MODULE 1 – FUNCTIONS

The variable that represents a number in the range is called

Simple definition dependent variable.
A function is a special relationship between values: each of its
input value gives back exactly one output value. If a function satisfies f(−x) = f(x) for every x in its domain, then
it is an even function.

If a function satisfies f(−x) = −f(x) for every x in its domain, then

it is an odd function.

Exercises 1.1
1 – 6. Find the domain of the following functions
Fig. 1.1. A function ƒ takes an input x, and returns an output (1) f ( x )=x −2 (2) F ( x )= √ 4−x 2
ƒ(x) 2 3
x −1 x −5
(3) h ( x )= (4) f ( t )=
Formal definition x−2 2
x + x −6
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set X (5) g ( u )= √ u−5 (6) y= √ 3−x−√ 2+ x
exactly one element, called f(x) in a set Y.
7 – 10. Determine neither whether the function is even, odd, or
neither even nor odd.
(7) f ( x )=1+3 x 2−x 4 (8) g ( x )=1+3 x−x 3
t
(9) A ( t )= 2 (10) F ( w )=w2 +2 w+1
1+ t

Classifications of functions
I. Algebraic functions – functions that involve algebraic
Fig. 1.2. A function with domain {1, 2, 3}, range {A, B, C,
operations such as addition, subtraction,
D} and set of ordered pairs {(1, D), (2, C), (3, C)}
multiplication, division, and taking roots.
The domain of a function is the set of all permitted (allowed) A. Polynomial functions – contain polynomials
inputs to a given function. Permitted input values are those B. Rational functions – contain rational expressions
that make the output values real and defined. II. Transcendental functions – functions that are not algebraic
The range (or image) of the function is the set of all resulting A. Trigonometric functions
outputs. B. Inverse Trigonometric functions
C. Exponential functions
Four ways to represent a function: D. Logarithmic functions
1. Verbal. The function is described in words. E. Hyperbolic Functions
2. Numerical. The function is presented by means of a table F. Inverse Hyperbolic functions
of values or ordered pairs.
3. Visual. The function is described by means of a graph. Evaluation of functions
4. Algebraic. The function is written in explicit formula. Exercises 1.2
Evaluate the following functions as required.
Function Notation (1) If f ( x )=5−2 x ,
The most common way to represent a function is by means of find: f ( 0 ) , f (−1 ) , f (−x ) , f ( 2 x ) , and f (x−1)
a formula. The expression f(x), read as “f of x”, is most popular
notation for functions. Note that any other letter or symbol can
(2) If g ( y )= y 2−3 y + 4 ,
be used to name a function.
The variable that represents an arbitrary number in the domain
g ( y + h )−g( y)
find: g ( 1 ) , g (− y ) ,and
is called an independent variable. h
1
 2
lim x −4
(3) If f ( x )= √ x +1+4 , (4) x→ 2
x−2
find: f ( x−1 ) ,and f (3)
MODULE 2 – LIMITS
lim 3
(5) x →−1
The limit of a function is the value or quantity that is being x+1
approached by the said function as the independent
variable approaches a given value (argument) 2
lim x −6 x +5
(6) x→ 5
x−5
Limit Laws:
2
1. Limit of a Constant lim x −4 x
lim c=c (7) x→4
2
x →a x −3 x −4

2. Limit of a Sum lim x −9

2

lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x) ] =lim f ( x ) + lim g(x ) (8) x→−3

2
x →a x→a x →a 2 x +7 x+ 3

3. Limit of a Product 2
lim x −9
lim [ f ( x )⋅ g (x) ] =lim f (x)⋅lim g (x) (9) x→ 3
x →a x→a x→ a 2 x−1

4. Limit of a Quotient 3
lim x −8
lim f (x)
[ ]
f (x) x → a (10) x→ 2
lim = if lim g (x) ≠ 0 x−2
x →a g (x) lim g ( x) x →a
x→ a

5. Limit of a Function with Constant Coefficient

lim c [ f (x) ] =c lim f (x)
x →a x →a

*** NOTE: In evaluating the limit of a function, first thing to

do is to SUBSTITUTE directly the value of the
argument a to the function.

