Subject Name: IWD Unit No: II Subject Code: 4340704

Unit– 2: Arrays and Functions in PHP

2.1. Introduction to PHP Arrays and types of arrays: Indexed, Associative and
Multidimensional arrays

 PHP Arrays

 PHP array is an ordered map (contains value on the basis of key). It is used to hold
multiple values of similar type in a single variable.

 Advantage of PHP Array

 Less Code: We don't need to define multiple variables.

 Easy to traverse: By the help of single loop, we can traverse all the elements of an array.
 Sorting: We can sort the elements of array.

 PHP Array Types

There are 3 types of array in PHP.

1. Indexed Array
2. Associative Array
3. Multidimensional Array

 PHP Indexed Array

 PHP index is represented by number which starts from 0.

 We can store number, string and object in the PHP array. All PHP array elements are
assigned to an index number by default.
 There are two ways to define indexed array:

1st way:
$season=array("summer","winter","spring","autumn");

2nd way:
$season[0]="summer";
$season[1]="winter";
$season[2]="spring";
$season[3]="autumn";

Example

<?php
$season=array("summer","winter","spring","autumn");
echo "Season are: $season[0], $season[1], $season[2] and $season[3]";

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?>

 PHP Associative Array

 We can associate name with each array elements in PHP using => symbol.
 There are two ways to define associative array:

1st way:
$salary=array("abc"=>"350000","xyz"=>"450000","pqr"=>"200000");

2nd way:
$salary["abc"]="350000";
$salary["xyz"]="450000";
$salary["pqr"]="200000";
Example

<?php
$salary=array("abc"=>"350000","xyz"=>"450000","pqr"=>"200000");
echo "abc salary: ".$salary["abc"]."<br/>";
echo "xyz salary: ".$salary["xyz"]."<br/>";
echo "pqr salary: ".$salary["pqr"]."<br/>";
?>

 PHP Multidimensional Array

 PHP multidimensional array is also known as array of arrays.

 It allows you to store tabular data in an array.
 PHP multidimensional array can be represented in the form of matrix which is
represented by row * column.

$emp = array
(
array(1,"abc",400000),
array(2,"xyz",500000),
array(3,"pqr",300000)
);

Example

<?php
$emp = array
(
array(1,"abc",400000),
array(2,"xyz",500000),
array(3,"pqr",300000)

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);

for ($row = 0; $row < 3; $row++)

{
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++)
{
echo $emp[$row][$col]." ";
}
echo "<br/>";
}
?>

2.2. PHP Strings: single quoted, double quoted, heredoc syntax, nowdoc syntax

 Single Quoted

Example:
$s1 = 'This is my first string';
echo $s1;

 What if you needed to add a single quote inside a single quoted string?
 Just escape that character with a back slash. \'

 Double Quoted
 Strings can be declared enclosed by double quotes. Character: ".
 If the string is enclosed in double-quotes ("), PHP will interpret the following escape
sequences for special characters:
\n - Newline
\r - Carriage return
\t - Horizontal tab
\v - Vertical tab
\e - Escape
\f - Form feed
\\ - Backslash
\$ - Dollar sign
\" - Double-quote
Example:
<?php
$user = 'vpmp';
$welcome = "Hello $user \n This will print on next line";
echo $welcome;
?>
Output:
Hello vpmp

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This will print on next line

 Heredoc Syntax

 By using the syntax, we can display the HTML elements through PHP Script.
Syntax
<<<name of string
//content
name of string
Example
<?php
echo <<<VPMP
welcome to Vpmp Polytechnic
VPMP ;
?>

 nowdoc syntax
 A nowdoc string is similar to a heredoc string except that it doesn’t expand the variables.
 Here’s the syntax of a nowdoc string:

<?php

$str = <<<'IDENTIFIER'
place a string here
it can span multiple lines
and include single quote ' and double quotes "
IDENTIFIER;

2.3. Creating, Manipulating and traversing different types of arrays

 We can traverse an array using loops in PHP.

Example 1: Using FOR Loop

<?php
$a = array(“abc”, “xyz”, “pqr”);

for ($i=0; $i<3; $i++)

{
echo $a[$i] . ”<br>”;
}
?>

Example 2: Using FOREACH Loop

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<?php

$a=array("Name"=>"abc", "Age"=>25, "Gender"=>"Male");

foreach($a as $item)
{
echo $item."<br>";
}
?>

2.4. User defined function: creating a function, calling a function and returning a value
from function

 PHP User Defined Functions

Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions.
 A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
 A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
 A function will be executed by a call to the function.

 Create a User Defined Function in PHP

 A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function:

Syntax
function functionName()
{
code to be executed;
}
Example
<?php
function writeMsg()
{
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function
?>

 Returning values
 To let a function return a value, use the return statement

Example
<?php
function sum($n1, $n2 = 0)

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{
return $n1 + $n2;
}
$result = sum(100, 50);
echo "The sum of the two numbers is: ";
echo $result . "\n";

$result = sum(200);
echo "The sum of the two numbers is: ";
echo $result . "\n";
?>

2.5. Function with default arguments, passing arguments by value and reference

 Default values for arguments

 You can specify default values for arguments.

