BFC 10403

FLUID MECHANICS
Noor Aliza Ahmad
[email protected]

1
 Learning Outcome
• At the end of this chapter, students should be
able to:
– Understand and analyze basic equations in fluid
mechanics
– List out and apply Bernoulli Equation and
Momentum Equation

2
 Chapter 3:
BASIC EQUATIONS IN FLUID
MECHANICS

3
INTRODUCTION

Classification of types of flow

Incompressible fluid flow assumes the fluid
has constant density ( = constant), though
liquids are slightly compressible we usually
assume them to be incompressible

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 4

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Steady flow means steady with respect t time.
Thus all properties of the flow at every point
remain constant with respect to time.
Uniform flow happened when the cross
section ( shape and area) through which the
flow occurs remains constant

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 5

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Path line is the trace made by a single particle
over a period of time. The path line shows the
direction of the velocity.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 6

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Flow rate and mean velocity
Flowrate is known as quantity of fluid flowing per unit time
across any section. The flowrate can be expressed in terms of
a) volume flow rate – m3/s
Q   udA  AV
A

b) mass flow rate – kg/s


m  AV 
Q m G
c) weight flow rate – kN/s V   
A A  A
G  AV
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 7
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 Example 1

The velocity of a liquid (s.g =1.4) in a 150 mm pipeline is

0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow in L/s, m3/s, kg/s and
kN/s.

Q  AV
  0.075   0.8
2

3
Convert to L/s
 0.01414 m Known 1000 L = 1 m3
s
3 1000 L
Q  0.01414 m 
s 1m3
 14.14 L
s
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 8
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Solution:

m  Q
 
 1.4 1000 kg / m3 0.01414 m3 / s 
 19.79kg / m3

G  Q
 1.4  9.81kN / m 0.01414 m / s 
3 3

 0.1942 kN / s

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 9

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 CONTINUITY EQUATION
The mass is conserved when a fluid is in motion. Consider a
one-dimensional steady flow of fluid through a pipe:
control volume

 A1 V1  A2 V2

x
1 2
Principle of mass conservation:
What mass comes in over A1, goes out of A2
Over a time interval t,
mass in over A1 = mass out over A2
 
min  mout
A1V1t  A2V2t
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS
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A1V1  A2V2  Q 10
Steady flow
 
min  m out (control volume)

1 A1V1   2 A2V2
Gin  Gout (control volume)
 
g m1  g m2
 1 A1V1   2 A2V
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 11
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Incompressible flow (  = constant) for
both steady and unsteady flow
A1V1 = A2V2 = Q

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# Example – 2 #

Water flows in a river at 9.00 am the flow

past bridge 1 is 37.2 m3/s. At the same
instant the flow past bridge 2 is 26.9 m3/s. At
what rate is water being stored in the river
between the two bridges at this instant?

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 13

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Solution:
① ②

dV
Q1  Q2 
dt
37.2  26.9 m s 
3 dV
dt
dV
 10.30 m s
3

dt

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 14

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 #Example 3#
A jet of water discharges into an open tank, and water
leaves the tank through an orifice in the bottom at a rate of
0.003 m3/s. If the cross-sectional area of the jet is 0.0025
m2 where the velocity of water is 7 m/s, at what rate is water
accumulating in (or evacuating from) the tank?
Inflow into control
volume  negative V
Q  AV 
t

Net of outflow,
Qnet  Qout  Qin
Qnet  0.003  0.0025  7 Outflow from control
volume  positive
Qnet  0.0145 m3 /s
Negative sign shows accumulation of water in the tank
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 15
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 # Example 4#
The river discharges into the reservoir at a rate of 400,000
m3/s and the outflow rate from the reservoir through the flow
passages in the dam is 250,000 m3/s. If the reservoir surface
area is 40 km2, what is the velocity of water rise in the
reservoir? Q
m3/s rise

m3/s

Qout  Qin  Qrise  0

250000  400000  Qrise  0
Qrise  150000 m3 /s

Qrise 150000
Vrise    0.00375 m/s
A 40  10 6
16
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS
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 ENERGY EQUATION
Consider frictionless steady flow of an ideal fluid along the
streamline as shown below. We shall consider the forces
acting in the direction of the streamline on a small element
of the fluid in the stream tube and we shall apply Newton’s
second law, that is F = ma.

