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Final PUSH Revision Document Paper TWO 221120 070733

Geography (Lenasia South Secondary School)

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CURRICULUM GRADE 10 -12 DIRECTORATE

NCS (CAPS)

GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12

PAPER TWO

SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMIC

GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA

2022

JIT REVISION DOCUMENT

1

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RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT

QUESTION 1 OBJECTIVES

1.1 Refer to FIGURE 1.1 which shows the urban profile of a city.

FIGURE 1.1: URBAN PROFILE

[Adapted from www.learnmindset.co.za]

1.1.1 Name land-use zone A.

1.1.2 Name land-use zone F.

1.1.3 Which land use-zone occupies the most space?

1.1.4 Is industrial area B a light or heavy industrial zone?

1.1.5 Which ONE of the two residential areas (C or D) is most likely
the high-income area?
1.1.6 Identify land-use zone E.
1.1.7 Which land-use zone has the highest land value? (7 x 1) (7)

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1.2 Choose a term in COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–I) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.8) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.9 J.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1.2.1 Place where goods are transferred A mining towns

from one form of transport to another
B central places
1.2.2 Settlements that develop where
a number of routes converge C break-of-bulk point

1.2.3 Settlements that are located in D junction towns

mountain passes
E specialized towns
1.2.4 The main function of these
settlements is to protect South Africa F resort towns
during times of war
G gap towns
1.2.5 Urban settlements that have one
dominant function H satellite towns

1.2.6 Settlements that provide urban goods I military towns

and services to the
surrounding rural population

1.2.7 The main function of these

settlements is to attract
holiday-makers
1.2.8
The extraction of minerals resulted in
the formation of these type of
settlements

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1.3 Refer to FIGURE 1.3 on rural settlements. Match EACH of the

descriptions below with ONE of diagrams A, B or C. You may choose the
same settlement more than once. Write only the letter (A–C) next to the
question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.3.8 A.
FIGURE 1.3: RURAL SETTLEMENTS

[Adapted from https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=A0LEVvwh_YFZ73sA6rwPxQt.?p=r

ural+settlement+patterns and http://rogpalmer.cantabphotos.com]

1.3.1 Farm houses are found in a linear shape.

1.3.2 Farm houses are far apart or scattered.

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1.3.3 Less safe and secure in this type of settlement.

1.3.4 This shape is influenced by a single road.

1.3.5 Settlement pattern associated with large commercial farms.

1.3.6 The shape of the settlement is stellar.

1.3.7 Individual farmlands tend to be elongated (long and narrow).

(7 x 1) (7)

1.4 Choose ONE word/term from the list below that matches a description of
settlement patterns or shapes. Write only the word/term next to the
question numbers (1.4.1 to 1.4.8) in the ANSWER BOOK.

linear; T-shaped; cross-shaped; dispersed; cobweb; circular;

stellar; semi-circular; nucleated

1.4.1 Shape of settlements located along a narrow canal

1.4.2 Settlement shape that develops along many main roads which radiate in
different directions from a central point
1.4.3 Shape of settlement located along a harbour.
1.4.4 Settlement shape that resulted from houses that are grouped around market
square
1.4.5 Settlement pattern that resulted from houses being close together

1.4.6 Settlement shape where two major roads intersect

1.4.7 Settlement pattern that resulted when houses are far apart from each other

1.4.8 Settlement shape where a secondary road meets with a main road (8 x 1) (8)

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1.5 Refer to FIGURE 1.5 showing rural settlement patterns. Match the
descriptions below with the rural settlement patterns A or B. Write only A or
B next to the question numbers (1.5.1 to 1.5.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g.
1.5.9 B.
FIGURE 1.5: RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

[Source: https://www.slideshare.net/xksinz/settlement-patterns]

1.5.1 A nucleated settlement pattern

1.5.2 Lacks privacy
1.5.3 Sharing of farming equipment
1.5.4 Safety and security risk
1.5.5 Fragmented (broken up) farm land
1.5.6 Far from basic services like shops and schools
1.5.7 Produces large yields
1.5.8 Requires large amounts of money to practice farming (8 x 1) (8)

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1.6 Match each of the descriptions below with either a high-order or a low-order
central place. Write only 'high-order central place' or 'low-order central place'
next to the question numbers (1.6.1 to 1.6.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g.
1.6.8 high-order central place.

1.6.1 This central place offers a wide variety of functions

1.6.2 A low threshold population is associated with this central place
1.6.3 A larger sphere of influence is evident in this central place
1.6.4 According to the urban hierarchy, this central place is in the majority
1.6.5 A conurbation is an example of this type of central place
1.6.6 There is a smaller range in this central place
1.6.7 Specialized services, like universities and art galleries, are found in this type of
central place
(7 x 1) (7)

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1.7 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter (A–I) next to the question numbers (1.7.1 to 1.7.8) in
the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.7.9 J.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1.7.1 Ranking of urban settlements from A sphere of influence

smallest to largest
B high-order goods
1.7.2 Settlement that provides goods and
services to the surrounding rural C urban hierarchy
population
D low-order goods
1.7.3 Area from where urban settlements
draw their customers E central place

1.7.4 Minimum number of customers F low-order centres

needed to make a business
profitable G high-order centres

1.7.5 The maximum distance that people H threshold population

travel to buy goods and services
I range
1.7.6 Type of goods that are purchased
frequently

1.7.7 Few services and functions are

available

1.7.8 Goods and services that are not

purchased regularly
(8 x 1) (8)

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1.8 Refer to FIGURE 1.8 showing rural settlement patterns and shapes.
Choose the correct answer from the options given in brackets to make
the statement TRUE. Write only your answer next the question numbers
(1.8.1 to 1.8.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.8.9 dispersed.

FIGURE 1.8: RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND SHAPES

CROSSROADS

[Adapted from https://www.studyadda.com/current-affairs/human-settlements]

1.8.1 A (dispersed/nucleated) settlement pattern is associated with large

machinery
1.8.2 The settlement pattern that encourages more community activities is
(nucleated/dispersed).
1.8.3 The lack of safety and an increased vulnerability to crime is more
predominant in (nucleated/dispersed) settlement patterns.
1.8.4 (Nucleated/Dispersed) settlement patterns are commonly associated with
privately owned land.
1.8.5 The settlement that develops at the intersection of transport routes has as
a (linear/crossroads) shape.
1.8.6 (Circular/Linear) shaped settlements develop around a focal point.
1.8.7 A (circular/linear) shaped settlement forms along transport routes.

1.8.8 The settlement shape responsible for the greatest accessibility is a

(linear/crossroads) settlement. (8 x 1) (8)

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1.9 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
numbers (1.9.1 to 1.9.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.9.8. D.

1.9.1 … is the maximum distance a customer is willing to travel to buy goods or to

use a service.
A Central place
B Sphere of influence
C Range
D Threshold

1.9.2 … goods are used almost daily and are found in most types of settlements.
A High-order
B Threshold
C Low-order
D Comparative

1.9.3 … describes the ranking of urban areas according to their size and degree of
specialization of the functions.
A Central place
B Urban morphology
C Sphere of influence
D Urban hierarchy

1.9.4 An urban service centre supplying goods and services to the surrounding rural
area is known as a …
A central place.
B low-order centre.
C rural hamlet.
D high order centre.

1.9.5 … are fewer, draw people from further and offer more specialised services.

A Towns
B Villages
C Farmsteads
D Cities

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1.9.6 … refers to the number of customers a business needs to be

profitable.

A Sphere of influence
B Threshold population
C Urban population
D Range of population

1.9.7 The area from which a business draws its customers is a/an …

A range of goods.
B local service centre.
C sphere of influence.
D urban hierarchy. (7 x 1) (7)

1.10. Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s)next
to the question numbers (1.10.1 to 1.10.8) in the ANSWER BOOK.

1.10.1. Farmsteads are scattered in (nucleated/dispersed) settlements.

1.10.2. (Round/Linear) settlements are generally located along roads, rivers or canals.

1.10.3. The (dispersed/nucleated) settlement is generally associated with fragmented

plots of farmland.

1.10.4 (Nucleated/Dispersed) settlements are generally easy targets for criminals

because of remoteness.

1.10.5 (Linear/Round) settlements tend to be elongated for accessibility.