 If the argument is omitted from the function call the default is used.

<?php

function addFunction($num1, $num2=5)

{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
return $sum;
}

$result = addFunction(10);
echo "Addition = ".$result;
?>

Output:
Addition=15

 Call-by-Value
 Call by value means passing the value directly to a function.
 The called function uses the value in a local variable.

<?php

function swap($num1, $num2)

{
$temp = $num1;

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$num1=$num2;
$num2=$temp;
}

$num1=10;
$num2=20;

echo "Before Swap"."<br>";

echo "num1=".$num1."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";

swap($num1,$num2);

echo "After Swap"."<br>";

echo "num1=".$num1."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";
?>

Output:
Before Swap
num1=10
num2=20
After Swap
num1=10
num2=20

 Call-by-Reference
 Call by reference means passing the address of a variable where the actual value is stored.

<?php
function swap(&$num1, &$num2)
{
$temp = $num1;
$num1=$num2;
$num2=$temp;
}

$num1=10;
$num2=20;

echo "Before Swap"."<br>";

echo "num1=".$num1."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";

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swap($num1,$num2);

echo "After Swap"."<br>";

echo "num1=".$num1."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";
?>

Output:
Before Swap
num1=10
num2=20
After Swap
num1=20
num2=10

2.6. Variable scope, accessing global variables inside a function

 PHP Variable Scope

 The scope of a variable is defined as its range in the program under which it can be
accessed.
 In other words, "The scope of a variable is the portion of the program within which it is
defined and can be accessed."
 PHP has three types of variable scopes:
1. Local variable
2. Global variable
3. Static variable

 Local variable
 The variables that are declared within a function are called local variables for that
function.
 These local variables have their scope only in that particular function in which they are
declared.
 This means that these variables cannot be accessed outside the function, as they have
local scope.
 A variable declaration outside the function with the same name is completely different
from the variable declared inside the function.
 Let's understand the local variables with the help of an example:

<?php
function local_var()
{

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$num = 45; //local variable

echo "Local variable declared inside the function is: ". $num;
}
local_var();
?>

 Global variable
 The global variables are the variables that are declared outside the function.
 These variables can be accessed anywhere in the program.
 To access the global variable within a function, use the GLOBAL keyword before the
variable.
 However, these variables can be directly accessed or used outside the function without
any keyword.
 Therefore there is no need to use any keyword to access a global variable outside the
function.
 Let's understand the global variables with the help of an example:

<?php
$name = "VPMP Polytechnic"; //Global Variable
function global_var()
{
global $name;
echo "Variable inside the function: ". $name;
echo "</br>";
}
global_var();
echo "Variable outside the function: ". $name;
?>

2.7. Variable function

 If name of a variable has parentheses (with or without parameters in it) in front of it, PHP
parser tries to find a function whose name corresponds to value of the variable and
executes it.
 Such a function is called variable function. This feature is useful in implementing
callbacks, function tables etc.
 Variable functions can not be built eith language constructs such as include, require, echo
etc.
 One can find a workaround though, using function wrappers.

Example

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<?php
function hello()
{
echo "Hello World";
}
$var="Hello";
$var();
?>

2.8. Using PHP built-in functions

i. String processing functions:

ii. Mathematical functions:
iii. Date/time function:

 String processing functions:

1. Chr
<?php output:
echo chr(65); A
?>

2. Ord
<?php Output:
echo ord("A")."<br />"; 65
echo ord("And"); 65
?>

3. Strtolower
<?php Output:
echo strtolower("HELLO"); hello
?>

4. Strtoupper

<?php Output:
echo strtolower("hello"); HELLO
?>

5. Strlen

<?php Output:
echo strlen("hello hi"); 8

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?>

6. ltrim

<?php Output:
$str="Hello"; ello
echo ltrim($str,"H")."<br>"; Hello
$str=" Hello";
echo ltrim($str);
?>

7. Rtrim

<?php Output:
$str="Hello"; Hell
echo rtrim($str,"o")."<br>"; Hello
$str="Hello ";
echo rtrim($str);
?>

8. Trim

<?php Output:
$str="oHello"; Hell
echo trim($str,"o")."<br>"; Hello
$str=" Hello ";
echo trim($str);
?>

9. Substr

<?php Output:

echo substr("Hello world",3,2); lo

echo substr("Hello world",-3,2); rl

echo substr("Hello world",3,-2); lo wor

echo substr("Hello world",-3,-2); r
?>

10. Strcmp

<?php Output:
echo strcmp("hello","hello"); 0
echo strcmp("hello","hi"); -1

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echo strcmp("hi","hello"); 1
?>

11. Strcasecmp

<?php Output:
echo strcmp("hello","hello"); 1
echo strcasecmp("hello","Hello"); 0
?>

12. Strpos

<?php Output:
echo strpos("hello","e"); 1
echo strpos("hello","l"); 2
?>

13. Strrpos

<?php Output:
echo strrpos("hello","l"); 3
?>

14. stripos()

<?php
echo stripos("Hello world","w");
?>

Output: 6

15. str_replace

<?php Output:
echo str_replace("world","Aarav","Hello world!"); Hello Aarav!
?>

16. Strrev:

<?php
echo strrev("hello");
?>
Output:

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olleh

17. str_split()

<?php
print_r(str_split("Hello",3));
?>

Output: Array ( [0] => Hel [1] => lo )

18. str_word_count()

<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!");
?>

Output: 2

19. join()

<?php
$a = array('Hello,','How','are','you?');
echo join(" ",$a);
?>

Output: Hello, How are you?

