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CIVIL’s Capsule (Civil Eng. Pocket Dictionary) 1 2 Free with Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) CIVIL’s Capsule (Civil Eng. Pocket Dictionary) 3

SOIL MECHANICS  Porosity: n 

VV
V
 100  Se  WG  
G W (1  W)
(1  e)
VW
 Degree of Saturation: S  V  100 G  e G w
Soil Deposited by v  sat   1  e  . w  d 
  1 e
Alluvial Soil River
Va
Marine Soil Sea water  Air Content: a c  V  1  S  G  1 
Lacustrine Soil Still water like as lakes v     1  e   w  d 
Aeolian Soil Wind Va   1 w
% Air Voids   ,   n ac
Glacial Soil Ice V Method for Determination of water content
Note: Loess is an aeolian soil. W WS  WW
Soil
 Bulk Unit Weight:   V  V  V  V W2  W1
a W S
 Oven drying Method: W  W  W  100
3 1
WS
3 Phase 2 Phase  Dry Unit Weight: d 
(Partially Saturated) V 2 1   (W  W ) G  1
 
 Pycnometer Method: W   (W  W )  G   1  100
Wa 0 W  3 4 
Va Air
Fully Saturated Dry Soil
 Saturated Unit Weight: sat  sat
Vv Vw = Vv Vv = Va
V
Vw Water
Ww
Water Ww Air Wa = 0 Determination of Unit Weight:
V W WS S
Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws  Specific Gravity: G  V .   1. Core Cutter method
S W W
 Field method suitable for, fine grained and clayey soil.
 Appearent or Mass Specific Gravity:
WW  Not suitable for stoney, gravelly soil and dry soil.
 Water Content: W  W  100 Gm 
W

 2. Water displacement method
S
V W  W  Suitable for ohesive soils only
VV 3. Sand replacement method
 Void Ratio: e  V W e n
S  WS   n or e   Field method & used for gravelly, sandy and dry soil
1 w 1 e 1 n

4 Free with Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) CIVIL’s Capsule (Civil Eng. Pocket Dictionary) 5 6 Free with Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

4. Water ballon method Coarse grained soil classification based on Critical hydraulic gradient:
 Volume of the pit is measured by covering the pit with grain size (mm)  sub G  1 i cr
plastic sheet and then filling it with water. Boulder Cobble Coarse grained soil Fine Grained soil icr =   1 + e  (G  1)(1  n) , FOS = i
Gravel Sand w e
 Wt. of water thus calculated is equal to volume of soil coarse fine coarse med iu m fine silt clay Quick sand condition occurs in sand but not in clay becuase
excavated. >300 300-80 80-20 20-4.75 4.75-2.0 2-0.425 0.425-0.075 0.075-0.002 <0.002
in clay cohesion exists.
 Plasticity Index [IP]: I P  WL  WP
Darcy’s Law: q  kiA

ne
-li

ne
U

-li
W  WN WN  WP

A
IC  L , IL  ( IC + IL = 1 ) IP CH Measrement of Permeability:
IP IP
Cl MH U-line IP= (0.9 (WL-8)) q qL
W1  W2 Plasticity Index CL-ML  Constant Head Permeameter Test: K  
If  OH A-line IP= (0.73 (WL-20)) iA Aht
N  IP CL Ml
log10  2  , I t  I
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 Flow Index: 4 ML Ol
N f ML OL 2.3aL h 
 1 1
 Falling Head Permeameter Test: K  At log10  h 
8 10 20 35 50
Liquid limit  2
(q u ) undisturbed
 Sensitivity: St  (q ) Remoulded
u  r2 
Hydrometer correction: CT = CM – Cd  Ct  
e max  e 2.3q r
 Relative Density/Density Index: I D  e  e  100
Compaction Consolidation  Confined Flow Pumping Test: K  log10  1 
Reduction in volume of air Volume reduction due to expultion of pore 2D h 2  h1
max min
voids at a given water content water from voids
Plasticity Index Partially saturated soil Completely saturated soil 2.3q R
 Activity of Clay: AC = % by weight fine than 2 Instantaneous phenomenon Time dependent phenomenon  Unconfined Flow Pumping Test: K  (H 2  h 2 ) log10 r
Specific compaction Technique By static load placed on soil
(use dynamic load)
D60
Cu = D , (Cu > 4 Gravel, Cu > 6 Sand) 1  e3
Quick sand condition: In case of upward seepage flow, if the  Kozeny-Carman Equation: K  . .
10
upward seepage force becomes equal to the buoyant weight K 0 .S2  1  e
 D30 2 of soil, the effective stress in soil becomes zero.
CC = , 1  CC  3 for well Graded soil 2
D10  D60  Allen Hazen’s Equation: K  C.D10