1.10.6 The advantage of (nucleated/dispersed) settlements is the sharing of

equipment and ideas.
1.10. 7. The (nucleated/dispersed) settlements are associated with making the largest
profits.

1.10.8. Lack of privacy is a problem in (dispersed/nucleated) settlements.

(8 x 1) (8)

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1.11. Various options are given as possible answers to the following

questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the
question numbers (1.11.1 to 1.11.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11.9 D.

1.11.1 The relative location of one place with respect to another place is referred to
as….
A stand
B relative distance
C location
D exact location

1.11.2 The economic sector and economic function that dominates in rural
settlements can be described as….

A primary and single

functional.
B primary and multifunctional
C secondary and multifunctional
D secondary and single functional
1.11.3 The type of settlement illustrated below is a…

A linear settlement.
B dry point settlement.

C scattered settlement.

D wet point settlement.

1.11.4 Settlements along the coast usually have a… shape.

A circle
B cross
C semicircle
D star
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1.11.5 The land use zone model below can be identified as a multiple core model
because it has ....

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

A concentric zone
B many focal points
C many wedges points
D a focal point

1.11.6 The… refers to the number of people needed for a business to make a profit.
A threshold population
B sphere of influence
C range of goods
D urban hierarchy

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1.11.7. The urban area below is ...

A star-shaped
B linearly formed.
C uniform.
D circular.
1.11.8. Urbanization refers to the…

A decrease in the number of people living in rural areas.

B physical growth of an urban area.
C increasing percentage of people living in urban areas.
D Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. (8 x 1) (8)

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1.12.1 Refer to FIGURE 1.12.1 showing rural and urban settlements. Match
the statements below to settlement type (A or B). Write only the
letter next to the question numbers (1.12.1 to 1.12.7) in the ANSWER
BOOK
FIGURE 1.12: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS

[Source:
https://www.google.co.za/search?q=rural+settlements+in+south+africa&tbm=isch&t
bs
https://www.google.co.za/search?tbm=isch&q=urban+settlements+in+south+africa
&chips]

1.12.1 Settlement associated with secondary and tertiary activities

1.12.2 Primary activities dominate in this settlement

1.12.3 Known as a unifunctional settlement

1.12.4 This settlement offers multiple functions

1.12.5 The pattern of this settlement is always nucleated

1.12.6 An example of such a settlement is a city

1.12.7 The smallest settlement is called a farmstead (7 x 1) (7)

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1.13 Select ONE term/concept for each of the following

descriptions on the classification of settlements .Write
only the term/ concept next to the question numbers
(1.13.1 to1.13.7) e.g. 1.13.8 large city.

Hamlet, town, megalopolis, isolated farmstead,

conurbation, village, city, metropolis

1.13.1 A settlement that is the smallest in the hierarchy.

1.13.2 A settlement that is continuous urban area made up of towns and
cities.
1.13.3 A settlement that consists of loose grouping of a few farmsteads.
1.13.4 A settlement that consists of a major city with satellite towns.
1.13.5 A settlement that offers a large variety of services and specialized
functions.
1.13.6 A small urban settlement that provides urban functions to the
surrounding rural area.
1.13.7 A settlement consisting of many conurbations.
(7x1) 7

1.14 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets.

Write only the correct word(s) next to the question number
(1.14.1 – 1.14.8) in the ANSWER BOOK. Example 1.14.9
urban blight.

1.14.1 A mixture of functions such as factories, shops, places of

entertainment is found in the (transition/industrial ) zone.
1.14.2 (Urban growth /urbanization)refers to the increase in the
percentage of people living in urban areas.
1.14.3 The largest urban settlement in South Africa is a
(megalopolis/conurbation).
1.14.4 A metropolitan area will have a (higher/lower) sphere of
influence than a town.
1.14.5 Goods bought frequently are classified as (high/low) order
goods.

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1.14.6 Poor service delivery is an example of (economic/social)

injustice.
1.14.7 (Urban morphology/Urban decay) refers to the form and
shape of a city.
1.14.8 The grid iron street pattern is (easier/more difficult) to
navigate than the unplanned irregular street pattern.

1.15 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following

questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A to D) next to
the question number ( 1.15.1 -1.15.7) in the answer book.

1.15.1 A cultural factor influencing a site is

A Water
B Pasture
C Fuel
D Religion

1.15.2 Dry Point Settlements occur near the …

A Rivers
B Oasis
C Marshes
D High ground

1.15.3 A settlement is classified according to …

A The number of people living in the settlement
B The number of high order activities
C The function of the settlement
D The number of low order activities

1.15.4 The exact piece of land on which a settlement is located

A Location
B Site
C Situation
D Area

1.15.5 A loose grouping of farmsteads is referred to as..

A Village
B Hamlet
C Metropolis
D Town
1.15.6 Settlement density refers to the number of settlement per …
A m2
B km2
C cm2
D mm2
1.15.7 Farmsteads that are closely spaced together

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A Nucleated
B Dispersed
C Linear
D Circular (7x1) 7

1.16 Match the statement / items in Column X with their terms /concept
in Column Y. Write only the correct letter next to the numbers
1.16.1 to 1.16.8.

COLUMN X COLUMN Y

1.16.1 The maximum distance A. Sphere of

that people travel to buy influence
goods and services
1.16.2 Goods and services that B. Urban hierarchy
are not bought regularly
1.16.3 Ranking of urban C. High order
settlements from the goods
smallest to the largest
1.16.4 Settlement that provides D. Low order goods
goods and services to the
surrounding rural
population
1.16.5 Area where urban E. Central place
settlements draw their
customers
1.16.6 Minimum number of F. Range
customers needed to
make a business
profitable
1.16.7 Types of goods that are G. Threshold
purchased frequently Population
1.16.8 Few services and H. Low order
functions are available centres
I. High order
centres
(8x1)8

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1.17 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the question
numbers. (1.17.1 to 1.17.7)

1.17.1 The actual ground that is occupied by a farm is known as the …

A situation
B location
C site
D space

1.17.2 The choice of site for the location of a farm is influenced by…
A population size
B topography
C finance
D markets

1.17.3 The situation of a farm is influenced by …

A soil fertility
B water sources
C distance to markets
D steepness of land

1.17.4 The social advantage of nucleated settlement pattern is …

A safety and security
B using technology
C that a local market is available
D making more profit

1.17.5 The settlement pattern is classified as a dispersed settlement due

to the …
A farm plots being far apart
B distance away from the market
C farmsteads being far apart
D availability of flat land

1.17.6 An economic advantage of a dispersed settlement is …

A greater privacy
B the potential for large profits
C the high cost of buying power
D independence

1.17.7 Settlement located along the river is a ……shape

A linear
B round
C circular
D crossroad (7x1) 7

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1.18 Choose the word/term from COLUMN B that completes the statement
in COLUMN A. Write only Y or Z next to the question numbers (1.18.1
to 1.18.7 ) in the ANSWER BOOK e.g. 1.18.8 Z.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.18.1 The process where people Y urbanization
move from urban areas to rural Z counter urbanisation
areas is known as …
1.18.2 The pace (speed) at which Y rate of urbanization
urbanization occurs is known as … Z level of urbanisation
1.18.3 The formless expansion of Y urban sprawl
urban areas is referred to as… Z natural growth
1.18.4 The process where the Y rural-urban migration
percentage of the population living in Z urbanisation
the urban areas increases is known
as …
1.18.5 The increase in the number of Y urban expansion
people in urban areas is known as Z urban growth
…
1.18.6 An urban settlement with Y specialized
one dominant function is called a … Z junction
town
1.18.7 A town that provides goods Y central place
and services to the surrounding rural Z gateway
population is known as a … town
(7x1) 7

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Question 2

2.1 Before selecting a site for his/her farm, a farmer will take various site
and situation factors into account.

2.1.1 Clearly distinguish between the terms site and situation (2x2)(4)

2.1.2 Water can be both an attraction and deterrent (to be avoided)

when selecting a site for a farmstead. Explain this statement. (2x2)(4)

2.1.3 Name and discuss ONE other physical factor that a farmer will
consider when selecting a site for a farm. (2x2)(4)

2.1.4 Discuss the role of market accessibility as a situation factor when

selecting a site for a farm. (2x2)(4)

2.2 Refer to FIGURE 2.2 showing small-scale farming.

2.2.1 Define the term small-scale farming. (1x2) (2)

2.2.2 What evidence in the photograph suggests that these are small-
scale farmers? (1x1) (1)

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2.2.3 Why can one say that these small-scale farmers are are farming
the land intensively? (1x2) (2)

2.2.4 The profit margin of the farmers in the photograph in FIGURE 2.2
will be low. Explain this statement. (2x2) (4)

2.2.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline the problems

experienced by small-scale farmers, as seen in the photograph. (4x2) (8)

2.3 FIGURE 2.3 refers to rural settlement patterns

2.3.1 Define the concept settlement pattern. (1x2) (2)

2.3.2 Name the settlement pattern depicted in FIGURE 2.3. (1x1) (1)

2.3.3 Explain TWO physical (natural) factors that influenced the pattern (2x2) (4)
of this settlement.

2.3.4 Refer to the shape of the settlement.

(a) Identify the shape of this settlement. (1x1) (1)

(b) Name the main factor that has influenced the shape of the (1x1) (1)
settlement.

