HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Lesson: Reproductive System

Section: MED227 Date: March 9, 2023
Professor: Juan Carlo M. Pangan Level: 1st Year, 2nd Semester

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Germ cells

Functions - Modulation of Sertoli cells functions
- Production of gametes Sertoli cells
- Fertilization - Spermatogenesis
- Development and nourishment of a new
individual Leydig cells
- Production of reproductive hormones
- Interstitial cells; Secretes testosterone
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive System
- Testes
- Series of Ducts
o Epididymis
o Vas deferens
o Urethra
- Accessory glands
o Seminal vesicles
o Prostate gland
o Bulbourethral glands
- Supporting structures
o Scrotum
o Penis
Testes
Descent of the Testes
- Small, Ovoid organs
- Each about 4–5 cm long Approximately 8 weeks
- Within the scrotum
- Exocrine & Endocrine - Testes have developed as retroperitoneal
- Exocrine secretion – Sperm cells organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
- Endocrine secretion – Testosterone Approximately 12 weeks
Structure of Testes - Testes descend toward the area where the
Tunica vaginalis inguinal canals will form.
- Serous membrane consists of squamous Between 7 and 9 months
epithelium - The testes move through the inguinal
Tunica albuginea canals into the scrotum
- Fibrous connective tissue capsule that By 9 months of age
surrounds each testis - 98.2% of male infants show normal testes
Septa descent
- Extensions into testis; dividing it into Spermatogenesis (Sperm Cell Development)
lobules - Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Lobules Germ cells
- Contain seminiferous tubules - Divide and differentiate to form sperm
Seminiferous tubules cells
- Site of development of sperms
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Lesson: Reproductive System
Section: MED227 Date: March 9, 2023
Professor: Juan Carlo M. Pangan Level: 1st Year, 2nd Semester

Sustentacular cells / Sertoli cells

- Facilitate the process spermatogenesis

Epididymis
- Final maturation of the sperm cells occurs
Consists of:
- Head – contains the convoluted efferent
ductules
- Body Erection
- Long tail
Ductus Deferens
- Vas deferens
- Emerges from the tail of epididymis
- Ascends along the posterior side of the
testis to the epididymis
- Associates with blood vessels and nerves
- Supplies the testis
Ejaculatory Duct
- 2.5 cm long
- These ducts project into the prostate gland
and end by opening into the urethra
Urethra
- 20 cm long
- Extends from the urinary bladder to the
distal end of the penis
Penis
- Male organ of copulation
- Contains 3 erectile tissue – Engorgement
with blood causes Erection
- 2 Corpora cavernosa
- Corpus spongiosum
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Lesson: Reproductive System
Section: MED227 Date: March 9, 2023
Professor: Juan Carlo M. Pangan Level: 1st Year, 2nd Semester

Circumcision Pathway of Sperm

1. Testis
2. They pass through the efferent ductules
3. Enter the epididymis
4. Sperm cells then leave the epididymis
5. Passing through the ductus deferens,
ejaculatory duct, and urethra to the
exterior of the body
- It takes 12–16 days for sperm to travel
through the epididymis and appear in the
ejaculate
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Accessory glands Female Reproductive System
- Seminal Vesicles - Ovaries
- Prostate Gland - Uterine tubes
- Bulbourethral Glands - Uterus
- Vagina
- External genital organs
- Mammary glands
Ovaries
- Small organs
- 2-3.5 cm long
- 1-1.5 cm wide
Exocrine & Endocrine
- Exocrine secretion – Ova
- Endocrine secretion – Estrogen,
Progesterone
Uterine tube (Fallopian tube / Oviduct)
Semen Uterus
- Sperm cells and secretions
- Seminal vesicles – produce about 60% fluid
- Prostate gland – 30%
- Bulbourethral glands – 5%
- Testes – 5%
Emission
- Discharge of secretion from vas deferens
into the urethra
Ejaculation
- Forceful expulsion of semen from the
urethra
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Lesson: Reproductive System
Section: MED227 Date: March 9, 2023
Professor: Juan Carlo M. Pangan Level: 1st Year, 2nd Semester

External Genitalia Female Sexual behavior

- Depends on hormones
- Androgens and other steroids
- Depends on psychological factors
Female Sex Act
- Parasympathetic stimulation
- Blood engorgement in clitoris and around
the vaginal opening
- Erect nipples
- Mucous-like fluid extruded into vagina and
through wall
Female Fertility
- If fertilization is to occur, intercourse must
take place between 5 days before and 1
Physiology of Female Reproduction day after ovulation.
- Sperm cell transport to the ampulla
- Hormonal and Nervous control - Depends on the ability of the sperm cells to
- LH and FSH
swim and possibly on contractions of the
- Elevated rated of estrogen and uterus and the uterine tubes
progesterone secretion – Puberty
Pregnancy
Menstrual Cycle
- Implantation of the developing embryo
into the uterine wall occurs when the
uterus is most receptive.
- Estrogen and progesterone, secreted first
by the corpus luteum and later by the
placenta, are essential for the
maintenance of pregnancy
Menopause

Uterine Cycle

Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System

Age-Related Changes in Males
- Decreases occur in the size and weight of
the testes
- Seminiferous tubule wall becomes thin
- Prostate gland enlarges – incidence of
prostate cancer increases.
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Lesson: Reproductive System
Section: MED227 Date: March 9, 2023
Professor: Juan Carlo M. Pangan Level: 1st Year, 2nd Semester

- Erectile dysfunction becomes more

common
- Sexual activity gradually decreases
Age-Related Changes in Females
- Menopause
- Uterus – decreases in size
- Vaginal wall – thins
- Incidence of breast, uterine, and ovarian
cancer increases.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Nongonococcal urethritis
- Trichomoniasis
- Gonorrhea
- Genital herpes
- Genital warts
- Syphilis
- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)