Exercises 2.1
Evaluate the limits.
3 2
(1) lim (5 x −3 x + x −6)
x →3

4
(2) lim (x + 3 x +6)
x→−2

2
lim 2 x +1
(3) x→ 1
3 x−2

2
MODULE 3 – DERIVATIVES dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx
The derivative of a function is the limit of the slope of the
secant line that connects two points in the graph of the 9. Simplified Chain Rule (or General Power Formula)

[ ]
function. d d
( u )n=n (u )n−1 (u )
dx dx
Therefore, the derivative is equal to the slope of the tangent
line to the graph of the function. 10. Square Root Rule
d
Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a ( u)
d dx
function. ( √ u )=
dx 2 √u

Other Notations of Derivative:

Differentiation Rules/Formulas
1. The Derivative of a Constant If the given function is expressed in the form y=f (x ),
d then, the symbols defining a derivative can be as follows:
( c )=0 dy d [ f ( x ) ]
dx or or y ' or f ' ( x)
dx dx
2. The Power Rule for x n
d n Exercises 3.1
( x )=n x n−1 Find the derivative of the given functions using the
dx
appropriate formula.
3. The Constant Multiple Rule (1) f ( x )=x 3
5
d d 3
dx
[ cf ( x ) ]=c dx [ f (x )] (2) f ( x )= x
5
(3) f ( x )=10 x
4. The Derivative of a Sum (or Sum Rule) (4) g ( x )=5 x+ 4
d d d (5) v ( t )=16−9 t 2
dx
[ f ( x ) + g(x ) ] = [ f (x) ] + [ g (x) ]
dx dx
5 4 3 5 2
(6) y=x −3 x + x − x +20 x−105
2
5. The Derivative of a Difference (or Difference Rule)
(7) y= √ 3 x
d d d
dx
[ f ( x )−g ( x) ] = [ f (x) ] − [ g ( x) ]
dx dx
(8) y=5 ( 2 x +1 )
(9) y=x 2 ( x−2 )
6. The Derivative of a Product (or Product Rule) (10) f (x)=( x−3 ) ( 1−2 x )
d d d (11) s(t )=( t 2−1 ) ( 4 t +5 )
dx
[ f ( x ) ⋅g (x) ] =[ f (x ) ] [ g(x ) ] + [ g (x) ] [ f (x ) ]
dx dx
3 x +5
7. The Derivative of a Quotient (or Quotient Rule) (12) f (x)=
x−1
d d
[ g(x )] [ f (x) ]−[ f (x )] [ g(x )]
[ ]
d f (x )
dx g(x)
=
dx
2
[g (x ) ]
dx
(13) f (x)=
2
x +1
3 x−2

8. The Chain Rule (or Composite Rule) (14) y= ( x −3 )10

If y=f (u) and u=g (x) , then (15) f (x)=( 4 x−1 )5

3
(16) y=( x2 −2 x +3 )
12 Higher Derivatives
For a function y=f (x ), we can have the following:
(17) y= (1−2 x )−3
1. first derivative: y ' =f ' ( x),
(18) y= ( 4 x +1 )3 /2 which is the derivative of the function

2. second derivative: y ' ' =f ' ' (x) ,

(19) y= √ 3 x +2
which is the derivative of the first derivative

(20) f (x)=√ 4−x 2

3. third derivative: y ' ' ' =f ' '' (x ),
which is the derivative of the second derivative

and so on.

Exercises 3.2
Find the second derivative of the functions.
(1) f ( x )=x 5
(2) y=7 x −3 −6 x 5
(3) f ( x )= (1−5 x )2
1 1 2
3
(4) y= x − x + x +2
3 2
3 1
(5) f ( x )=x − 2
x
2
(6) f ( x )=
1−x
(7) y=( x2 −1 )( x2 +2 )
3
x +1
(8) y= 3
x −1
(9) f ( x )= ( 2 x−5 )5 / 2
−4
(10) f ( x )=( x2 +3 )

ANSWERS:
(1) f '' ( x )=20 x3 (2) y ' ' =84 x−5−120 x 3
(3) f '' ( x )=50 (4) y ' ' =2 x −1
'' 4
(5) f '' ( x )=6 x−6 x−4 (6) f ( x )=
(1−x )3
3
12 x (2 x +1)
(7) y ' '=2(6 x +1) 2
(8) y ' '= 3
( x 3−1 )
(9) f ' ' ( x )=15 ( 2 x−5 )1/ 2
−6
(10) f ' ' ( x )=24 ( 3 x 2−1 ) ( x 2+ 3 )