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(c) Comment on ONE advantage of this shape for the community. (1x1) (1)

2.3.5 Explain TWO economic disadvantages for farmer X. (2x2) (4)

2.4 Read the extract in FIGURE 2.3 referring to the effects of rural
depopulation

2.4.1 Define the term rural depopulation. (1x2) (2)

2.4.2. Quote TWO pieces of evidence from the passage that indicate the
social effects of rural depopulation. (2x1) (2)

2.4.3 ‘Farms get bigger, while less manpower is needed’

(a) Suggest ONE possible reason why farms get bigger. (1x2) (2)

(b) Discuss how ‘bigger’ farms could increase rural depopulation. (1x2) (2)

2.4.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how land

reform could reduce rural depopulation in South Africa. (4x2) (8)

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2.5 Study FIGURE 2.5 which shows the trend of rural population in South
Africa from 2004 to 2015

2.5.1 Comment on the trend from 2004 to 2015 in the graph regarding
people living in rural areas in South Africa. (1x1) (1)

2.5.2 What percentage of South Africans lived in rural areas in 2015? (1x1) (1)

2.5.3 Give a projected percentage for the South African rural population
in 2018. (1x2) (2)

2.5.4 What impact will the trend in QUESTION 2.5.1 have on rural areas
in the future? (2x2) (4)

2.5.5 If the trend in QUESTION 2.5.1 continues, South Africa might head
for food insecurity in the near future. In a paragraph of approximately
EIGHT lines, outline sustainable measures to ensure continued food
security. (4x2) (8)

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2.6 The increasing rate of rural-urban migration causes many problems for
rural and urban settlements.

2.6.1 Define the term rural-urban migration. (1x2) (2)

2.6.2 Name TWO environmental push factors responsible for rural-urban

migration. (2x1) (2)

2.6.3 How will rural-urban migration cause the economy of rural areas to
stagnate (stop growing)? (2x2) (4)

2.6.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines and explain why

pull factors are a burden on urban municipalities (local governments). (4x2) (8)

2.7 FIGURE 2.7 refers to water as a social justice issue in rural areas.

2.7.1 How was water transported in rural areas prior to the invention of
the water wheel shown in FIGURE 2.7. (1x1) (1)

2.7.2 How has the water wheel by Wello changed access to water in
rural areas? (1x2) (2)

2.7.3 What role can access to water in rural areas play in reducing
poverty? (1x2) (2)

2.7.4 Give a reason for the poor water infrastructure in rural areas in
South Africa. (1x2) (2)

2.7.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines suggesting

sustainable solutions to improve access to water in rural areas. (4x2) (8)

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2.8 Read the extract from the State of the Nation Address (SONA) in
FIGURE 2.8 about rural settlement issues: land reform

2.8.1 What is land reform? (1x2) (2)

2.8.2 Refer to land reform policy.

(a) Name TWO land reform programs referred to in the

extract. (2x1) (2)

(b) Explain the difference between the land reform

programmes named in QUESTION 2.8.2(a) (2x2) (4)

2.8.3 Give TWO solutions in the extract that refers to the

success of land reform for emerging farmers. (2x1) (2)

2.8.4 How will the action of ‘expropriation of land without

compensation’ help accelerate (speed up) the process of land
reform? (1x2) (2)

2.8.5 Discuss how the implementation of land reform can

affect South Africa’s agricultural production. (2x2) (4)

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2.9 FIGURE 2.9 shows bar graphs indicating the level and rate of
urbanisation in South Africa between 2006 and 2016.

2.9.1 Differentiate between the terms urbanisation and counter-

urbanisation. (2x2) (4)

2.9.2 State the relationship between the level and the rate of
urbanisation between 2006 and 2016. (2x2) (4)

2.9.3 Discuss TWO physical factors in the rural area that could have
contributed to the rate of urbanisation shown in FIGURE 2.9. (2x2) (2)

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2.9.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines discussing the

reasons why the rate and level of urbanisation has led to increased
protests against service delivery in urban areas. (4x2) (8)

2.10 FIGURE 2.10 shows urban sprawl

2.10.1 Define the concept urban sprawl. (1x2) (2)

2.10.2 Give evidence from FIGURE 2.10 that suggests that urban sprawl (1x2) (2)
is taking place.
2.10.3 Why do local authorities find it difficult to control urban sprawl? (2x2) (4)
2.10.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the (4x2) (8)
unfavourable environmental conditions caused by urban sprawl in the
rural urban fringe.

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2.11 Refer to FIGURE 2.11 showing shopping behaviour patterns.

2.11.1 What term is given to line A showing shopping behaviour (1x1) (1)
patterns?

2.11.2 Differentiate between the terms sphere of influence and range. (2x2) (4)

2.11.3 Explain why a city would have a higher sphere of influence than a (1x2) (2)
town.

2.11.4 Give an example from FIGURE 2.11 for each of the following:

(a) A low order function that people will travel the shortest distance.

(b) A high order function that people will travel the longest distance. (2x1) (2)

2.11.5 Explain why people are not prepared to travel a greater distance (1x2) (2)
for convenience goods.

2.11.6 The success of a business depends on the threshold population.

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(a) Determine the relationship between the threshold population and (1x2) (2)
the order of service.

(b) Explain the impact of locating a high order service in an area with (2x2) (4)
a low threshold population.

2.12 FIGURE 2.12 shows urban land-use zones

2.12.1 Identify land-use zone A. (1x1) (1)

2.12.2 What evidence suggests that land-use zone A has a high degree (1x1) (1)
of accessibility?

2.12.3 Indicate how the accessibility of land-use zone A impacts on the (1x1) (1)
morphology of the buildings.

2.12.4 Draw a labelled urban profile from B to C. (4x1 ) 4)

2.12.5 Answer the following questions with reference to the transition
zone?

(a) Why are the buildings in the transition zone poorly maintained (1x2) (2)

(b) Give a reason for the high land values in the transition zone. (1x2) (2)
2.12.6 Give TWO reasons for the location of the heavy industrial zone. (2x2) (4)

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2.13 Refer to FIGURE 2.13, showing a model of urban structure

2.13.1 Identify the model of urban structure. (1x2) (2)

2.13.2 Which land-use zone covers the largest area in the illustrated (1x1) (1)
model of urban structure.

2.13.3 Name ONE visible characteristic of the CBD. (1x1) (1)

2.13.4 Give ONE reason for the development of the outlying business (1x2) (2)
district (7) on the outskirts of the city.

2.13.5 Refer to land-use zones 5 and 6.

(a) Comment on the location of land-use zones 5 and 6 in relation to (1x2) (2)
each other.

(b) Compatibility (ability to live or exist together) determines the (2x2) (4)
location of land-use zones in an urban area. Give reasons why 5
and 6 are not compatible.

2.13.6 What are the similarities between the South African city and the (2x2) (4)
model identified in FIGURE 2.13

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2.14 FIGURE 2.14 shows the rural-urban fringe marked as A.

1

2.14.1 What is the rural-urban fringe? (1x2) (2)

2.14.2 State TWO urban land uses that are evident in the rural-urban (2x1) (2)
fringe (A)

2.14.3 Give TWO reasons why the rural-urban fringe is becoming more (2x2) (4)
urban in nature.

2.14.4Why is the rural-urban fringe an attractive location for the gated (2x1) (2)
community (secure neighbourhood with security guards and controlled
access)?