The cross-sectional area of

the element at right angles
to the streamline may have
any shape and varies from
A to A + dA

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 Kinetic energy
A fluid of mass m with all particles moving at a velocity V
possesses a kinetic energy KE  1 mV 2
2
1 1
mV 2
 V 
V 2
2
For unit weight of KE  2 2 
V
Unit in m or ft
fluid, W V gV 2g
1 2
mV
For unit mass of KE 2 V2
 
fluid, m m 2
1 1
For unit volume of KE 2
mV 2
 V V 2
 V 2
 2 
fluid, V V V 2

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Potential energy
The potential energy of a particle of fluid depends on its
elevation above an arbitrary datum plane.

A fluid particle of weight W situated at a distance z above

datum possesses a potential energy PE of

Potential energy PE  Wz
PE
Potential energy per unit weight z
W
PE
Potential energy per unit mass  gz
m

Potential energy per unit volume PE  gz

V
19
Pressure Head
A particle of fluid has energy due to its pressure above
datum.
Pressure p  h
Pressure head h  p = energy per unit weight


Based on Euler's equation, for an incompressible fluid

( = constant), the energy per unit weight is given as
p V 2 Bernoulli's theorem
H  z
 2g
Basic assumptions:
1. Viscous (particle friction) effects are negligible,
2. Flow is steady,
3. Applies along a streamline,
4. Fluid is incompressible, and
5. No energy is added or removed from the fluid along the streamline. 20
 For the case of an incompressible fluid (= constant),

Considering Bernoulli's energy equation at point 1 and point 2:

control
volume p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
 2g  2g
x
1 2 BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 21
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 Example 5
Glycerin (sg = 1.26) flows in a pipe at a rate of 700 L/s. At point
(1), the pressure is 300 kPa. Find the pressure at point (2) if
elevation point (2) is 1.0 m lower than point (1). Neglect head
loss value.
Q
Q Q  700L / s  0.7 m /s
3 V2 
V1  A2
A1
0 .7
V2 
V1 
0 .7  0.3 2
 0.6 2 4
4
V2  9.903 m/s
V1  2.476 m/s

Considering Bernoulli's
p1 V12 p2 V22
energy equation at point 1  z1    z2   hL
and point 2:  2g  2g
300  103 2.4762 p2 9.9032
 1  
1.26  1000  9.81 2  9.81 1.26  1000  9.81 2  9.81

p2  254438 Pa  254.4 kPa 22

 Example 6

Water at 10C flows from Total head

section 1 to section 2. At V22
section 1, which is 25 2g
mm in diameter, the
gage pressure is 345 V12 p2
 velocity head
kPa and the velocity of 2g 
flow is 3.0 m/s. Section
2, which is 50 mm
diameter is 2.0 m above 2
section 1. Assuming p1 pressure

there are no energy  head z2
losses in the system,
calculate the pressure 1
z1  elevation head
p2. Datum

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 23

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 Total head specific weight  = 9810 N/m3
V22 D1 = 0.025 m
2g p1 = 345 kPa
V1 = 3.0 m/s
D2 = 0.050 m
V12 p2
 velocity head
2g  z2  z1 = 2.0 m

V2 Q  Q1  Q2
2
A1V1  A2V2
p1 pressure
 D12 D22
 head
V1 z2 V1  V2
4 4
D12
1 V2  2 V1
D2
z1  elevation head
Datum 0.025 2
V2  2
3
p1 V12 p2 V22 0.05
 z1    z2 
 2g  2g V2  0.75 m/s
345  103 32 p2 0.75 2
  2
9810 2  9.81 9810 2  9.81
11
p2  329.6 kPa 24
 Example 7
Figure shows a siphon that is used to draw water from a
swimming pool. The pipe that makes up the siphon has an
inside diameter of 40 mm and terminates with a 25-mm diameter
nozzle. Assuming that there are no energy losses in the system,
calculate the flow rate through the siphon and the pressure at
points B, C, D and E.