4
Implicit Differentiation Chapter 4 - APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVE

If the function is not written explicitly as y=f (x ) but instead Some of the important applications of differentiation are the
dy following:
it is written as F ( x , y )=c , we can solve the derivative by 1. finding the slope of the curve
dx
differentiating each term of the equation with respect to x. This 2. finding the equation of tangents and normals to a curve
process is called implicit differentiation. 3. evaluating the limit of an indeterminate form using
L’Hospital’s rule
Exercises 3.3 4. finding extreme points and inflection points to sketch the
dy graph of a function
Find the derivative or y ' using implicit differentiation. 5. solving real-world optimization problems
dx
(1) x 2+ y 2=4 6. solving motion involving related rates
7. finding the radius of curvature of a curve
(2) 4 x 2+ 9 y 2 =36
(3) ( x− y )2− y=0
(4) x 3 + y 3−3 xy=0
(5) x 2+ 4 xy + y 3 +5=0 I. SLOPE OF THE CURVE

ANSWERS: The derivative is the slope of the line tangent to a curve or

' −x simply, the slope of the curve. That is,
(1) y =
y
dy
=m
' −4 x dx
(2) y =
9y
where: m = slope of the curve.
' 2 ( x− y )
(3) y = Exercises 4.1
2 x−2 y +1

2 Find the slope of the curve at the indicated point.

x −y
'
(4) y = 2 (1) y=2 x +3 at (−2 ,−1)
x− y
(2) y=x 2−3 x +1 at (−1 , 5)
1 2 3
' −2 ( x +2 y ) (3) y=1+ x −x at x=2
(5) y = 2
2
4 x +3 y 2
(4) y= (3 x−2 ) at (0 , 4 )

(5) y= 2
1
x −1 ( )
at 2 ,
1
3
x +2
(6) y= at (0 ,−1)
x−2
2 2
(7) x + y =10 at (−1 ,−3)
2 2
(8) x −3 xy + y +1=0 at (2 , 1)

ANSWERS:
(1) 2 (2) −5 (3) −10

(4) −12 (5) −4/9 (6) −1

5
(7) −1/3 (8) −1/4 II. TANGENTS AND NORMALS

If the slope of the tangent line is the first derivative of the

function and the point of tangency is at (x 1 , y 1 ), then we can
write its equation using the point-slope form.

'
Equation of tangent: y− y 1= y ( x−x 1)

−1
Equation of normal: y− y 1= (x−x 1)
y'

Exercises 4.2

Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve at the
point indicated.
(1) y=3 x 2−x +2 at (−1 , 6)
1 2 3
(2) y= x −2 x at x=1
2
2
(3) y= (1−2 x ) at (0 , 1)

(4) y= 2
2
x −1 ( )
at 2 ,
2
3
x−2
(5) y= at (−1 ,−3)
x +2
2 2
(6) 4 x + y =8 at (1 ,−2)
(7) x 2−xy +2 y 2−8=0 at (2 ,−1)
(8) (x + y )2+ x−3 y =4 at (1 ,−1)

ANSWERS:

(1) tangent: 7 x + y +1=0

normal: x−7 y + 43=0

(2) tangent: 10 x+ 2 y −7=0

normal: 2 x−10 y−17=0

(3) tangent: 4 x + y−1=0

normal: x−4 y +4=0

(4) tangent: 24 x +3 y−50=0

normal: 3 x−24 y +10=0

6
III. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ( x−5 )2−25
( 5 ) lim IV. EXTREME POINTS AND POINTS
x→ 0 x
f (x) 0 ∞ OF INFLECTION
If the limit of a rational expression = or , the limit
g(x) 0 ∞
(if it exists) can be obtained using the L’Hospital’s Rule Extreme points are those points in the graph where the slope
is zero.

[ ] [ ]
f (x) f (x)
' Extreme points include:
lim =lim ' (1) local maximum
x →a g (x) x →a g (x)
(2) local minimum

Exercises 4.3
Evaluate the limits using L’Hospital’s Rule
x−2
( 1 ) lim 2
x→ 2 x −4
2
( 2 ) lim x −x−6
x→ 3 x −3
3x
( 3 ) lim 2
x→ 0 x −4 x

2
( 4 ) lim x −6 x+ 5
x→ 5 x−5

7
V. OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS VI. CURVATURE

Optimization problems are those that involve local maximum The curvature κ at any point P on a plane curve is the change
and local minimum. in the inclination ϕ of the tangent line per unit of arc length.