2.14.5 The demand for housing is growing rapidly and developers (2x2) (4)
are looking at the rural-urban fringe as a solution for the shortage of
building space. Suggest TWO possible objections to planned
housing developments in the rural-urban fringe

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2.15 FIGURE 2.15 is an extract on informal settlements

2.15.1 What percentage of residents in South African cities live in (1x1) (1)
shacks
2.15.2 Give a reason for the dense clustering of shacks in informal (1x2) (2)
settlements
2.15.3 Outline TWO ways in which shack dwellers often show their (2x2) (4)
growing discontent (unhappiness) in South Africa.

2.15.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines and suggest why (4x2) (8)
people that live in informal settlements find it difficult to improve their
standard of living.

2.16 Refer to FIGURE 2.16, an extract on service provision as an urban

settlement

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2.16.1 According to the FIGURE 2.14, what percentage of the (1x1) (1)
population relies on public health care services?

2.16.2 Quote a statement from the extract about the state of health care (1x2) (2)
in the public sector.

2.16.3 Explain why the provision of quality health care in urban areas is (2x2) (4)
considered to be a social injustice.

2.16.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss how (4x2) (8)

service delivery in the public health care sector, in urban areas could be
improved

2.17 Study FIGURE 2.17, a photograph showing an informal settlement

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2.17.1 What is an informal settlement? (1x2) (2)

2.17.2 State TWO basic needs that people who live in most informal (2x1) (2)
settlements do not have any access to.

2.17.3 State TWO ways in which the appearance of informal settlements (2x1) (2)
differs from the appearance of formal settlements.

2.17.4 Explain how the people living in A can benefit from settlement B. (2x2) (4)

2.17.5 Discuss possible solutions that the local municipality can provide (2x2) (4)
to reduce the growth of settlement A.

2.18 Refer to FIGURE 2.18, a cartoon based on an urban issue related to

rapid urbanisation

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2.18.1 Identify the urban issue shown in the cartoon.

(1x1) (1)
2.18.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 12.16.1. (1x2) (2)
2.18.3 Why is the urban issue in the cartoon, common in most cities? (2x2) (4)
2.18.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the (4x2) (8)
negative impact of this urban issue on motorists.

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QUESTION 3: MAP APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION

3.1 LOUIS TRICHARDT
Refer to the farmstead at Rietvlei in block J2
3.1.1 Is the farmstead a wet- point or a dry- point settlement
Give a reason for your answer. (1+2)(3)

3.1.2 Explain ONE human made factor that influenced the

choice of site J2 for the farmstead. (1x2)(2)

3.1.3 State ONE difference between the settlement pattern at

B9 (Hanglip) the settlement pattern C1 (Lordens Grove) (2x1)(2)
3.2 RUSTENBURG
3.2.1The settlement pattern found at point V is (nucleated /
dispersed) (1x1)(1)

3.2.2 Explain ONE disadvantage for a farm worker living in the

settlement identified in QUESTION 3.1.1 (1x2)(2)
3.2.3 The residential area of Rustenburg North on the
orthophoto is a high income residential area. Give ONE piece of
evidence from the orthophoto map to support this statement. (1x1)(1)
3.2.4 Refer to land-use zone 1 on the orthophoto map. Choose
the answer to the following question:
(a) The land-use zone 1 is a/an…..zone.
A residential
B commercial
C transitional
D industrial (1x1)(1)
(b) State ONE factor that has influence the location of this land-
use zone. (1x1)(1)
3.3 ERMELO
Refer to the sewers J at block A3 on the topographical map.
3.3.1 The sewers are located in the…
(a) transition zone
(b)rural-urban fringe zone
(c) commercial zone
(d) industrial zone (1x1)(1)
3.3.2 Wesselton is a residential area located near the sewers.
Why does the location of the sewers reduce the property value
of Wesselton? (1x2)(2)
Refer to the street pattern (plan) H and I on the topographical
map.
3.2.3 Identify street patterns (plan) H and I. (2x1)(2)
3.2.3 Why is street pattern I no longer popular in the new
developments? (1x2)(2)

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA

QUESTION 1
1.1 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s)
next to the question number (1.1.1–1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.1.1 The extraction of raw materials is a (primary/secondary) economic activity.
1.1.2 The South African economy provides services and human skills as a commodity
within the (secondary/tertiary) sector.
1.1.3 The processing of raw materials is found in the (secondary/tertiary) sector.
1.1.4 The (tertiary/quaternary) sector of the South African economy is mainly involved
in high-tech research activities.
1.1.5 (Trade quotas/Trade tariffs) are regulations that protect local farmers against
cheaper import prices.
1.1.6 (Large-scale/Small-scale) farming is predominantly commercial in nature in
South Africa.
1.1.7 (Maize/Wheat) is the biggest large-scale crop grown in South Africa.
1.1.8 South Africa has the world's largest resources of (gold/manganese).
(8 × 1) (8)
1.2 Below is a table of data relating to the economic activities of South Africa.

[Adapted from Stats SA (historical data) IDC forecasts]

1.2.1 Name the economic sector into which agriculture, forestry and fishing is
categorised.

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1.2.2 Which primary economic activity has shown the lowest growth rate during the
period 2010 to 2015?
1.2.3 Which economic activity is projected to show the lowest growth rate in 2018?
1.2.4 Name the tertiary activity that has the highest growth rate projected for 2018.
1.2.5 Into which economic sector would 'general government' be classified?
1.2.6 Which year shows the highest total GDP growth of all economic activities?
1.2.7 Calculate the GDP growth rate of finance, insurance and business services from
2016 to 2018.
(7 × 1) (7)
1.3 Refer to the graph below depicting the sector composition of the South African
economy in 2017.
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the
answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.7) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.3.8 A.

[Examiner's bar graph, Statistics from STATS SA, 2017]

1.3.1 The total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year:
A GNP
B GDP
C GPP
D RDP
1.3.2 Which tertiary activity contributed the most to the South African economy?

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A General government services

B Manufacturing
C Trade, catering and accommodation
D Finance, real estate and business services
1.3.3 … form(s) part of the tertiary sector of the economy.
A Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B Electricity, gas and water
C Mining and quarrying
D Manufacturing
1.3.4 Name the category that contributed the least to the primary sector in
2017:
A Mining and quarrying
B Construction
C Transport, storage and communication
D Agriculture, forestry, fishing
1.3.5 This category dominated the secondary sector in 2017:
A General government services
B Manufacturing
C Trade, catering and accommodation
D Finance, real estate and business services
1.3.6 Which tertiary activity contributed the least to the South African economy in
2017?
A Personal services
B General government services
C Electricity, gas and water
D Transport, storage and communication
1.3.7 What percentage did the tertiary sector contribute to the South African economy
in 2017?
A 10%
B 25%
C 77%
D 91%
(7 × 1) (7)

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1.4 Refer to economic sectors. Match the statements below with the primary,
secondary or tertiary economic sectors. Write only the sector next to the question
numbers (1.4.1 to 1.4.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.4.1 Mining is an example of this economic sector
1.4.2 This sector is concerned with the provision of services
1.4.3 The extraction of raw materials from the Earth's surface
1.4.4 Concerned with the processing of raw materials
1.4.5 The provision of electricity is an example of this sector
1.4.6 The manufacture of textiles, footwear and clothing
1.4.7 Contributes the least to the GDP of South Africa
(7 × 1) (7)
1.5 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following statements.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers
(1.5.1 to 1.5.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.5.9 D.
1.5.1 The economic sector associated with the provision of transport is referred to as
the … sector.
A Primary
B Secondary
C Tertiary
D Quaternary
1.5.2 The total value of all goods and services produced in one year within a country is
called the …
A Per capita income.
B Gross domestic product.
C Gross national product.
D Gross domestic income.
1.5.3 An example of an economic activity concerned with the extraction of raw material
is ...
A Transport.
B Construction.
C Mining.
D Research.

