Name: Donna H.

Date: 1/25/2024
Class: Chem
Period: 3rd
Lab Partner: Nathan, Kyle, Jacob

Lab #7- Reaction Rates and Equilibrium

Introduction
Objective: In this lab, reactions will be determined to be exo- or endothermic, and whether heat is then a reactant or
product, to show what types of things affect the rate of the reaction, and to monitor the effect of changing the
quantity of a material in a reaction and how it affects the equilibrium.
Hypothesis: The combination of CaCl2 and water will result in an exothermic reaction (due to how it will
dissolve in water we can assume that the product is heat) and the combination of NH4NO3 and water will
result in an endothermic reaction (since it might not dissolve without heat as a reactant). The higher the
concentration of the reactants is, the faster the reaction rate. Higher temperatures would also result similarly.
These manipulations increase the amount of collisions in a reaction, and therefore the rate of successful
reaction rate.The buffer would stabilize the water in the reaction.
Pre-Lab Questions:
a) After dropping an Alka Seltzer tablet into a glass of water, there might be gas coming from the pill which is a sign of
chemical reaction.
b) Bleaching a stain show the changes in color which is one of the signs of a chemical reaction.
c) Burning a match result in production of heat which is a sign for a chemical exothermic reaction.
d) The rusting of an iron nail signature the oxidation of iron (a chemical reaction).

Procedure
Apparatus:
ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
anhydrous calcium chloride CaCl2
magnesium ribbon
hydrochloric acid 1M, 2M, 3M
vinegar
sodium hydroxide NaOH 0.1 M
baking soda NaHCO3
distilled water
ice

PROCEDURE: PART 1: ENDOTHERMIC & EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

1. Place 5 mL of distilled water into each of 2 test tubes.
2. Record the temperature of the water in the first test tube. Add a scoop of ammonium nitrate, stir and record the
temperature.
3. Repeat step 2 in the second test tube, using a scoop of calcium chloride instead of ammonium nitrate. 4.
Determine if each reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
5. Add heat as a reactant or product to the balanced equation.

PART 2: RATES OF REACTION

A. HOW AMOUNT OF REACTANT AFFECTS RATE
1. Place a piece of magnesium metal into a test tube.
2. In a graduated cylinder, measure 5 mL of 1 M HCl.
3. Prepare a stopwatch or second hand on the clock.
4. Rapidly pour the HCl into the test tube and begin timing. Record the length of time until the metal completely
disappears.
5. Carefully touch the bottom of the test tube to determine if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
6. Repeat steps 1 – 5 using 2 M HCl.
7. Repeat steps 1 – 5 again with 3 M HCl.
8. Rank the reactions from slowest to fastest.
B. HOW TEMPERATURE AFFECTS RATE
1. Fill a beaker half full with ice and add a small amount of water.
2. Fill a second beaker half full with water, place on a hot plate and heat to 50-60 oC.
3. Place 5 mL of vinegar (or 0.1 M HCl) into each of 2 test tubes. Put one test tube into the ice and cool to under 10
o
C. Put the other test tube into the hot water and heat to the water temperature.
4. Remove the test tubes from their respective beakers and place in the test tube rack. Record the temperature in
each test tube.
5. At the same time, add a scoop of baking soda to each test tube. Observe the production of carbon dioxide bubbles.
Determine which test tube completes the reaction faster as seen by the disappearance of the bubbles.
PART 3: REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM
1) Carbonic acid/ sodium bicarbonate in water

a) Measure 25 mL of tap water into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask.

b) Add 5 drops 0.1 M NaOH solution to the water. (Tap water is slightly acidic. The addition of the sodium
hydroxide will raise the pH to better simulate the human body.)
c) Add 2 drops of 0.04% Phenol Red Indicator to the water.
d) Record the color of the solution.
e) Place a straw into the solution and blow into the solution with steady breathes. Take care not to over
bubble the solution causing it to spill out of the flask. Record any color change, and how many breaths are
required to change the color.
f) After the color change, add 0.1 M NaHCO3 drop wise to the solution and swirl the solution between drops.
Record any color change, and how many drops are required to change the color.
 g) Repeat steps (e) & (f) twice more.
h) Balance the equation for the reaction.

2) Carbonic acid/ sodium bicarbonate in a buffer

a) Measure 25 mL of buffer solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask.

b) Add 2 drops of 0.04% Phenol Red Indicator to the water.
c) Record the color of the solution.
d) Using a straw, blow into the solution with steady breathes. Take care not to over bubble the solution
causing it to spill out of the flask. Record any color change, and how many breaths are required to change the
color. If you do not see a color change after 20 breaths, stop.
e) After the color change, add 0.1 M NaHCO3 dropwise to the solution. Record any color change, and how
many drops are required to change the color. If no color change is noted after 25 drops, stop.
f) Is this the same reaction as in part (1)? If so, discuss any differences between the results in parts (1) & (2).
If no, what is different?

