bond to a nonmetal is always equal to 8 minus the number of
valence electrons in the nonmetal atom.

a. Based on the student’s hypothesis, what should be the formula of the compound that
forms between chlorine and fluorine?

b. In an attempt to verify the hypothesis, the student researches the fluoride compounds of
the other halogens and finds the formula ClF3. In the box below, draw a complete Lewis
electron-dot diagram for a molecule
of ClF3.

c. Two possible geometric shapes for the ClF3 molecule are trigonal planar and T-shaped.
The student does some research and learns that the molecule has a dipole moment.
Which of the two shapes is consistent with the fact that the ClF3 molecule has a dipole
moment? Justify your answer in terms of bond polarity and molecular structure.

In an attempt to resolve the existence of the ClF3 molecule with the hypothesis stated
above, the student researches the compounds that form between halogens and fluorine,
and assembles the following list.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

d. Based on concepts of atomic structure and periodicity, propose a modification to the

student’s previous hypothesis to account for the compounds that form between halogens
and fluorine.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

10.

Using the information in the table above, answer the following questions about organic
compounds.

a. For propanone,

i. draw the complete structural formula (showing all atoms and bonds);

ii. predict the approximate carbon-to-carbon-to-carbon bond angle.

b. For each pair of compounds below, explain why they do not have the same value for
their standard heat of vaporization, ΔH°vap, (You must include specific information about

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

both compounds in each pair.)

i. Propane and propanone

ii. Propanone and 1-propanol

c. Draw the complete structural formula for an isomer of the molecule you drew in part (a)
(i).

d. Given the structural formula for propyne below,

i. indicate the hybridization of the carbon atom indicated by the arrow in the structure
above;

ii. indicate the total number of sigma (σ) bonds and the total number of pi ( ) bonds
in the molecule.

Note: The text box below should be used for notes only and not your final response.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

11. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit
for your answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

The compound urea, , is widely used in chemical fertilizers. The complete Lewis
electron-dot diagram for the urea molecule is shown above.

(a) Identify the hybridization of the valence orbitals of the carbon atom in the urea molecule.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(b) Urea has a high solubility in water, due in part to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. A urea
molecule and four water molecules are represented in the box below. Draw ONE dashed line (-
---) to indicate a possible location of a hydrogen bond between a water molecule and the urea
molecule.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

The dissolution of urea is represented by the equation above. A student determines that
grams of (molar mass ) can dissolve in water to make of a
saturated solution at .

(c) Calculate the concentration of urea, in , in the saturated solution at .

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(d) The student also determines that the concentration of urea in a saturated solution at
is . Based on this information, is the dissolution of urea endothermic or exothermic?
Justify your answer in terms of Le Chatelier’s principle.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

(e) The equipment shown above is provided so that the student can determine the value of the
molar heat of solution for urea. Knowing that the specific heat of the solution is ,
list the specific measurements that are required to be made during the experiment.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(f) The entropy change for the dissolution of urea, , is at . Using

the information in the table above, calculate the absolute molar entropy, , of aqueous urea.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(g) Using particle-level reasoning, explain why is positive for the dissolution of urea in
water.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

(h) The student claims that for the process contributes to the thermodynamic favorability
of the dissolution of urea at . Use the thermodynamic information above to support the
student’s claim.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

12. Using principles of atomic and molecular structure and the information in the table below,
answer the following questions about atomic fluorine, oxygen, and xenon, as well as some of
their compounds.

(a) Write the equation for the ionization of atomic fluorine that requires 1,681.0 kJ mol−1.

(b) Account for the fact that the first ionization energy of atomic fluorine is greater than that of
atomic oxygen. (You must discuss both atoms in your response.)

(c) Predict whether the first ionization energy of atomic xenon is greater than, less than, or
equal to the first ionization energy of atomic fluorine. Justify your prediction.

(d) Xenon can react with oxygen and fluorine to form compounds such as XeO3 and XeF4 . In
the boxes provided, draw the complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for each of the molecules
represented below.

(e) On the basis of the Lewis electron-dot diagrams you drew for part (d), predict the following:

(i) The geometric shape of the XeO3 molecule

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 AP Chemistry Test Booklet

Unit 2 Review

(ii) The hybridization of the valence orbitals of xenon in XeF4

(f) Predict whether the XeO3 molecule is polar or nonpolar. Justify your prediction.

Note: The text box below should be used for notes only and not your final response.

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Upload your final response here.

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