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Role of Nutraceuticals in Health and disease prevention: A review

Article · June 2015

DOI: 10.46370/sajfte.2015.v01i02.02

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 South Asian J. Food Technol. Environ. 1(2):116-121 (2015)
ISSN 2394- 5168(Print), 2454-6445(online)

Role of nutraceuticals in health and disease prevention: A review

Krishan Kumar1* and Sarvesh Kumar2
1
Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture,
Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, HP
2
Department of Food Technology, Baba Farid Institute of Technology, Dehradun-248007
*E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract
The term nutraceutical was originally defined by Dr. Stephen L. De Felice, founder and chairman of the
Foundation of Innovation Medicine (FIM), Crawford, New Jersey. About 2000 years ago, Hippocrates correctly
emphasized “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food". Nutraceuticals are medicinal foods that
play a role in maintaining well being, enhancing health, modulating immunity and thereby preventing as well as
treating specific diseases. Thus the field of nutraceutical can be envisioned as one of the missing blocks in the
health benefit of an individual. Probiotics are ingested for their purported positive advantages in the digestive
tract and/or systemic area like the liver, brain, vagina or blood stream. Antioxidants are very essential in the
treatment of almost all diseases because most chronic diseases carry with them a great pact of oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is accelerated by the ageing process along with lack of dietary antioxidants. Flavonoids have
anti-cancerous properties by acting as antioxidants. Phytochemicals have specific actions and can be used
variously for e.g. as antioxidants and have a positive effect on health. Recently, much attention has been given
to phytochemicals that possess cancer preventive properties. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have
been shown to decrease the production of inflammatory eicosanoids, cytokines and reactive oxygen species,
possess immunomodulatory effects and attenuate inflammatory diseases. With the evolution of “Smart
Nutraceuticals”, a Futuristic “Physician’s Desk Reference” would contain information on individual genetic
profiles to be matched with specific nutritional interventions as well. This would be a vast improvement over
current nutritional recommendations which being too generalized are reported to benefit only 60% of
population.
Key Words: Nutraceuticals, medicine, health, antioxidants, phytochemicals, diseases
Paper cited: Kumar, Krishan and Kumar, Sarvesh (2015). Role of Nutraceuticals in Health and disease
prevention: A review. South Asian J. Food Technol. Environ. 1(2):116-121.

The term nutraceutical was originally Nutraceuticals have received considerable

defined by Dr. Stephen L. De Felice, founder and interest in recent times because of their presumed
chairman of the Foundation of Innovation safety and potential nutritional and pharmaceutical
Medicine (FIM), Crawford, New Jersey. Since the value. Nutraceuticals are substances which are not
term was coined by Dr. De Felice, its meaning has traditionally recognized nutrients but which have
been modified by Health Canada which defines positive physiological effects on the human body.
nutraceutical as: a product isolated or purified from They are claimed to possess multiple therapeutic
foods, and generally sold in medicinal forms not benefits. The medicinal plants represent one of the
usually associated with food and demonstrated to important fields of traditional medicine all over the
have a physiological benefit or provide protection world and hence an established constituents of
against chronic disease. Examples are β-carotene nutraceuticals (Singh and Geetanjali, 2013).
and lycopene. Dr Stephen DeFelice coined the term The interface between the nutritional
"Nutraceutical" from "Nutrition" and environment and cellular/ genetic processes is
"Pharmaceutical" in 1989. The term nutraceutical is termed as ‘nutrigenomics’. It provides a molecular
being commonly used in marketing but has no enlightenment of phytochemicals benefitting
regulatory definition (Gupta et al., 2013). human health by altering the expression or
About 2000 years ago, Hippocrates constitution of genes. This leads to alteration in
correctly emphasized “Let food be your medicine initiation, development and progression of different
and medicine be your food". In the past five years, diseases. Thus, nutrigenomics is very important in
the world has witnessed the explosive growth of a the role of nutraceuticals against ageing and
multibillion dollar industry known as nutraceutical. different diseases by proving genetic information
The term “nutraceutical” combines the word (Dahiya, 2013).
“nutrient” (a nourishing food or food component) Foods and nutrients play a vital role in
with “pharmaceutical” (a medical drug). normal functioning of the body. They are helpful in
maintaining the health of the individual and in

