212 Chapter 4 Elementary Functions

(tiä) Since the complex sine function is periodic, the mapping w = sin z
is not one-to-one on the complex plane. Constructing a Riemann
surface, for this function, as described in the Remarks at the end
of Section 2.4 and Section 4.1, will help us visualize the complex
mapping w = sin z. In order to construct a Riemann surface con
sider the mapping on the square So defined by -/2 sas a/2,
-n/2 <y < n/2. From Example 3, we find that the square So
(a) The square S0 shown in color in Figure 4.13(a) maps onto the elliptical region B
shown in gray in Figure 4.13(b). Similarly, the adjacent square Si
defined by n/2 < < 3n/2, -n/2 sy<n/2, also maps onto E. A
Riemann surface is constructed by starting with two copies of E, Eo
and E1, representing the images of So and S1, respectively. We then
cut Eo and EË open along the line segments in the real axis fromn
1to cosh (n/2) and from -1 to - cosh (/2). As shown in Figure
4.14, the segment shown in color in the boundary of So is mapped
onto the segment shown in black in the boundary of Eo, while the
dashed segment shown in color in the boundary of So is mapped
(b) The image E of So ontothe dashed segment shown in black in the boundary of Eo. In
a similar manner, the segments shown in color in the boundary of
Figure 4.13 The mapping w = sin z S1 are mapped onto the segments shown in black in the boundary of
Ej. Part of the Riemann surface consists of the two elliptical regions
S
Eo and E, with the segments shown in black glued toget.her and the
dashed segments glued together. To complete the Riemann surface,
we take for every integer n an elliptical region En representing the
image of the square S, defined by (2n 1)a/2 < z < (2n +1)/2,
-T/2 S y< 1/2. Each region En is cut open, as Eo and E, were,
E and E, is glued to En+1 along their boundaries in a manner analo
gous to that used for Eo and E1. This Reimann surface, placed in
ryz-space, is illustrated in Figure 4.15.

Figure 4,14 The cut elliptical regions Eo

and E1
0
EXERCISES 4.3 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-14.

4.3.1 Complex Trigonomnetric Functions

5

In Problems 1-8, express the value of the given trigonometric function in the form
a+ ib.
1. sin (4i) 2. cos(-3i)
0
3. cos(2- 4i) V4. sin G+)
V5. tan (2i) 6. cot (T+2i)
7. sec 6-) 8. csc (1+i)
In Problems 9-12, find all complex values z satisfying the given equation.
w9, sin z=i 10. cos Z = 4
Figure 4.15 A Riemann surface for
11. sin z = co` z 12. cos z=isinz
w= sin z
 4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 213

In Problems 13-16, verify the given trigonometric identity.

13. sin (-z) = - sin z 14. cos (z1 + z2) = cos zi cOS Z2 - sin z1sin z2
15. cOs Z= cos ~ n6. sin(3-)= COS Z

In Problems 17-20, find the derivative of the given function.

17. sin (2) M8. cos (ie*)
1
r19. z tan 20. sec (z + (1-i)z +i)
2

4.3.2 Complex HyperbolicFunctions

In Problems 21-24, express the value of the given hyperbolic function in the form
a+ ib.
21. cosh (i) 22. sinh
)
23. cosh (1+i) 24. tanh (2 + 3i)
In Problenms 25-28, find all complex values z satisfying the given equation.
25. cosh z=i 26. sinh z = -1

27. sinh z = cosh z 28. sinh z = e

In Problems 29-32, verify the given hyperbolic identity.
29. cosh? z sinh 2 =1

30. sinh (z1 + z2) = sinh zË cosh z2 + cosh z1 sinh z2

31. Jsinh z = sinh² z + sin u
32. Im (cosh z) sinh r sin y

In Problems 33-36, ind the derivative of the given function.

L33. sin z sinh z 34. tanh z
V35. tanh (iz 2) 36. cosh (iz + e)
Focus on Concepts
37. Recall that Euler's formula states that e"= cos +isin for any real number
O. Prove that, in fact, e' = cos z + isin z for any complex number z.
V38. Solve the equation sin z = cosh 2 by equating real and imaginary parts.
39. If sin z = a with 1<a <1, then what can you say about z? Justify your
answer.

40. If sinz l , then what can you say about z? Justify your answer.
41. Show that all the zeros of cos 2 are z = (2n +1)/2 for n=0, #l, ±2, ...
V42. Find all z such that tanz=1.
W43. Find the real and imaginary parts of the function sin ~ and use them to show
that this function is nowhere analytic.
W44. Without calculating the partial derivatives, explain why sin z cosh y and
cos z sinhyare harmonic functions in C.