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1.5.4 An exchange of goods and services between countries is referred to as …

A International trade.
B Domestic trade.
C Foreign exchange.
D Trade balance.
1.5.5 … refers to goods that are brought into the country.
A Exports
B Imports
C Market
D Trade
1.5.6 The domestic market is also known as the … market.
A Regional
B Foreign
C Provincial
D Home
1.5.7 Income generated by a country through exports refers to …
A Per capita income.
B Foreign exchange.
C Export-orientated industries.
D Export market.
1.5.8 An example of a quaternary economic activity is …
A Fishing.
B Ship building.
C Service provision.
D Research.
(8 × 1) (8)

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1.6 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following statements.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers
(1.6.1 to 1.6.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.6.8 D.
1.6.1 ... is the staple food of many people in South Africa.
A Fruit
B Maize
C Wheat
D Beef
1.6.2 Agricultural activities are associated with the ... economic sector.
A Quaternary
B Secondary
C Tertiary
D Primary
1.6.3 … is when people in a country have access to enough nutritious food.
A Food insecurity
B Malnutrition
C Famine
D Food security
1.6.4 An advantage of genetically modified (GM) crops is that they ...
A Have less nutritional value.
B Produce more food per hectare.
C Have a shorter storage life.
D Are less expensive.
1.6.5 Monoculture is a characteristic of ... farming.
A Small-scale
B Traditional
C Large-scale
D Subsistence
1.6.6 Sugar cane farming is mainly practised in ...
A The Eastern Cape.
B The Western Cape.
C Kwazulu-Natal.
D North west.

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1.6.7 ... are factors that favour agricultural production in South Africa.
A Floods and climate change
B Research and climatic differences
C Crime and labour strikes
D Fluctuating prices and subsistence farming
(7 × 1) (7)

1.7 The photographs below show TWO types of farming. Match the descriptions in
QUESTION s 1.7.1 to 1.7.7 with the photograph A or B. Write only the letter, (A or
B) next to the question numbers (1.7.1 to 1.7.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.7.8
B.

A B

http://www.theeducators.co/2017/10/16/small-scale-farming/ and https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/09/08/large-

scale-farms-using-pesticides-can-sustainable-organic-farming/

Adapted: from google images

1.7.1 Farming that produces a low yield per hectare
1.7.2 Farming that focuses on food security in local communities
1.7.3 Farming that is capital – intensive and uses advanced technology
1.7.4 Farming associated with monoculture
1.7.5 Farming described as a small scale farming
1.7.6 Products for the home and export market
1.7.7 Associated with extensive farming practices
(7 × 1) (7)

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1.8 Refer to the inforgraphic below. Choose the correct word from those given in
brackets. Write only the word next to the question number (1.8.1–1.8.8) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

[Source: Examiner's inforgraphic]

1.8.1 The (secondary/tertiary) sector refers to the provision of services.
1.8.2 After extraction, value is added to raw materials in the (secondary/Tertiary)
sector.
1.8.3 Economic growth in the primary sector declined due to the decrease in
(agriculture/mining).
1.8.4 The service sector that has shown the biggest growth is (mining/finance).
1.8.5 The mining sector has grown due to increased production in (gold/platinum).
1.8.6 The growth in trade is linked to a growth in (manufacturing/agriculture).
1.8.7 The sector to which tourism makes a contribution is the (secondary/tertiary) sector.
1.8.8 The (secondary/tertiary) sector contributes the least to the SA’s economy.
(8 × 1) (8)

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1.9 Choose a term in COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A. Write
only the letter (A–I) next to the question numbers (1.9.1 to 1.9.8) in the ANSWER
BOOK, e.g. 1.1.9 J.
COLUMN A COLUMB B
1.9.1 Exchange of goods and services between countries A transportation
network
1.9.2 Income generated by a country by means of exports B formal
1.9.3 Facilitates the movement of people, goods and C home market
information from one place to another
1.9.4 Refers to goods that are brought into the country D trade
1.9.5 Legally registered businesses E beneficiation
1.9.6 Also known as the domestic market F GDP
1.9.7 Total value of goods and services produced by a G foreign exchange
country per year
1.9.8 Value added to a raw material by means of processing H GNP
I Import
(8 × 1) (8)
1.10 Refer to the types of industries below and match the types of industries in the
diagram with the statements below.

[Source: Examiner's own graphic]

1.10.1. Industries that produce perishable goods

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1.10.2. Industries that can be located anywhere and are not restricted by the location of
markets or raw materials
1.10.3 Industries that can be located anywhere without an effect from factors such as
resources or transport
1.10.4 Industries that process bulky raw materials
1.10.5. Industries located on the outskirts of the built-up areas because of noise and air
pollution
1.10..6 Industries located between the source of the raw material and the market
(customers)
1.10.7 Industries that occupy small spaces and can be located in the city centre
(7 × 1) (7)

1.11 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following statements.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers
(1.11.1to 1.11.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11.1.( A)
1.11.1 The GDP is the total value of …
A Goods and services produced within a country in one year.
B Goods and services produced by permanent citizens in one
year.
C Exports that leave a country in one year.
D Imports that come into a country in one year.
1.11.2 The concept … is used to refer to products sold within South Africa
A Export market
B Import market
C Home market
D International market
1.11.3 Food security occurs when …
A There is a lack of food that gives rise to starvation.
B There is access to sufficient nutritious food.
C Farmers experience drought and crop diseases.
D Farmers produce sufficient food.

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1.11.4 … is a physical factor that affects food security in South Africa.

A Research
B Trade
C HIV/Aids
D Rainfall
1.11.5 TWO types of industries associated with bulk transport:
(i) Ubiquitous
(ii) Heavy
(iii) Light
(iv) Raw-material orientated

A (i) and (ii)

B (ii) and (iii)
C (i) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv)
1.11.6 TWO types of industries generally associated with lower levels of
air pollution:
(i)Ubiquitous
(ii)Heavy
(iii)Light
(iv)Raw-material orientated
A (i) and (ii)
B (ii) and (iii)
C (i) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv)
1.11.7 … is an example of a tertiary activity
A Mining
B Motor vehicle assembly
C Transport
D Information technology
1.11.8 … refers to the difference in value between imports and exports

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A Trade agreement
B Balance of trade
C Local trade
D International trade
(8 × 1) (8)

1.12 Refer to the infographic below showing statistics on gold mining in January
2017.
GOLD MINING STATISTICS FOR 2017

[Adapted from http://www.kitco.com/ind/Media/images/South_Africa.jpeg and http://www.statssa.gov.za/wp-

content/uploads/2018/02/Infographic_v04-1]

1.12.1. Name the province where the most gold is mined in South Africa.
1.12.2. Which gold mine in Gauteng produces the most gold per ounce (oz) in South
Africa?
1.12.3. Name the mining company that produced the most gold.
1.12.4. Name the country with the highest production of gold in the world.
1.12.5. What is the ranking of South Africa in terms of gold production in the world?
1.12.6 Determine the contribution that Africa made to the world's gold production in
January 2017.

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1.12.7. At the end of which year did South Africa’s gold production drop to its lowest
point?
1.12.8 Is the most recent production of gold in South Africa showing an increasing or
decreasing trend?
(8 × 1) (8)

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QUESTION 2
2.1 Refer to the table below about agricultural trade in South Africa
EXPORTS IMPORTS
Unprocessed Maize, sugar cane, Rice, wheat
Processed grapes Flour, breakfast cereal
Wine, syrup, mealie meal
[Adapted from News24 Wire]
2.1.1 Name an agricultural product that is exported in an unprocessed form (1 × 1) (1)
from South Africa
2.1.2 State the difference between an unprocessed and a processed (2 × 1) (2)
agricultural product.
2.1.3 What is the disadvantage of exporting unprocessed agricultural goods? (1 × 2) (2)
2.1.4 Give a physical factor that hinders agriculture as a future development (1 × 2) (2)
path for South Africa.
2.1.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, provide reasons for the (4 × 2) (8)
huge decline in the number of people employed in the agricultural
sector and the likely impact thereof on these people.