25
 Find the flow rate of the pipe by equating
the total energy at point A and point F
since the pressure at both locations are
known.
pA VA2 pF VF2
 zA    zF 
 2g  2g

Gage pressures at A and F are zero (atmospheric pressure) pA  pF  0

zA  zF  3 m
Velocity in the tank is negligible as it is small compare to velocity in VA  0
the pipe.
Therefore,
pA VA2 pF VF2
 zA    zF  Q  AFVF
 2g  2g
  0.025 2
VF2 Q  7.67
03 0  0 4
2g
Q  0.00377 m3 /s
VF  7.67 m/s
26
 Q  0.00377 m3 /s Q
VB  VC  VD 
AB C D
0.00377
VB  VC  VD 
   0.04 2 
 
 4 
VB  VC  VD  3 m/s

Energy equation between A and B, Energy equation between A and C,

pA VA2 pB VB2 pA VA2 pC VC2
 zA    zB   zA    zC 
 2g  2g  2g  2g
pC 32
0   1.2  0 
2
pB 3 
000   9810 2  9.81
9810 2  9.81
pB  4.50 kPa pB  16.27 kPa

27
 Q  0.00377 m3 /s Q
VB  VC  VD 
AB C D
0.00377
VB  VC  VD 
   0.04 2 
 
 4 
VB  VC  VD  3 m/s

Energy equation between A and D, Energy equation between A and E,

pA VA2 pD VD2 pA VA2 pE VE2
 zA    zD   zA    zE 
 2g  2g  2g  2g
pD 32 pE 32
000  03 0  
9810 2  9.81 9810 2  9.81
pD  4.50 kPa pE  24.93 kPa

28
 Example 8

If h = 10.5 m and the pressures at A

and B are 170 and 275 kPa
respectively, find the direction of
flow and the pipe friction head loss
in meters of liquid. Assume the
liquid has a specific gravity of 0.85.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS

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Application of Bernoulli's equation:
1.Water Discharge From An Orifice
(Example 9-11 )
2.Velocity Measurement by A Pitot Tube
(Example 12)
3. Flow Measurement Using Meter Venturi
(Example 13-14)

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS

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#Example 9#
A large tank open to the
atmosphere is filled with
water to a height of 5 m
from the outlet tap. A tap
near the bottom of the tank
is now opened, and water
flows out from the smooth
and rounded outlet.
Determine the water
velocity at the outlet.

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p1  p2  0 because atmospheric pressure

z1  z2  h

V1  0
p1 V12 p2 V22
z    z2 
g 1 2g g 2g

V22
0h00 V2  2gh Torricelli's theorem
2g

velocity of flow at depth h of 5.0 m,

V2  2gh
V2  2  9.81 5
V2  9.9 m/s

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS

32
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 Example 10
A closed tank has an orifice 0.025m diameter in one of its
vertical sides. The tank contains oil to a depth of 0.61m above
the centre of the orifice and the pressure in the air space above
the oil is maintained at 13780 N/m2 above atmospheric.
Determine the discharge from the orifice. (Coefficient of
discharge of the orifice = 0.61, rd oil = 0.9).

Apply Bernoulli,

Take atmospheric pressure as 0,

33
 Example 11
Compute the flow rate under the sluice gate,
p1 V12 p2 V22
z    z2 
g 1 2g g 2g
V12 V22
0  z1   0  z2 
2g 2g

V12 V22
z1   z2 
2g 2g
z1  z2  1.2 m V12 V22
z1   z2 
Continuity equation relating 1 and 2, 2g 2g
A1V1  A2V2 V12 2.5V1 
2
1.2  
2g 2g
Considering 1 m width,
V1  2.12 m/s
h1  1V1  h2  1V2
Q  A1V1
2  1V1  0.8  1V2
Q  2  2.12
V2  2.5V1
Q  4.24 m3 /s per m width of channel
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 34
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 Example 12
A piezometer and a Pitot tube are tapped into a horizontal water
pipe, as shown in figure below, to measure static and stagnation
(static + dynamic) pressures. For the indicated water column
heights, determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

Neglecting energy loss, the energy equation at

point 1 and point 2 is,
p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
g 2g g 2g
p1 V12 p2
0  0
g 2g g

p1  g h1  h2  V12 g h1  h2  h3   g h1  h2 


2g g
p2  g h1  h2  h3 
V1  2gh3
At stagnation point, velocity is V1  1.53 m/s
zero. Therefore, V2 = 0. BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 35
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
 Example 13
A Venturi meter of throat diameter 0.076m is fitted in a
0.152m diameter vertical pipe in which liquid of relative
density 0.8 flows downwards. Pressure gauges are fitted to
the inlet and to the throat sections. The throat being 0.914m
below the inlet. Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97
find the discharge when the pressure gauges read the
same.