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reducing the risk of various diseases. cold, cough and asthma. Cranberries (Vaccinium
Nutraceuticals are medicinal foods that play a role erythrocarpum) contain proanthocyanadin and are
in maintaining well being, enhancing health, found to be useful in cancer, ulcers and urinary
modulating immunity and thereby preventing as tract infections (Singh and Sinha, 2012).
well as treating specific diseases. Thus the field of (c) Dietary Supplements
nutraceutical can be envisioned as one of the Dietary supplements are products
missing blocks in the health benefit of an administered through mouth that contain a dietary
individual. It has been scientifically proved and ingredient intended to add something to the foods
supported by various research articles that you eat. As defined by the Dietary Supplement
nutraceutical are efficacious to treat and prevent Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994), “a
various disease conditions (Rama et al., 2006). product that contains one or more of the dietary
Classification of Nutraceuticals ingredients such as vitamin, mineral, herb, or other
Nutraceuticals are non-specific biological botanical, and amino acid (protein) also includes
therapies used to promote wellness, prevent any possible component of the diet as well as
malignant processes and control symptoms. They concentrates, constituents, extracts or metabolites
are classified as follows: of these compounds.” (Sapkale et al., 2012).
(a) Nutrients Examples of dietary supplements are black cohosh
Nutrients are substances such as vitamins, for menopausal symptoms, ginkgo biloba for
minerals, amino acids and fatty acids with memory loss and glucosamine/chondroitin for
established nutritional functions. Most vegetables, arthritis. They also serve specific functions such as
whole grain cereals, dairy products, fruits and sports nutrition, weight-loss supplements and meal
animal products such as meat, poultry, contain replacements. Supplement ingredients may contain
vitamins and are helpful in curing heart diseases, vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino
stroke, cataracts, osteoporosis, diabetes and cancer. acids, enzymes, organ tissues, gland extracts, or
Minerals found in plant, animal and dairy products other dietary substances. They are available in
are useful in osteoporosis, anaemia and build different dosage forms, including tablets, capsules,
strong bones, teeth, muscles, improve nerve liquids, powders, extracts, and concentrates
impulses and heart rhythm. Flax seed and salmon (Chintale et al., 2013)
contain fatty acids omega-3 PUFAs, and are potent Role of bacterial nutraceuticals
controllers of the inflammatory processes, Bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
maintenance of brain function and reduce are used all over the world in a large variety of
cholesterol deposition (Singh and Sinha, 2012). industrial food fermentations (Chelule et al., 2010).
The most commonly known nutrients are Some of the starter bacteria used in dairy
antioxidant, water and fat-soluble vitamins. Many fermentation are the yoghurt bacterium
potential benefits have been attributed to Streptococcus thermophilus and the cheese and
antioxidant use in the form of dietary intake or butter (milk) bacterium Lactococcus lactis. This
supplementation. Antioxidants, in general, may be property offers the possibility to fortify fermented
useful in the prevention of cancer and dairy products with folate by natural means i.e.
cerebrovascular disease. High dietary intake of without the addition of food supplements. Some
vitamin E may prevent Parkinson’s disease lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococcus lactis, are
(Sapkale et al., 2012). able to produce and excrete riboflavin into the
(b) Herbals surrounding medium (Sharma and Kumari, 2012)
Herbals are as old as human civilization Probiotics are live microbial food
and they have provided a complete storehouse of ingredients, which are beneficial to health. They
remedies to cure acute and chronic diseases. The are friendly bacteria that promote healthy digestion
knowledge of herbals has accumulated over and absorption of some nutrients. They act to
thousands of years so that today we possess many crowd out pathogens, such as yeasts, other bacteria
effective means of ensuring health care (Stauffer, and viruses that may otherwise cause disease and
1999). Nutraceuticals holds a great promise to develop a mutually advantageous symbiosis with
improve health and prevent chronic diseases with the human gastrointestinal tract. They have an
the help of herbals. Some examples are willow bark antimicrobial effect through modifying the
(Salix nigra), having active component as salicin, microflora, preventing adhesion of pathogens to the
which is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, intestinal epithelium, competing for nutrients
astringent and antiarthritic. Parsley (Petroselinum necessary for pathogen survival, producing an
cripsum) contains flavnoids (apiol, psoralen) and is antitoxin effect and reversing some of the
diuretic, carminative and anti-pyretic. Peppermint consequences of infection on the intestinal
(Mentha piperita) contains menthol as an active epithelium (Singh and Sinha, 2012). An
component and cures cold and flu. Lavender international expert group of the International Life
(Lavandula angustifolia) contains tannin which is Sciences Institute (ILSI) has evaluated the
helpful in curing depression, hypertension, stress, categorized and published evidence of functionality