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2.2 Study the photograph below on small-scale farming

SMALL SCALE FARMING

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-swaziland-2006-rural-farming-practices-and-problems-faced-by-subsistence-
59437237.html

2.2.1 Define the term small-scale farming. (1 × 2) (2)

2.2.2 What evidence in the photograph suggests that these are small-scale
farmers?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.2.3 Why can one say that these small-scale farmers are farming the land
intensively?
(1 × 2) (2)

2.2.4 The profit margin of the farmers in the photograph above will be low.
Explain this statement.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.2.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline the problems

experienced by small-scale farmers, as seen in the photograph.
(4 × 2) (8)

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2.3 Read the extract on sugar cane farming below and answer the questions that follow
Sugar cane is grown along the KwaZulu-Natal coast due to the ideal climatic conditions in
this area. The industry is composed of 14 sugar mills, 12 of which are scattered from the
southern border of KwaZulu-Natal to its northern border. Most of the sugar cane supplied to
these mills (85%) is produced by over 20 711 small scale growers and 1 126 large scale
growers, the balance being supplied by the mill estates. The production of sugar cane on
communally held land has expanded significantly over the past 25 years. Many sugar mills
are located right next to a main arterial route.
[Adapted from http:\\www.saf.safsuger.co.za
and http://www.tikzn.co.za/open.php?page=Key_Sectors/Agriculture]
2.3.1 According to the case study, determine the number of large scale
growers of sugar cane in South Africa? (1 × 1) (1)
2.3.2 Differentiate between small scale and large scale farming (2 × 2) (4)
2.3.3 Discuss why the sugar mills are ideally located. (2 × 2) (4)
2.3.4 Explain how sugar cane farming has stimulated the economic
development of the province in of KwaZulu Natal. (4 × 2) (8)

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2.4 Refer to the inforgraphic below on SA’s sugar industry

https://www.news24.com/citypress/business/sugar-industry-in-grip-of-a-bitter-crisis-
20190710
2.4.1 Determine SA’s sugar cane output for 2018/2019 as reflected in the
inforgraphic above. (1 × 1) (1)
2.4.2 Provide the size of land worked by small scale farmers for cane
production accoriding the above inforgraphic (1 × 1) (1)
2.4.3 Identify the province in the inforgraphic where most sugar mills are
located. (1 × 1) (1)
2.4.4 Explain TWO climatic conditions that make this part of the province
suitable for the cultivation of sugar cane. (2 × 2) (4)
2.4.5 The inforgraphic depicts (shows) a steep rise in sugar cane price per
ton in 2016/2017. Explain TWO possible factors responsible for this
trend. (2 × 2) (4)

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2.4.6 Use the inforgraphic above to discuss the contribution of sugar cane
industry to South African economy. (2 × 2) (4)

2.5 Read the extract below on food security in South African urban areas
South Africa's population is already more than 60% urbanised. Whereas food poverty has
historically been associated with rural communities, this is no longer the case. With
sustained urbanisation, the locus of poverty is now shifting from rural to urban areas in the
country. In addition, the recent sharp rise in food prices, coupled with an economic
downturn, all suggest that poor urban households are experiencing a widening food gap.
However, there is little empirical evidence that quantifies the prevalence of food insecurity
Source: Google
2.5.1 Define the term food insecurity (1 × 2) (2)
2.5.2 According to the extract, what has contributed to food insecurity in
South African urban areas? (2 × 1) (2)
2.5.3 Why is it important to improve food security in a country? (1 × 2) (2)
2.5.4 Why are people living in urban settlements more likely to have higher
levels of food security than those living in rural areas? (2 × 2) (4)
2.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines, outline strategies that
must be implemented to improve food security in South Africa. (4 × 2) (8)

2.6 Read the extract below on food security and answer the questions that follow
ENDING GLOBAL HUNGER
Toni Muir
As many as 795 million people around the world suffer under food insecurity. The majority
of these people live in developing countries. There are a lot of empty, rumbling bellies
mainly in the rural areas of Asia and Africa. 75% of the world's hungry live in rural areas.
50% of the small-scale farmers grow subsistence crops relying on family labour.

This type of farming makes them vulnerable.

The good news, according to the United Nations World Food Programme, is that hunger is
a completely solvable problem.
[Source: SAWUBONA, September 2015]
2.6.1 Define the term food security (1 × 2) (2)

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2.6.2 According to the article, why does food insecurity affect mostly
people from South Asia and Africa? (1 × 1) (1)
2.6.3 Discuss TWO characteristics of subsistence farmers that make them
vulnerable (at risk) to food insecurity. (2 × 2) (4)
2.6.4 Provide solutions to reduce the problem of global hunger. (3 × 2) (6)

2.7 Below is the extract based on the instability at Mponeng’s mine. The instability
has had a negative impact on South Africa's GDP.
CARLETONVILLE MINERSʹ STRIKE
Mponeng owns a gold mine near Carletonville in Gauteng. A recent strike for increased
wages has led to a breakdown of trust between the union and workers. There has been
much violence and killing of workers over the past few months.

According to the Bench Marks Foundation, the benefits of mining are not reaching the
workers or the surrounding community. They claim that workers are exploited and
exposed to safety hazards such as falling rocks, dust, high noise levels and dangerous
fumes.
[Source: Adapted by examiner]
2.7.1 What initiated the Carletonville strike? (1 × 1) (1)
2.7.2 State TWO safety hazards that the miners are exposed to. (1 × 2) (2)
2.7.3 Besides industrial activities, discuss why the instability at Carletonville
mine will impact negatively on the GDP. (2 × 2) (4)
2.7.4 How can the owners of the Mponeng mine improve working conditions
at the mine? (2 × 2) (4)
2.7.5 Describe the factors that might have led to the development of
Mponeng gold mine. (2 × 2) (4)

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2.8 Read the extract below based on mining in South Africa.

RENEWAL OF THE SA MINING INDUSTRY
Friday 06 November 2020, 18:21

The South African mining and minerals industry has been the basis of the South
African economy for more than a century. Mining contributes approximately 17% to the
gross domestic product (GDP) of the country, both directly and indirectly.

The South African mining sector faces significant challenges under the current
downturn in commodity prices. Gold markets are affected. The increase in input costs,
such as labour and direct and indirect energy-related costs, coupled with lower
productivity levels, has impacted negatively on the sector.

While there have been improvements in mining along the way, it is still very reliant on
traditional methods of extraction, which are labour-intensive and costly, and have
elements of risk to employees' safety and health.
[Source: google]
2.8.1 Give TWO reasons in the extract for the decrease in the
contribution of mining to the GDP. (2 × 1) (2)
2.8.2 State ONE physical factor that could endanger a miner's life below
surface. (1 × 2) (2)
2.8.3 Discuss TWO possible reasons for the increasing input costs of
labour. (2 × 2) (4)
2.8.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines and discuss the
direct and indirect contribution of mining to the GDP of South
Africa. (4 × 2) (8)

2.9 In terms of the contribution of mining to a country's GDP, South Africa is ranked
fifth in the world.
Source: Google
2.9.1 Why is mining considered to be a primary activity? (1 × 1) (1)
2.9.2 Which mineral contributes the most to South Africa's GDP? (1 × 1) (1)
2.9.3 Discuss TWO physical factors that promote mining in South Africa.
(2 × 2) (4)
2.9.4 Suggest ONE way in which South Africa can address labour
issues, in order to improve its world ranking. (1 × 2) (2)

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2.9.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the economic

importance of mining for infrastructure and industrial development
in South Africa. (4 × 2) (8)

2.10 Refer to the extract below showing statistics on gold mining in South Africa.
FACTS ON GOLD MINING

• The Witwatersrand Basin remains the world's largest gold resource.

• Gold profits increased by 3,7%, from R70 billion in 2018 to R72,6 billion in
2019.
• Gold production decreased from 117 tonnes in 2018 to 101,3 tonnes in 2019.
• Due to the current gold price, more than half of the South African gold mining
industry is marginal (making minimal profits).
• South African gold only accounts for 4,2% of the global gold production.
Employment in the gold sector has declined over the years.
• The gold industry currently employs 95 130 people compared to 100 189
people in 2018.
• Total employee earnings have soared from R15,9 billion in 2008 to R24,3
billion in 2019.
Source: Google
2.10.1 According to the extract above, where are the world's largest gold
resources found? (1 × 1) (1)
2.10.2 Calculate the difference in monetary value (rands) in gold profit
between 2018 and 2019. (1 × 2) (2)
2.10.3 Give ONE reason why gold profits increased whilst gold
production decreased in 2019. (1 × 2) (2)
2.10.4 Explain the factors responsible for the decline of employment
opportunities in the gold mining sector over the last few years. (2 × 2) (4)
2.10.5 Explain how gold mining contributed to industrial development. (3 × 2) (6)

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2.11 Refer to the figure below and study the information on the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial
Region.