36
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS
By continuity:

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 37

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 Example 14
The venturi meter shown in figure below carries water at 60C (
= 9.65 kN/m3). The specific gravity of the gage fluid in the
manometer is 1.25 (g = 12.26 kN/m3). Calculate the velocity of
flow at section A and the volume flow rate of water.
pA VA2 pB VB2
 zA    zB 
g 2g g 2g

zA  zB  0.46 m
Manometer equation relating A and B,
pA   y  1.18    g 1.18    y  0.46   pB
pA  pB  0.72  1.18 g
pA  pB  0.729650  1.1812260
pA  pB  7518.8 Pa

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 38

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Continuity equation relating A and B,
AAVA  ABVB
pA VA2 pB VB2
 zA    zB 
DA2 g 2g g 2g
VB  2 VA
DB pA  pB VA2  VB2
 zA  zB   0
0 .3 2 g 2g
VB  V
2 1
VA2  2.25VA 
2
0 .2 7518.8
 0.46  0
VB  2.25VA 9650 2g
0.207VA2  0.319
VA  1.24 m/s

Q  AAVA
 0.32
Q  1.24
4
Q  0.088 m3 /s

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 39

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Momentum can define as:
Momentum = mv where m=mass and v= velocity
Momentum Equation express from Second Newton Law .
v1 dt v2 dt
A A’ D D’

ρ1 A 1 ρ2 A 2
v1 v2
B C C’
B’
The fluid contain in tube ABCD will moving to A’B’C’D
after time changing in dt.
Momentum = mass x velocity
AA’B’B = ρ1 A1 v1 dt x v1
= ρ1 A1 v12 dt
Momentum = ρ2 A2 v2 dt x v2
CC’D’D = ρ2 A2 v22 dt
Momentum changing in time= ρ2 A2 v22dt - ρ1 A1 v12dt
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 40
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 v1 dt v2 dt
A A’ D D’

ρ1 A 1 ρ2 A 2
v1 v2
B C C’
B’

Divide by dt,
Momentum rate = ρ2 A2 v22 - ρ1 A1 v12

In steady flow, ρ1A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2 = ṁ

Momentum rate = ṁ(v2 – v1)
Force, F = ṁ (v2 – v1)

For steady flow in three dimension,momentum equations

can express with this component:
Fx = ṁ (vx2 – vx1), Fy = ṁ (vy2 – vy1), Fz = ṁ (vz2 – vz1)
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 41
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Application of Momentum Equation:

a) Structure open to the atmosphere

(Example 15 & 16)
b) Force of Pressure Conduits and Bend
( Example 17 )
c) Force of A Stationary Vane or Blade
(Example 18,19 & 20)
d) Force of Nozzle ( Example 21)

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 42

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#Example 15#

The water passage in Fig.

S6.1 is 3 m wide normal to
the plane of the figure.
Determine the horizontal
force acting on the shaded
structure. Assume ideal
flow.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 43

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Free Body Diagram 2
V12
 1
V22
2g 2g
Continuity Equation:
A1V1  A2V2
(2 x3)V1  (1x3)V2
Energy Equation: Therefore,
p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
g 2g g 2g
P1 and P2 = 0
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 44
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Applying momentum equation to the free-body diagram.
F1  F2  Fx  Q(V2  V1 )
(9.81x103 x1x6)  (9.81x103 x0.5x3)  Fx  (103 x15.34 x(5.11  2.56)
Fx  4.91KN ()

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 45

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 Example 16
Flow occurs over the spillway of constant section as
shown in Figure. Given that y1, = 4.2 m and y2 = 0.7 m,
determine the horizontal force on the spillway per meter
of spillway width (perpendicular to the spillway section).
Assume ideal flow.
Assume width = 1 m
V12 V22
4.2   0.7 
2g 2g
Continuity Equation:
A1V1  A2V2
(4.2 x1)V1  (0.7 x1)V2
Energy Equation: Therefore,
p1 V12 p2 V22 V1 = 1.401 m/s, V2 = 8.40 m/s ;
 z1    z2  Q = A1V1 = 5.88 m3/s
g 2g g 2g
P1 and P2 = 0
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 46
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 Fx
F1
F2

Applying momentum equation to the free-body diagram.