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of different probiotics in four areas of (human) concentrations and have the potential to inhibit the
application, namely, (i) metabolism, (ii) chronic oxidants chain reactions and ultimately reconstitute
intestinal inflammatory and functional disorders, the damaged membranes. Dietary antioxidants and
(iii) infections, and (iv) allergy (Cencic and some accessory molecules, such as zinc and certain
Chingwaru, 2010) . vitamins are important in maintaining free radical
The various types of bacteria that are scavenging systems, biosynthetic capacity,
having the probiotics characteristics are:- membranes, enzymes and DNA. Antioxidants are
Lactobacilli, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, found in the vegetable oils e.g., Soybean oil, canola
Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus case, oil, corn oil, oat oil, wheat germ oil, palm oil,
Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacterium lactis, evening prime rose oil ( Singh et al., 2012).
Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, Antioxidants are very essential in the
Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus, treatment of almost all diseases because most
Lactococcus , Lactococcus platinum, Lactococcus chronic diseases carry with them a great pact of
reuteri, Lactococcus agilis, Enterococcus , oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a chief job
Saccharomyces, Bacillus, Pediococcus ( Singh et in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's
al., 2012). There are large numbers of benefits of disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and
using probiotics as nutraceuticals. Some of these Huntington’s disease (HD). Oxidative stress is
benefits include: enhancing bowel function, accelerated by the ageing process along with lack
prevention of colon cancer, lowering cholesterol, of dietary antioxidants. A huge number of studies
lowering of blood pressure, improving immune have found an association between high dietary
function, reducing infections, reducing antioxidant intake and a decreased risk of AD
inflammation, improving mineral absorption, which is very imperative because preventing a
preventing growth of harmful bacteria, fighting off disease is significantly easier than treating it.
diseases like candida and eczema, and many more. Researches suggest that preventing AD is actually
As these “friendly bacteria” are beneficial for not that complex. Treatment with antioxidants is a
humans similarly there are large numbers of soil hopeful loom for slowing disease progression
bacteria which act as probiotics for plants. They are (Klatte et al., 2003).
helpful in promoting the growth, health and yield Phytochemicals as potential
of crops (Pandey et al., 2011) nutraceuticals
Antioxidants in disease prevention Phytochemicals (bioactive non-nutrient
Antioxidants are known to defuse free plant compounds), have raised interest in human
radicals leading to limited risk of Oxidative Stress nutrition because of their potential effects as
(OS) and associated disorders. At cellular and antioxidants, antiestrogenics, anti-inflammatory,
molecular levels they inactivate Reactive Oxygen immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenics
Species (ROS) and under specific low (Laparra and Sanz, 2010). Majority of foods,
concentration inhibit or delay oxidative processes such as whole grains, beans, fruits, vegetables and
by interrupting the radical chain reaction of lipid herbs contain phytonutrients/ phytochemicals.
peroxidation. Carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbates, These phytochemicals, either alone and/or in
lipoic acids and polyphenols are strong natural combination, have tremendous therapeutic potential
antioxidants with free radical scavenging activity. in curing various ailments. Phytochemicals with
Endogenous antioxidant enzymes like super oxide nutraceutical properties present in food are of
dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, enormous significance due to their beneficial
glutathione reductase, minerals like Se, Mn, Cu, effects on human health since they offer protection
Zn, vitamins A, C and E, carotenoids, limonoids against numerous diseases or disorders such as
and polyphenols exert synergistic actions in cancers, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high
scavenging free radicals (Prakash and Gupta, blood pressure, inflammation, microbial, viral and
2009). parasitic infections, psychotic diseases, spasmodic
During the last few years researches has conditions, ulcers, osteoporosis and associated
confirmed that many common disease (CVS, disordersn (Prakash et al., 2012).
diabetes, cataracts, high blood pressure, infertility, They are naturally occurring biochemicals
respiratory infection and rheumatoid arthritis) are that give plants their color, flavor, smell, and
associated with tissue deficiency and/or low dietary texture, which may help prevent diseases. They are
levels of compounds called antioxidants which biologically active natural products such as
make them an essential part of the nutraceutical glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables, limonoids
market. During oxidation free radicals are in citrus fruits, lignans in flaxseed, lycopene in
generated, these free radicals at a molecular level tomatoes, and catechins in tea. They all have
burn everything they touch. Antioxidants are quite specific actions and can be used variously for e.g.
large in number and diverse in nature which as antioxidants and have a positive effect on health.
opposes the process of oxidation largely by Recently, much attention has been given to
neutralizing free radicals at relatively small phytochemicals that possess cancer preventive

