B.

arch, Sem-8, RAR-802

Module-3; Lecture-2, Part (A)

Plastics & Rubbers

AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
 CONTENT:

- What is Plastic?
- Monomers & Polymers
- How Plastic is made?
- Classification based on polymer structure
- Classification based on resin identification codes
- Additives; types
- Polymer Processing Methods

AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
 Derived from Greek word
“PLASTIKOS” = able to be
shaped or molded.

Plastics are synthetic materials made from

polymers. These polymers are composed of
organic compounds and can be molded into
various shapes.

AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
 Monomers and Polymers
The word polymer comes from the Greek words for
"many (poly) parts (-mer)";
monomer means "one part"

The process in which

several simple
molecules of a
Monomer interconnect
to form a Polymer is
called
Polymerisation.

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AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
 Classification Based on Polymer Structure

Plastics are classified into three main categories based on their polymer structure: -

● thermoplastics,
● thermosetting plastics,
● elastomers

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 Classification Based on Polymer Structure

Thermoplastics Thermosetting Elastomers

Definition

These are polymers that become soft and Thermosetting plastics undergo a chemical reaction Elastomers are polymers with elastic properties,
pliable when heated and solidify upon when heated, resulting in a permanent change. meaning they can stretch and return to their original
cooling. They can undergo this process Once they are cured, they cannot be reshaped or shape when the stress is removed. This elasticity is
repeatedly without significant degradation softened by heating. This curing process typically due to the arrangement of polymer chains, which
of their properties. involves the formation of cross-links between allow them to easily deform under stress and then
polymer chains, which give thermosetting plastics revert to their original shape once the stress is
Some common examples of thermoplastics their rigid and durable properties. released.
Examples

include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene

(PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene Examples of thermosetting plastics include epoxy Common examples of elastomers include natural
(PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). resins, phenolic resins, and melamine rubber, synthetic rubbers (such as styrene-butadiene
formaldehyde. rubber and neoprene), and silicone rubber.
Thermoplastics are widely used in various
applications such as packaging, consumer These plastics are utilized in electrical insulators, Elastomers find applications in products requiring
Uses

goods, automotive parts, pipes, and more. adhesives, and aerospace components due to their flexibility, resilience, and sealing properties, such as
heat resistance and strength. tires, seals, gaskets, and various medical devices.

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AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
 Classification Based on resin identification codes

Plastics are also classified based on recycling symbols, ranging from #1 to #7 and are usually found on the
bottom of plastic containers.
These symbols indicate the resin type and help in the segregation and recycling of plastic waste.

1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE) - #1

2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - #2
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - #3
4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - #4
5. Polypropylene (PP) - #5
6. Polystyrene (PS) - #6
7. Other (often Polycarbonate, Polyurethane, and Polylactic Acid) - #7

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AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
 Without additives, plastics would not work, but with them they can be made safer, cleaner, tougher and more colourful.

The polymers themselves often do not have any desired properties when they are manufactured. Therefore, polymer
materials are blended with certain chemicals called additives to create the desired properties in the final plastic or rubber
products.

Additives are used to make plastic products suitable for specific situations or applications.

Examples of additional properties are stiffness or flexibility, UV-resistance, water repellant, flame resistant etc.

During the production of plastics or rubbers a significant amount of additives is mixed with the polymers. This mixing
process of polymers with additives is known as "plastic" or "rubber" compounding. The percentage of additives in polymer
based products depends on the required properties but it can easily be more than 50% of the end product.

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 Types of Additives

Examples of types of additives usually used for making plastics:

● Colourants;
● Plasticisers (softeners, phthalates);
● Processing aids;
● Stabilisers;
● Flame retardants;
● Antistatic agents;
● UV-absorbers;
● (Enforcement) fillers.
● Reinforcing agents

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 Polymer processing methods

Polymer process Characteristics

Extrusion Continuous process. Very common.

Polymer melted and compressed by the screw in a barrel screw extruder, and forced out of dies in wide
range of shapes, geometries and sizes.

Injection moulding Molten polymer forced into metal mould.

Thermoforming Thermoplastic sheet heated to plasticise; then formed to shape by pressure

Rotational moulding Rotate heated mould containing polymer granules to form thin shell.

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 Extrusion

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 Extrusion

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 Extrusion

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 Extrusion

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 Extrusion

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 Injection Moulding

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 Injection Moulding

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 Stretch Blow Moulding

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 Thermoforming

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 Rotational Moulding

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AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh
 THANK [email protected]

AIT-SAP; APEEJAY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Ar. Mrinalini Singh