2.11.1 Which of the urban settlements in the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region
shown in the FIGURE started out as a gold mining settlement?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.11.2 Quote TWO statistics from FIGURE above, which indicates that the PWV
(Gauteng) Industrial Region is the economic heartland of South Africa. (2 × 1) (1)

2.11.3 Discuss TWO factors that have favoured the development of industries
in the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region. (2 × 2) (4)

2.11.4 The PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region faces many challenges, including high levels of
unemployment and water shortages.

a) Why has water supply hindered the development of the PWV

(Gauteng) Industrial Region?
(2 x 2) (4)

b) How did the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region overcome the

shortage of water supply for industries? (2 x 2) (4)

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c) Why does the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region face challenges of

unemployment despite the high concentration of industries in this
industrial region?
(2 x 2) (4)

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2.12 Read the extract BELOW based on the PWV/Gauteng Industrial Region

2.12.1 Quote evidence from the article to support the statement that the
PWV/Gauteng Industrial Region is a core industrial region.
(2 × 1) (2)

2.12.2 Discuss ONE factor that has contributed to the PWV/Gauteng Industrial
Region being a preferred destination for international investors.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.12.3 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explaining how energy

provision and labour will become major challenges that the
PWV/Gauteng Industrial Region will experience in the processing of
copper in the next three years.

(4 × 2) (8)

2.13. Refer to the cartoon below showing the role of international trade in the South African
economy.

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2.13.1 What is international trade? (1 × 1) (1)

2.13.2 Name the product that is being imported into South Africa in large
quantities.
(1 × 1) (1)

2.13.3. Which government department is represented as the referee in the

cartoon?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.13.4 Explain why the cartoon suggests that the fight cannot be nice, clean and
fair.
(1 × 2) (2)

2.13.5 Name ONE way in which cheap imports negatively impact on the GDP of
South Africa.
(1 × 2) (2)

2.13.6 Why are cheap imports allowed into South Africa despite its negative
impact on the economy of South Africa?
(2 × 2) (4)

2.14 Refer to the extract below which is an article about the Durban-Pinetown
Industrial Region.

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2.14.1 Where would you rank Durban-Pinetown in terms of industrial output

in South Africa?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.14.2 Quote evidence from the passage to show that secondary economic
activities make a big contribution to the GDP.
(1 × 1) (1)

2.14.3 Which word in the article describes the significant role of the
manufacturing sector in KwaZulu-Natal's economic growth?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.14.4 Discuss reasons why the Durban-Pinetown Industrial Region is ideal

for the ship building and repair industry.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.14.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the positive

impact of the Durban-Pinetown Industrial Region on the economic
development in KwaZulu-Natal.
(4 × 2) (8)

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2.15 Refer to the case study below showing the role of international trade in economic
development.

2.15.1 Quote from the extract why international trade is growing rapidly. (2 × 1) (2)

2.15.2 According to the extract, global trade contributes to the reduction of

poverty. Explain this statement.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.15.3 Explain how distance from major trading partners restricts South Africa
from competing in world markets.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.15.4 Explain how international trade can limit local production in a country. (2 × 2) (4)

2.16 Refer to the extract below based on the informal sector.

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2.16.1 Define the concept informal sector. (1 × 2) (2)

2.16.2 Give an example of an informal activity in the extract. (1 × 1) (1)

2.16.3 why is the informal sector considered part of a ‘shadow’ economy?

Quote from the extract.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.16.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest sustainable

strategies that government and businesses could implement in order to
strengthen the informal sector.
(4 × 2) (8)

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2.17. Refer to the infographic below based on Informal sector.

CAR GUARDING AS A LIVELIHOOD IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR

Car guarding is a distinctly South African informal sector employment activity. A car guard is
someone who, in exchange for a donation, offers to guard vehicles in a public or private
parking area. The amount of the donation is at the discretion of the motorist.

Many South Africans are unemployed. Foreigners come to South Africa seeking a better life,
but they struggle to find employment. Car guarding, therefore, is an opportunity through which
many people may be able to earn at least some income.
Profile of a car guard

• Average age: 38

• Average number of years working as car guard: 6

• Average working days per week: 5,4 Risks and challenges

• Average working hours per day: 8,5

• Average income per day: R98,33

[Source: Examining car guarding as a livelihood in the informal sector, article in Local
Economy, September 2017]
2.17.1 Why do car guards fall within the informal sector? (1 × 2) (2)

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According to the graph, what is the greatest risk and challenge for
car guards?
2.17.2 (1 × 1) (1)

2.17.3 Why is the income of a car guard dependant on the number of

hours worked?
(1 × 2) (2)

2.17.4 Give reasons why the number of car guards increased in Durban
areas over the last few years.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.17.5 What can be done by the local government to improve the working
conditions of south Africans and foreigners in the informal sector?
(3 × 2) (6)

2.18 Refer to the cartoon below based on informal sector.

[Adapted from https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa=street+trading+cartoons&oq]

2.18.1 Define the term informal sector. (1 × 2) (2)

2.18.2 What evidence in the cartoon indicates that the minister is not in
favour of the informal sector?

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(1 × 1) (1)

2.18.3 Suggest a possible reason for a minister not wanting informal street
trading taking place.
(1 × 1) (1)

2.18.4 Give TWO reasons why the informal sector is important for the
informal trader.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.18.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss reasons for

the growth of the informal sector in South Africa.
(4 × 2) (8)

2.19. Refer to the article below on informal sector.

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2.19.1 What example of informal trade, according to the extract, in the

article above
(1 × 2) (2)

2.19.2 How many people in South Africa are involved in the informal retail
sector?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.19.3 Quote evidence from the extract to suggest that the informal sector
is a much easier option to gain employment.
(1 × 1) (1)

2.19.4 According to the extract, why are so many women employed in the
informal sector?
(2 × 2) (4)

2.19.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the positive

impact that the informal sector has on the economy of South Africa.

(4 × 2) (8)

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2.20 The extract below is based on informal trading

2.20.1 Define the term informal trading. (1 × 2) (2)

2.20.2 What is the total worth of the South African food market? (1 × 1) (1)

2.20.4 What percentage of the figure stated in QUESTION 4.6.2 is

accounted for by the formal trade market?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.20.5 Give TWO reasons for the high turnover (amount of goods sold)
that spaza outlets in townships experience.
(2 × 2) (4)

2.20.6 Write a paragraph of approximately eight lines and explain why

85% of informal traders are foreigners.
(4 × 2) (8)

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2.21 Figure below is article on informal trading.

2.21.1 State TWO general characteristics of informal trading evident in

the photograph.
(2 × 1) (2)

2.21.2 State a reason why the contribution of the informal sector to the
GDP is estimated at 29%.
(1 × 2) (2)

2.21.3 Why do small businesses not have effective business models

and expansion strategies as mentioned in the article?
(2 × 2) (4)

2.21.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines to explain the

advantages and disadvantages of informal trading on the South
African economy.
(4 × 2) (8)

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2.22. Refer to the extract below on informal sector

2.22.1 Why did the Metrorail security guards burn down hawkers
stalls?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.22.2 Give a reason why the Khayelitsha railway station is deadly

located for informal trading.
(1 × 1) (1)

2.22.3 Why does Metrorail view informal trading as an ‘additional

financial burden’?
(2 × 1) (2)

2.22.4 What do the words, ‘A hawker determinedly sets up her sweets

stand’ reveal about her socio-economic condition?
(1 × 2) (2)

2.22.5 Suggest TWO ways in which informal traders could be assisted. (2 × 2) (4)

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2.22.6 Evaluate why the South African government should encourage (2 × 2) (4)
Informal trading in future.

2.23. Refer to the case study below and answer the question that follow.

CASE STUDY OF THE MAPUTO CORRIDOR

In July 1996 the governments of Mozambique and South Africa signed a bilateral
agreement for the development of the Maputo corridor. The N4national highway was the
first major infrastructure project to be completed after the implementation of the agreement.
The N4 stretches from close to South Africa’s boarder with Botswana to Maputo in
Mozambique via Pretoria. It provides a world-class road route between the three countries.
The N4 is a toll road and is maintained by a company called TRAC.