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properties (Shukla and Singh, 2007). Besides

chemopreventive components in vegetables and Polyunsaturated fatty acids as
fruits, some phytochemicals derived from herbs
and spices also have potential anticarcinogenic and nutraceuticals
antimutagenic activities, among other beneficial The use of omega-3 oils/long-chain ω3
health effect. A broad range of phyto- PUFA constitutes one of the most promising
pharmaceuticals with a claimed hormonal activity, developments in human nutrition and disease risk
called "phyto-estrogens", is recommended for reduction in the past three decades. Long-chain ω3
prevention of prostate/breast cancer (Inti and PUFA are of great interest because of their
Faoro, 2006). effectiveness in prevention and treatment of
Tea contains catechin derivative, amino coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes,
acid theanine (shown reduced blood pressure in arthritis and other inflammations, autoimmune
hypertensive rats). Black and green tea both show disorders mental health and neural function as in
equal activity in total plasma antioxidant status depression and schizophrenia and cancers and are
after single dose. But some study show green tea to essential for maintenance and development of
be more effective than black. Tea polyphenols have normal growth, especially for the brain and retina.
anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and anti-platelet (Shahidi, 2012). Polyunsaturated fatty acids
properties and effective in lowering risk of (PUFAs) (which include the omega-3 and omega-6
developing Coronary Heart Diseases (Chaturvedi et fatty acids) and phytochemicals also play an
al., 2011) important role as healthy dietary bioactive
Flavonoids have anticancerous properties compounds. A balanced PUFA composition of
by acting as antioxidants. They are found in citrus food influences diverse aspects of immunity and
fruits, soyfoods which are unique dietary source of metabolism. Moreover, interactions between
isoflavones, green tea rich in epigallocatechin PUFAs and components of the gut microbiota may
gallate and curcuma longa rich in curcumin. The also influence their biological roles (Cencic and
main soybean isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, Chingwaru, 2010).
biochanin inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Carotenoids and lycopenes are also important (PUFAs) have been shown to decrease the
chemicals for human health. Because of the production of inflammatory eicosanoids, cytokines
unsaturated nature of lycopene it is considered to and reactive oxygen species, possess
be a potent antioxidant and a reactive oxygen immunomodulatory effects and attenuate
species (ROS) quencher. Recently, it was reported inflammatory diseases (Sohaimy, 2012). Fatty
that fruits and vegetables containing lycopene exert acids of the omega-3 series (n-3 fatty acids) present
cancer protective effect via a decrease in oxidative in fish are well established dietary components
and other damage to DNA in humans. Among the affecting plasma lipids and the major
carotenes, beta carotene is the most active as cardiovascular disorders, such as arrhythmias
antioxidants. β- Carotene is the more common form (Rajasekaran et al., 2008). The health-promoting
and can be found in yellow, orange, and green leafy effect of fish oil is now known to be due to the
fruits and vegetables (Pandey et al., 2011). omega-fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-
Flavonoids block the angiotensin- 6. The main omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil are
converting enzyme (ACE) that raises blood docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic
pressure by blocking the "suicide" enzyme acids (EPA). DHA in particular has been shown to
cyclooxygenase that breaks down prostaglandins, be an important structural component of the brain
they prevent platelet stickiness and hence platelet and contributes to improved memory functions.
aggregation. Flavonoids also protect the vascular Recently, increased incorporation of DHA into
system and strengthen the tiny capillaries that carry margarines and baby foods has been promoted to
oxygen and essential nutrients to all cells. enhance brain memory development; a role in
Flavonoids block the enzymes that produce reducing the severity of Alzheimer's disease has
estrogen, thus reducing the risk of estrogen-induced been suggested for DHA (Sohaimy, 2012).
cancers (Rajasekaran et al., 2008). Nutraceutical Regulations
In recent years, there is growing evidence Food regulation is aimed at protecting the
that plant-foods polyphenols, due to their biological consumer’s health, increasing economic viability
properties, may be unique nutraceuticals and harmonizing well-being and engendering fair trade
supplementary treatments for various aspects of on foods within and between nations. For
type 2 diabetes mellitus. potential efficacies of nutraceutical industries, two challenges are
polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, apparent; regulatory uncertainty and credibility of
stilbenes, lignans and polymeric lignans, on labeling claims. The food sector in India has been
metabolic disorders and complications induced by governed by multiple laws enacted at different
diabetes have been discovered (Bahadoran et al., points of time to complement and supplement each
2013). other (Singh and Sinha, 2012).