F1  F2  Fx  Q(V2  V1 )
(9.81x103 x2.1x4.2)  (9.81x103 x0.35 x0.7)  Fx  (103 x5.88 x(8.4 1.4)
Fx  42.9 KN ()

Water (Fw/s)x acts on spillway to the right with 42.9 kN/m.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 47

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Force of Pressure Conduits and Bend
Consider the case of horizontal flow to the right through the
reducer. A free-body diagram of the forces acting on the fluid
mass contained in the reducer (the control volume (CV) is
shown. We shall apply Fx = ṁ (vx2 – vx1) to this fluid mass
to examine the forces that are acting in the x direction.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 48

Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
The forces P1A1 and P2A2 represent pressure forces that fluid
located just upstream and just downstream exerts on the control
volume. The forces Fx represents the force exerted by the
reducer on the fluid ( CV) in the x direction.
Neglecting shear forces at the boundary of the reducer, the force
Fx is the resultant (integrated) effect of the normal pressure
forces that the wall of the reducer exerts on the fluid.
since the entry and exit velocities are parallel to the x direction,

Fx = P1A1 – P2A2 –Fx = Q(V2-V1)

Fx = P1A1 -P2A2- Q(V2-V1)

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 49
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
If the fluid undergoes a change in both direction and velocity,
as in the reducing pipe bend, The change in fluid momentum
in the x direction, gives

Fx = P1A1 – P2A2cos –Fx = Q(V2x-V1x)

Known that V2x = V2 cos and V1x = V1,
Fx = P1A1 – P2A2cos - Q(V2cos  - V1)
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 50
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
In the y direction,

Fy = 0 – P2A2sin + Fy = Q(V2y - V1y)

Known that V2y = V2 sin and V1y = 0,

Fy = P2A2sin + Q(V2sin  )

BFC10403- 51
FLUID MECHANICS
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
 Example 17
A water flows in a pipe which bend to the horizontal axis at
450. The inlet pipe’s diameter is 600mm and reduce to 300mm
at the end. Given the inlet’s pressure and flow rate are
140kPa and 0.425 m3/s respectively. Neglecting the friction,
calculate the resultant force at the bend. 2 P2 A2
Q
V1 
Q V2 
A1 A1
v2
0.425 0.425
V1  V2 
 0.62  0.32 v1
 = 450
P1A
4 4 1
V1  1.5 m/s V2  6.0 m/s
1
Energy Equation:
p1 V12 p2 V22
z    z2 
g 1 2g g 2g

140 10 3 1.52 p2 62 P2  123kPa

  
1000  9.81 2  9.81 1000  9.81 2  52
9.81
 Fx = Momentum Changes in x direction
P1A1 – P2A2cos  - Fx = Q(v2cos  - v1)
(140 x 103)(0.282) – (123x 103) (0.071) (cos 45o) – Fx = (103) (0.425) (6 cos
45o -1.5)
Fx = 32260 N (  )

Fy = Momentum Changes in y direction

0 – P2A2sin  + Fy = Q(v2sin  - 0)
–(123x 103) (0.071) (sin 45o) + Fy = (103) (0.425) (6 sin 45o)

Fy = 7970 N ( ) Direction of resultant

force Fy
Resultant force tan 
FR  Fx2  Fy2 Fx
FR  32260  7970
2 2   13.9o (to horizontal )
FR  33k N

Therefore, the resultant force F = 33kN53acts at angle  = 13.9o from horizontal.

 Example 18
Assuming ideal flow in a horizontal plane, calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the stationary
blade. Note that the jet (Vj, = 12 m/s, D = 150 mm) is divided by
the splitter so that one-third of the water is diverted toward A.
Q  AFVF
  0.15 2
Q 12 +
4
Q  0.212 m3 /s
Q
QA   0.0707 m 3 /s
3 FR
QB  Q  QA  0.1414 m3 /s

Fx = Momentum Changes in x direction

- Fx = Q(-v2cos 60o - v1) + Q(v2cos 60o - v1)
- Fx = (103) (0.0707) (-12cos 60o -12) + (103) (0.1414) (12cos 60o -12)
- Fx = - 2.12kN
Fx = 2.12kN ( ) BFC10403- 54
FLUID MECHANICS
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
 Fy = Momentum Changes in y direction