20. str_shuffle()

<?php
echo str_shuffle("Hello World");
?>

Output: rlH lodWole

 Mathematical functions:

1. abs

<?php Output

echo abs(-6.7)."<br>"; 6.7

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echo abs(-3)."<br>"; 3
?>

2. ceil

<?php Output

echo ceil(0.60)."<br>"; 1

echo ceil(5)."<br>"; 5

?>

3. Floor

<?php

echo floor(0.60)."<br>";

echo floor(5)."<br>";

?>

Output:

4. Round

<?php Output

echo round(5.335,2)."<br>"; 5.34

echo round(0.49); 0

?>

5. Fmod

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<?php Output:
echo fmod(5,2); 1

?>

6. Min

<?php Output:
echo min(5,2,1,-4); -4
?>

7. Max

<?php Output:

echo max(5,2,1,-4); 5
?>

8. Pow

<?php Output:

echo pow(5,2); 25
?>

9. Sqrt

<?php Output:
echo sqrt(25);
?> 5

10. Rand

<?php Output
echo rand()."<br>"; 18269

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echo rand(40,500); 417

?>

11. Pi

<?php
echo(pi());
?>

Output: 3.1415926535898

12. exp()
<?php
echo(exp(0) . "<br>");
echo(exp(1) . "<br>");
echo(exp(10) . "<br>");
?>

13. log()
<?php
echo(log(2) . "<br>");
echo(log(10) . "<br>");
?>

14. decbin()
<?php
echo decbin("3") . "<br>";
echo decbin("1") . "<br>";
echo decbin("7");
?>

15. decoct()

<?php
echo decoct("1") . "<br>";
echo decoct("9") . "<br>";
?>

16. dechex()
<?php
echo dechex("5") . "<br>";

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echo dechex("16") . "<br>";

echo dechex("18") . "<br>";
?>

17. sin(), cos(), tan()

 sin(): It returns the sine of a number
 cos(): It returns the cosine of a number
 tan(): It returns the tangent of a number
<?php
echo(sin(30) . "<br>");
echo(cos(0) . "<br>");
echo(tan(60) . "<br>");
?>

18. deg2rad()
<?php
echo deg2rad("0") . "<br>";
echo deg2rad("30") . "<br>";
?>

19. rad2deg()
<?php
echo rad2deg(0);
?>

 Date/time function:

1. getdate()
 The getdate() function returns date/time information of a timestamp or the current local
date/time.

<?php
print_r(getdate());
?>

Output:

Array ( [seconds] => 40 [minutes] => 47 [hours] => 0 [mday] => 31 [wday] => 1 [mon] =>
8 [year] => 2015 [yday] => 242 [weekday] => Monday [month] => August [0] =>

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1440996460 )

2. gettimeofday()
 It returns the current time.
<?php
print_r(gettimeofday());
echo "<br>";
echo gettimeofday(true);
?>

Output
Array ( [sec] => 1679380099 [usec] => 405869 [minuteswest] => 0 [dsttime]
=> 0 )

1679380099.4086

3. time()
 The time() function returns the current time in the number of seconds since the Unix
Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT).

<?php
$t=time();
echo($t . "<br>");
echo(date("Y-m-d",$t));
?>
Output
1440996289

2015-08-31

4. date_create()
 The date_create() function accepts a date time string and time zone (optional) as
parameters and, creates a DateTime object accordingly.

 Example
<?php
$date=date_create("2023-04-22");
echo date_format($date,"d/m/Y");
?>
 Output

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22/04/2023

5. date_format()
 It returns a new DateTime object, and then format the date.

 Example
<?php
$date=date_create("2023-04-22");
echo date_format($date,"d/m/Y");
?>
 Output
22/04/2023

6. mktime()
 The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a date.
 It contains the number of seconds between the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00
GMT) and the time specified.
 Example
<?php
$d=mktime(11, 10, 50, 3, 24, 2023);
echo " date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:s", $d);
?>
 Output: date is 2023-03-24 11:10:50

7. date_diff()
 The date_diff() function returns the difference between two DateTime objects.
 Example:
<?php
$date1=date_create("2023-03-11");
$date2=date_create("2023-12-11");
$diff=date_diff($date1,$date2);
echo $diff->format("%R%a days");
?>
 Output: -275 days

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8. checkdate()
 The checkdate() function is used to validate a Gregorian date.
 Example
<?php
var_dump(checkdate(2,29,2003));
echo "<br>";
var_dump(checkdate(2,29,2004));
?>
 Output:
bool(false)
bool(true)

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