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Regulations differ between countries. Conclusion

Japan was the first country to recognize functional The nutraceutical industry is growing at a
foods as a separate category when in 1991 it rate far exceeding expansion in the food and
introduced the FOSHU (Foods for Specific Health pharmaceutical industries. Public health
Use) system to evaluate health claims. This system Authorities consider prevention and treatment with
has valuable aspects: it regulates both safety and nutraceuticals- as a commanding gadget in
health and it demands that the food be analyzed for maintaining health and to perform against
the amount of effective components (Sohaimy, nutritionally induced acute and chronic diseases,
2012). thereby promoting optimal health, longevity and
The Indian Health and Dietary quality of life. Future demand of nutraceutical
Supplement Association was created to represent depends on consumer perception of the relationship
pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, herbal, direct selling between diet and disease. Although nutraceuticals
and other service oriented industry companies and have significant promise in the promotion of
plans to affiliate with the International Alliance of human health and disease prevention, health
Dietary Supplement Associations in the near future. professional, nutritionists and regulatory
The association is planning a scientific conference toxicologist should strategically work together to
to bring the industry and government together to plan appropriate regulation to provide the ultimate
share information, experience and perspectives on health and therapeutic benefit to mankind.
the use and regulation of dietary supplements. The It is very imperative that the nutrients
pressure from the industry and stakeholders for a found in many foods, fruits and vegetables are
single regulatory body and an integrated modern responsible for the well documented health
food law, the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 benefits. Evidences indicate that the mechanistic
(FSSA) was enacted by the Government of India actions of natural compounds involve a wide array
(GOI) after extensive consultation and formal of biological processes, including activation of
legislative procedures (Singh et al., 2012). antioxidant defenses, signal transduction pathways,
The Future of Nutraceuticals cell survival-associated gene expression, cell
The expanding nutraceutical market proliferation and differentiation and preservation of
indicates that end users are seeking minimally mitochondrial integrity. It appears that these
processed food with extra nutritional benefits and properties play a crucial role in the protection
organoleptic value. This development, in turn, is against the pathologies of numerous age-related or
propelling expansion in the nutraceutical markets chronic diseases.
globally. The emerging nutraceuticals industry In order to have scientific knowledge
seems destined to occupy the landscape in the new about the nutraceuticals, publics should be
millennium. Its tremendous growth has educated, and recommended daily doses of these
implications for the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceuticals should be known by each consumer.
healthcare, and agricultural industries Many Nutraceutical Products is collaborative research
scientists believe that enzymes represent another effort of pharma, food and chemistry. As healthcare
exciting frontier in nutraceuticals. "Enzymes have industry is growing in India, growth of
been underemployed. They are going to be a hot nutraceuticals is also increasing because people
area in the future." Fermentation technology using want to treat their disease by improving their health
microbes to create new food products also with the help of Fast Moving Healthcare Goods.
represents potential. Global trends to healthy Now “nutraceutical a day may keep the doctor
products cannot be reversed. Companies taking the away” replace the old proverb “an apple a day will
lead by investing strategically in science, product keep the doctor away”. Consumers are turning
development, marketing and consumer education massively to food supplements to improve well
will not go unrewarded (Pandey et al., 2010) being where pharmaceuticals fail.
Nutraceuticals supplied through oral or References
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