Suggested steps in solving optimization problems. | y ' '|

1. Draw a figure (if possible) and assign labels to the relevant κ= 3 /2

quantities. [ 1+( y ) ]
' 2

2. Identify the quantity to be maximized or minimized and find

a formula or equation for it. If a circle is drawn tangent to the point P, it has a radius ρ
3. Express the quantity to be maximized or minimized in terms (called radius of curvature) is the reciprocal of curvature.
of a single variable. Use the conditions given in the
1 [ 1+ ( y ) ]
3 /2
problem to eliminate the other variables. ' 2

4. Determine the domain of the function generated in step 3. ρ= =

5. Find the extreme values to answer the question posed by
κ | y ' '|
the problem.

Exercises 4.5 Exercises 4.6

(1) The diagonal of a rectangle is 40 cm long. Find the Calculate the curvature and the radius of curvature at the point
maximum area of the rectangle. [ ANS: 800 cm2 ] indicated.

( )
3
x 4
(2) The sum of two numbers is 16. If the sum of their cubes is (1) y= at 2 ,
6 3
a minimum, find the numbers. [ ANS: 8 and 8 ]
y =2 x at ( 2 , 2 )
2
(2)
y −4 x =9 at ( 2 , 5 )
2 2
(3) An isosceles triangle has a base of 6 units and a height of (3)
12 units. Find the dimensions of an inscribed rectangle (4) 2
y=2 x +3 at x=−1
with maximum area if one of its sides lies on the base of 4
the triangle. [ ANS: 3 units x 6 units ] (5) y=2 x + at x=1
x
(4) A window in the shape of a rectangle capped by a
semicircle has a perimeter of 10 ft. Find the radius of the
semicircular part so that the window admits the most light.
(Hint: The window that admits the most light is the one with
maximum area.) [ANS: 1.4 ft ]

(5) A rectangular garden with an area of 200 sq. m. is to be

fenced off against goats and chickens. If one side of the
garden is protected by a barn, find the dimensions that will
require the least amount of fencing material. (Hint: The
shortest fence will require the least amount.)
[ANS: 20 m x 10 m ]

(6) From a 15 x 8 rectangular piece of cardboard, four

congruent squares are to be cut out, one at each corner.
The remaining cross-like shape is then to be folded into an
open box. What size the squares should be cut out so as
to maximize the volume of the resulting box? [ANS:
5/3 by 5/3 ]

8
Chapter 5 – DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS

Transcendental functions include the following:

1. trigonometric functions
2. inverse trigonometric functions
3. exponential functions
4. logarithmic functions
5. hyperbolic functions

I. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(1) Given: y=sinu

Derivative: y ' =cos u du

(2) Given: y=cos u

Derivative: y ' =−sin u du

(3) Given: y=tan u

Derivative: y ' =sec 2 u du

(4) Given: y=cot u

Derivative: y ' =−csc 2 u du

(5) Given: y=sec u

Derivative: y ' =secu tan u du

(6) Given: y=cscu

Derivative: y ' =−cscu cot u du

Exercises 5.1
Find the first derivative
(1) y=sin2 x

(2)

9
Chapter 6 – FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEGRATION The constant of integration c compensates for the zero
derivative of a constant function that cannot be recovered
Integration is the process of undoing the derivative. The exactly during the differentiation process.
function f ( x )=5 x 2 has a derivative of f ' ( x )=10 x .
Reversing this process is called anti-differentiation. Therefore,
the anti-derivative of 10 x is 5 x 2.

Properties of Indefinite Integral and the Constant of Integration

Looking back the derivatives

(1) If y=x 2
dy
then, y ' =2 x or =2 x or dy =2 xdx
dx

(2) If y=x 2 +5
dy
then, y ' =2 x or =2 x or dy =2 xdx
dx

(3) If y=x 2−14

dy
then, y ' =2 x or =2 x or dy =2 xdx
dx

As you have observed the derivative of a constant function is

zero.

If the derivatives of two functions are equal, then the functions

differ by, at most, a constant.
What you are doing with this operation is taking the indefinite
integral. The indefinite integral represents all anti-derivatives
of f (x).

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )+ c ; where f ( x )=F ' ( x)

∫→ the integral symbol
f ( x ) dx → the integrand
F ( x ) +c → the indefinite integral
c → the constant of integration

10