[Adapted from: Platinum Geography learner’s book grade 12]

2.23.1 Besides Gauteng, name other TWO South African provinces that
will benefit from the Maputo corridor.
(2 × 1) (2)

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2.23.2 How far is Maputo from Johannesburg? (1 × 1) (1)

2.23.3 Explain ONE advantage of using the N4 by businesses. (1 × 2) (2)

2.23.4 If you were and industrialist, where would you put your light industry
and heavy industry?
(2 × 1) (2)

2.23.5 Provide reasons for your choices in question 2.23.3 above. (2 × 2) (4)

2.23.6 Discuss TWO benefits of locating a business in the Maputo corridor. (2 × 2) (4)

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2.24 Refer to the extract below on the Maputo Development Corridor

THE MAPUTO DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR

The Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) is the largest and most successful
development corridor initiative in Southern Africa. It is the result of a bilateral
agreement between the government of South Africa and Mozambique. The MDC links
Gauteng and Mpumalanga with the port of Maputo in Mozambique. The MDC is a
transport corridor. It extends over a distance of 600 kilometres. It comprises roads,
rail, border posts, port, and terminal facilities. The Corridor runs through the most
highly and productive regions of South Africa.

One hundred and thirty investment opportunities have been identified within the MDC.
These include the provision of infrastructure, agriculture, mining, energy, chemicals,
tourism and manufacturing sectors. The key infrastructure projects are the N4 Maputo
Corridor tool road, the upgrading of the railway line from Ressano Garcia to Maputo,
upgrading of the Maputo Port, the dredging of the harbour and telecommunications.
The transport route through the MDC offers Gauteng, the industrial heart of South
Africa, the shortest link to an export harbour.

The main objectives of the MDC include the following:

● Upgrading of the existing infrastructure

● To attract investment to the corridor and region

● To promote trade

● To open up neighbouring markets to one another

● Creating access to global markets

● Encouraging cross-border tourism

● Encouraging private investment

● Job creation

● Skills development

[adapted from: Geography grade 12 Caps a handbook for learners]

2.24.1 What is a spatial development initiative? (1 × 2) (2)

2.24.2 What do you understand by a bilateral project? (1 × 1) (1)

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2.24.3 What was the main reason for the establishment of the Maputo
Development Corridor?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.24.4 How will the development of tourism within the Maputo

Development Corridor benefit local people?
(1 × 1) (1)

2.24.5 Which TWO countries does the Maputo Development Corridor

serve?
(1 × 2) (2)

2.24.6 Explain TWO ways in which Gauteng industrial region will

benefit as a result of the upgrading of the port of Maputo.
(2 × 1) (4)

2.24.7 How will the provinces of Mpumalanga and Limpopo benefit as

a result of the Maputo Development Corridor?
(2 × 2) (4)

2.25 The inforgraphic below shows the Maputo Development Corridor

[Adapted from MCLI]

2.25.1 Define industrial decentralisation. (1 x 2) (2)

2.25.2 In which African country is Maputo? (1 x 1) (1)

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2.25.3 Which other African country that will benefit from the Maputo
Corridor besides South Africa and Mozambique?
(1 x 1) (1)

2.25.4 Some businesses might prefer to use the railway than the road.
Suggest a possible reason for that.
(1 x 2) (2)

2.25.5 In a paragraph of approximately eight lines, discuss how the

Maputo Corridor will economically help South Africa and
Mozambique.
(4 x 2) (8)

2.26 Refer to the photographs below which shows Dube Trade Port IDZ

www.dubetradeport.co.za

2.26.1 Define the term industrial development zone? (1 x 2) (2)

2.26.2 In which province is the Dube Trade port IDZ? (1 x 1) (1)

2.26.3 State TWO main economic activities in this IDZ (2 x 1) (2)

2.26.4 A hi-tech industry wants to locate in this IDZ. Explain ONE

advantage and ONE disadvantage for the people in this area.
(1 x 2) (2)

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2.26.5 The Dube Trade Port is strategically located. Discuss THREE

factors to support this statement.
(3 x 2) (6)

2.27 Read the case study below based on Dube Trade Port IDZ and Durban
Pinetown Industrial region

DUBE TRADE PORT: INFLUENCE ON THE DURBAN-PINETOWN

INDUSTRIAL REGION

TRADE PORT A MAJOR BOOST FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

'The Dube Trade Port is set to be a major logistics platform for Southern Africa, as the
Port of Durban provides connectivity to 53 international destinations and access to
local distribution networks,' said President Jacob Zuma.

The President launched the state-of-the-art (very modern) multibillion rand cargo
terminal, trade zone, agriculture zone (the largest climate-controlled glass-covered
growing area in Africa) and IT and telecommunication platform at
La Mercy, KwaZulu-Natal.

Located between the two largest seaports in the Southern Hemisphere, Durban and
Richards Bay, the Dube Trade Port has huge potential to boost economic growth and
job creation in the province. KwaZulu-Natal premier, Zweli Mkhize, also speaking at
the launch, said the Dube Trade Port would greatly expand the province's import and
export capacity.

Adapted from http://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/book/export/html/962]

2.27.1 In which province is the Durban-Pinetown industrial region
located?
(1 x 1) (1)

2.27.2 What, according to President Jacob Zuma, played an important

role in developing the Dube Trade Port? (1 x 1) (1)
2.27.3 Name any TWO major industrial products produced in the
Durban-Pinetown industrial region that may benefit from the
development of the Dube Trade Port.
(2 x 1) (2)

2.27.4 Excluding coastal location, discuss any TWO factors that

favoured the development of the Durban-Pinetown industrial
region

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(2 x 2) (4)

2.27.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline the

importance of launching the agriculture zone and cargo terminal
for future industrial development in the Durban-Pinetown
industrial region.

(4 x 2) (8)

QUESTION 3
3.1 The questions below are based on the 1: 50 000 topographical map (2329 BB
LOUIS TRICHARDT) and a 2329 BB 04 ORTHOPHOTO MAP of the mapped
area. Various options are provided as possible answers to the following
questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A-D) in the block next
to each question.
3.1.1 The dominant economic activity covering the north of the mapped area on
the topographical map is...
A crop farming
B forestry
C mining
D quarrying
3.1.2 The diggings in block F3 on the topographical map is part of the...sector.
A primary
B secondary
C tertiary
D quaternary
3.1.3 The communication towers in block G4 of the topographical map is typically
of the…sector.
A primary
B secondary
C tertiary
D quaternary

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3.1.4 1.1.4. The silos (block F10/G10) on the topographical map fall under
the...activity.
A primary
B secondary
C tertiary
D quaternary
(4 × 1) (4)
3.2 The questions below are based on the 1: 50 000 topographical map (3224 BC
GRAAFF REINET (SOUTH) and a 3224 BC 01 ORTHOPHOTO MAP of the
mapped area. Various options are provided as possible answers to the
following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A-D) in the
block next to each question.
3.2.1 Crop farming in blocks F9/10 and G9/10 is restricted by...
A air pollution
B drought
C soil erosion
D steep slopes
3.2.2 Farming at Zonnebloem (block H6/7 and J6/7) is typically large scale due
to...
A Variety of water supplies
B nearest manufacturing industry
C mixed farming
D fertile soils
3.2.3 The landing strip in block F8 enhances transport in the...sector
A primary
B secondary
C tertiary
D quaternary
3.2.4 Graaff Reinet is a town which is known for...
A mining
B fishing

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C tourism
D education
(4 × 1) (4)
3.4 The questions below are based on the 1: 50 000 topographical map (2329
BB LOUIS TRICHARDT) and a 2329 BB 04 ORTHOPHOTO MAP of the
mapped area.
3.4.1 Discuss how the main road (522) supports forestry in the north
part of the mapped area of the topographical map.
(2 × 2) (4)
3.4.2 Is the industry in block H10 and J10 on the topographical map a
raw material orientated or market oriented? Give a reason for
your answer. (1 + 2) (3)

3.4.3 3.1.3 Explain how the transportation network promotes the (2 × 2) (4)
functioning of the heavy industry in block H10/J10.

3.5 The questions below are based on the 1: 50 000 topographical map (3224 BC
GRAAFF REINET (SOUTH) and a 3224 BC 01 ORTHOPHOTO MAP of the
mapped area.
3.5.1 Identify and explain the environmental injustice taking place in
block F9/10 and G9/10 of the topographical map.
(1 + 2) (3)
3.5.2 Discuss the impact that the construction of the national road (2 × 2) (4)
(N9) has had on the economic development of Graaff Reinet
(SOUTH).

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