Original Lab Data:

PART 1: 25 C
1) Ammonium Nitrate

Observation of the reaction: The temperature increase from 25 C to 28 C

Type of the reaction: Exothermic
2) Calcium Chloride
Observation of the reaction: The temperature decrease from 25 C to 24C

Type of the reaction: Endothermic

Balance the equations and add heat as either a reactant or a product
NH4NO3 (s) —> Heat + NH4NO3 (aq)
Heat + CaCl2 (s) —> CaCl2 (aq)

PART 2
PART A: MAGNESIUM METAL AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID

1) 1 M HCl

Observation of the reaction: the temperature increase as the Mg strip dissolve in the acid. Most of the Mg strip
was not dissolve

Time of the reaction: 5:00 minutes

2) 2 M HCl

Observation of the reaction: the temperature increase and the Mg strip completely dissolve
 Time of the reaction: 3:01 minutes

3) 3 M HCl

Observation of the reaction: The temperature increase as the Mg strip dissolve completely

Time of the reaction: 1:30 minutes

Fastest to slowest reaction rate: 3M HCl> 2M HCl> 1M HCl

Balance the equation Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) —> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

PART B: VINEGAR AND BAKING SODA

3) 60 OC

Observation of the reaction: there was bubbles on the side of the test tube
Time of the reaction: 0:40 minutes

4) 10 OC

Observation of the reaction: There was no reaction in the test tubes

Time of the reaction: 2:50 minutes

Balance the equations

NaHCO3 (s) + H(C2H3O2) (aq) —> Na(C2H3O2) (aq)) + H2CO3 (aq)
_H2CO3 (aq) —> _H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
PART 3

1) Carbonic acid/ sodium bicarbonate in water

Initial color of solution: purple

Trial Color change Number of breaths Color change Drops NaHCO3

1 light gold 14 rose gold 19

2 light orange 7 purple 5

3 light orange 2 pink 3

Evidence that indicates a

chemical reaction has occurred: the color change from the phenol solution (from purple to light yellow when add
CO2) (from light yellow to pink when add NaOH)
Balance the equation

_____CO2(g) + _____H2O(l) —> _____ H+(aq) + _____HCO3-(aq)

2) Carbonic acid/ sodium bicarbonate in a buffer

Initial color of buffer solution: pink

Breaths to color change: 24

Drops of sodium bicarbonate to color change: 2

Reaction: After breathing into the solution, the color turned from pink to light orange. Adding NaOH made the
solution pinker.

Differences between parts (1) & (2): It took less breaths and NaOH solution in order to observe a change of the
solution in part 1. Part 2 required more CO2 and NaOH to observe a change in color.
Results: Through this lab, we were able to identify which substance with water would result in an endothermic
or exothermic reaction. CaCl2 with water resulted in an endothermic reaction and NH4NO3 resulted in an
exothermic reaction. In part 2, we observed that the higher the concentration of HCl is, the faster the reaction
is. In part 3, we found out that the addition of the buffer solution slowed down the chemical reaction since it
require more CO2 (acid) and NaOH (base) to observe the change of color.
Conclusion
Summary:
In this lab, we tested the combination of water with CaCl2 and NH4NO3 to see which solution would result in an endothermic or
exothermic reaction. In part 2, we tested the reaction rate with different concentrations of HCl and compared the time the reaction
took to dissolve a strip of Magnesium. In part 3, we compared the reaction rate of two solutions (buffer and phenol red with water
and phenol red) to observe the effects of the buffer in the solution. We observe the color changes through breathing into the
mixture (adding CO2-an acid) and adding NaOH (base).
Hypothesis:
The initial hypothesis stated that the combination of CaCl2 and water will result in an exothermic reaction (due
to how it will dissolve in water we can assume that the product is heat) and the combination of NH4NO3 and
water will result in an endothermic reaction (since it might not dissolve without heat as a reactant). The higher
the concentration of the reactants is, the faster the reaction rate. Higher temperatures would also result
similarly. These manipulations increase the amount of collisions in a reaction, and therefore the rate of
successful reaction rate.The buffer would stabilize the water in the reaction and slow down the reaction. The
experiment demonstrated that CaCl2 with water resulted in an endothermic thermal reaction and NH4NO3
resulted in an exothermic reaction. For part 2, the initial hypothesis was correct since the reaction rate
increased as the molarity of HCl increased. For part 3, the buffer did, in fact, slow down the reaction.

Learned:
Through this lab, we learned that endothermic reactions result in the decrease of temperature and exothermic reactions result in
an increase of temperature. Additionally, the higher the concentration/molarity of the reactant is in a reaction, the faster the
reaction rate is going to be. We learned the use of a buffer that is slowing down the reaction.
Post Lab Questions:
1)
a) From part A of the experimen, we found that CaCl2 would result in an endothermic reaction and NH4NO3
would result in an exothermic reaction. In other words, NH4NO3 would make a good hot pack and CaCl2
would make a good cold pack.
b) An instant hot/cold pack works through putting a mixture of salt into water. Depend on the type of salt, the
pack would release or absorb the heat.
2) Reversible reactions are reactions that can reverse products back into reactants.
3)
a) 3O2 + UV —> 2O3
b) The reaction above is an endothermic reaction since the heat is a reactant -indicate that heat is being
absorbed-.
c) Chlorine plays a role as a extracter/carrier of the Oxygen molecule to ozone and converts it into O2. O3 +
O —> 2O2. Looking at the two equations O3+Cl—> O2+ClO and O3+ClO—> 2O2 +Cl, we can conclude
that Chlorine act as a converter of O3 to O2.