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Module 1 Functions

The document discusses concepts related to differential calculus including definitions of functions, domains and ranges, graphs of functions, and operations on functions. It provides examples and learning activities to illustrate key ideas in calculus such as composition of functions, even and odd functions, and piecewise-defined functions.

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Nigel Ceasar Defensor Silva
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© © All Rights Reserved
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7 views

Module 1 Functions

The document discusses concepts related to differential calculus including definitions of functions, domains and ranges, graphs of functions, and operations on functions. It provides examples and learning activities to illustrate key ideas in calculus such as composition of functions, even and odd functions, and piecewise-defined functions.

Uploaded by

Nigel Ceasar Defensor Silva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Source: CALCULUS by Howard Anton, 2009

Module 1 Functions

1.1 Definition
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with
each input. If the input is denoted by x, then the output is
denoted by f(x) (read “f of x”).

1.2 Independent and Dependent Variables


For a given input x, the output of a function f is called the
value of f at x or the image of x under f. Sometimes we
will want to denote the output by a single letter, say y,
and write
y = f(x)
This equation expresses y as a function of x; the variable
x is called the independent variable (or argument) of f,
and the variable y is called the dependent variable of f.
This terminology is intended to suggest that x is free to
vary, but that once x has a specific value a corresponding
value of y is determined. For now we will only consider
functions in which the independent and dependent
variables are real numbers, in which case we say that f is
a real-valued function of a real variable.

1.3 The Vertical Line Test


Learning Activity 1.1 Not every curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function.
From the given table, describe the function f(x). For example, consider the curve shown below, which is
cut at two distinct points,(a, b) and (a, c), by a vertical
line. This curve cannot be the graph of y = f(x) for any
function f; otherwise, we would have
f(a) = b and f(a) = c

Learning Activity 1.2


Given the equation y=2 x 2−4 x+ 2, evaluate
(a) f ( 0 )
(b) f (−1.5)
(c) f ( √ 2 )

1.3 Graphs of Functions


If f is a real-valued function of a real variable, then the
graph of f in the xy-plane is defined to be the graph of
the equation y = f(x). 1.4 The Absolute Value Functions
Recall that the absolute value or magnitude of a real
number x is defined by

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Source: CALCULUS by Howard Anton, 2009

The effect of taking the absolute value of a number is to Learning Activity 1.8
strip away the minus sign if the number is negative and An open box is to be made from a 16-inch by 30-inch
to leave the number unchanged if it is nonnegative. piece of card board by cutting out squares of equal size
from the four corners and bending up the sides
(a) Let V be the volume of the box that results when the
squares have sides of length x. Find a formula for V as a
function of x.
Learning Activity 1.3 (b) Find the domain of V.
Graph of the function f(x) =|x| (c) Graph volume V and estimate the range of V.
(d) Describe in words what the graph tells you about the
1.5 Piecewise-defined Functions volume.
It is a type of functions having discontinuity.
1.7 Arithmetic Operations on Functions
Learning Activity 1.4 Two functions, f and g, can be added, subtracted,
Sketch the graph of the function defined piecewise by the multiplied, and divided in a natural way to form new
formula functions f + g, f − g, fg, and f/g.

( f +g ) x =f ( x )+ g (x)
( f −g ) x=f ( x )−g ( x)
( fg )( x )=f ( x ) g(x )
1.6 Domain and Range ¿
If x and y are related by the equation y = f(x), then the set For the functions f + g, f − g, and fg we define the domain
of all allowable inputs (x-values) is called the domain of f, to be the intersection of the domains of f and g, and for
and the set of outputs (y-values) that result when x varies the function f/g we define the domain to be the
over the domain is called the range of f. intersection of the domains of f and g but with the points
where g(x) = 0 excluded (to avoid division by zero)
If a real-valued function of a real variable is defined by a
formula, and if no domain is stated explicitly, then it is to Learning Activity 1.9
be understood that the domain consists of all real Let
numbers for which the formula yields a real value. This is
called the natural domain of the function Find the domains and formulas for the functions f + g,
f − g, fg, f/g, and 7f.
Learning Activity 1.5
Find the natural domain of 1.8 Composition of Functions
The operation of composition is performed by
substituting some function for the independent variable
of another function.

Learning Activity 1.6 Definition Given functions f and g, the composition of f


Find natural domain of the function with g, denoted by f ◦ g, is the function defined by
(f◦g)(x) = f(g(x)). The domain of f◦g is defined to consist of
all x in the domain of g for which g(x) is in the domain off.

Learning Activity 1.10


Learning Activity 1.7
Let f(x) = x2 + 3 and g(x) =√ x . Find
Find the domain and range of
(a) (f◦g)(x)
(b) (g◦f )(x)
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Source: CALCULUS by Howard Anton, 2009

Learning Activity 1.11


Find (f◦g◦h)(x) if f(x) = √ x , , g(x) = 1/x, h(x) = x3

1.9 Even and Odd Functions


A function f is said to be an even function if
f(−x) = f(x) and is said to be an odd function if
f(−x) = −f(x)

Geometrically, the graphs of even functions are


symmetric about they-axis because replacing x by –x in
the equation y = f(x) yields y = f(−x), which is equivalent
to the original equation y = f(x). Similarly, it follows from
that graphs of odd functions are symmetric about the
origin. Some examples of even functions are x2, x4, x6, and
cos x; and some examples of odd functions are x3, x5, x7,
and sin x.

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Source: CALCULUS by Howard Anton, 2009

OUTCOMES-BASED ASSESSMENTS
OBA 1.1

OBA 1.5

OBA 1.2

OBA 1.3
OBA 1.6

OBA 1.4

OBA 1.7

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Source: CALCULUS by Howard Anton, 2009

OBA 1.8

OBA 1.14

OBA 1.9
Find the natural domain and determine the range of each
function.

OBA 1.10

OBA 1.11

OBA 1.12

OBA 1.13
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