Fy = Q(-v2sin 60o - 0) + Q(v2sin 60o - 0)

Fy = (103) (0.0707) (-12 sin 60o) + (103) (0.1414) (12 sin 60o)

Fy = 0.735kN ( ) Direction of resultant

force
Resultant force Fy
FR  Fx2  Fy2 tan 
Fx
FR  2.122  0.735 2   19.12 o ( to horizontal )
FR  2.24 kN ( )
Therefore, the resultant force FR(W/B) = 2.24kN ( ) acts at angle  = 13.9o
from horizontal.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 55

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 Example 19

Assume that friction is negligible, that  =115°, and that the

water jet has a velocity of 25 m/s and a diameter of 40 mm.
Find
(a) the component of the force acting on the vane in the
direction of the jet;
(b) the force component normal to the jet; and
(c) the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted
on the blade.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 56

Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
 Q  AFVF FR
  0.04 2
Q  25
4
Q  0.0314 m3 /s

Fx : Fy :
- Fx = Q(-v2cos 65o - v1) - Fy = Q(-v2sin 65o - 0)
- Fx = (103)(0.0314) (-25cos 65o -25) - Fy = (103)(0.0314) (-25sin 65o)
- Fx = - 1.117kN - Fy = - 0.711kN
Fx = 1.117kN ( ) Fy = 0.711kN ( )

Resultant force Direction of resultant

FR  F  F
x
2
y
2
force
Fy
FR  1.117 2  0.7112 tan 
Fx
FR  1.32 kN ( )
  32.5o ( to horizontal )

Therefore, the resultant force FR(W/V) = 1.32kN ( ) acts at angle  = 32.5o

57
from horizontal.
 Example 20
A water jet strikes on a vane at 1500. If water flows and
velocity are 0.68 kg/s and 24 m/s respectively, calculate:
(a) Resultant force at stationary vane
(b) Resultant force at vane if the vane moving at velocity
8m/s in jet direction
(c) Output Power if (b) replaced by the set of vanes

FR
x
v
1
1500

v
2
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 58
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
 FR
(a) Resultant force at stationary vane v
1 1500

v
2
Fx :
- Fx = Q(-v2cos 30o - v1) Fy :
- Fx = 0.68 (-24cos 30o -24) - Fy = Q(-v2sin 30o - 0)
- Fx = - 30.45N - Fy = 0.68 (-24sin 30o)
Fx = 30.45N ( ) - Fy = - 8.16N
Fy = 8.16N ( )

Resultant force Direction of resultant

FR  F  F
x
2
y
2
force
Fy
FR  30.452  8.16 2 tan 
Fx
FR  31.5 N
  15o ( to horizontal )

Therefore, the resultant force FR(W/V) = 31.5N ( ) acts at angle  = 15o from
59
horizontal.
 b) Resultant force at vane if the vane moving at velocity
8m/s in jet direction FR
.
m  Q v
0.68  AV 1 1500
0.68
A  2.83 x10 5 m 2 v
1000 x 24 2
Direction x ,
Moving vane, V1x = V2-V1 = 24 -8 = 16 m/s
ṁ =A(V2 –V1) V2x = - V1x cos 30
3 -5
= 10 x 2.83 x 10 ( 24-8) = - 16 cos 30 = - 13.86 m/s
= 0.453 kg/s
V = v2x- v1x
 - Fx = ṁ (V2 –V1) = -29.86 m/s
= 0.453 x -29.86
= -13.5 N
Fx = 13.5 N ( )
BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 60
Noor Aliza Ahmad , [email protected]
 Direction y ,
V1y = 0 m/s FR =  Fx2 + Fy2
V2y = - (V2-V1) sin 30 =  (13.5)2 + (3.6)2
= - (16-0) sin 30 = 14 N
V = V2x- V1x
= (- 16 sin 30) – 0 Direction,  = tan-1 Fy /Fx
= -8 m/s = tan-1 3.6 /13.5
= 150
 - Fy = ṁ (V2-V1)
= 0.45 x -8 x
= -3.6 N 150
= 3.6 N ( )
y

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 61

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 Example 21

Water flows through the double nozzle. Determine

the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
water exerts on the nozzle. The velocity of both
nozzle jets is 12 m/s. The axes the pipe and both
nozzles lie in a horizontal plane.  = 9.81 kN/m3.
Neglect friction.

BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS 62

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