Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

1 3
1. If a complex variable z  i , then z6 is __________.
2 2
2. The cube roots of unity are in

(a) A.M (b) G.M

(c) H.M (d) None of these

1  3z
3. The residue of f(z)  at z=1 is ___________
(z 1)(z 2)

zez cos z
4. 
c (z  2)100 (z  3)200
dz  ________________ where C: |z|=1

ez
5. 
c
(z  1)(z  2)
dz  ____________ where C: |z|=3

(a) 0 
(b) 2i e4  e2 

(c) i e2  e  (d) 2i  e 2
e 

6. If u  (x  1)3  3xy 2  3y the find v so that u+iv is a regular function of z= x+iy

(a) 3(x  1)2 y  y 3  c (b) 3(x 1)2 y  y3  3x2 y  3x  c

(c) (x 1)2 y  y 3  c (d) 3 x2 y  6xy  3y  y

 z 
7. Z 1  2 
 z  2z  2 

 2  sin n4   2  sin  3n4 

n n
(a) (b)

 n 
(c)  2  sin  
n
(d) None
 4 

1
 1
8. The residue of f(z)  e z Sin   at z=0
z
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) -1 (d) 2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

3
9. If z is a complex number with |z|=1 and arg(z)  then the value of z is ______
4
1i 1i
(a) (b)
2 2
1  i ( 1  i)
(c) (d)
2 2

10. Given f(z)  ex f(y)  ig(y) (i  1) is an analytic function and x>0 which of the following
is the second order differential equation satisfied by ‘f’

d2 f d2 f
(a) 1  0 (b) f 0
dy 2 dy 2
d2 f df d2f df
(c)  f 0 (d)  0
dy 2 dy dy 2 dy

sin(iz)
11.
c
 (z
2
 1)
dz,c : Boundary triangle with vertices at 1-2i, -1-2i, 2i

(a) 2 sin(1) (b) 2 sin(1)

(c)  sin(1) (d)  sin(1)


12. For the complex function cosz (z  x  iy,i  1) , the linear approximation around z 
2
is

(a) z   (b) z
2

(c) 3 


2
 
2  1  2 z

 (d) 0

1 1
13. Let f(z)  then the co-efficient of in the Laurent’s expansion of f(z) about
(1  z )
2
(1  z)
z=1 is

1
(a) -1 (b)  V
2
1
(c) (d) 1
2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

dz
14. The value of z e
c
2 z
; where C is |z|=1 is

(a) 0 (b) 2i

(c) - 2i (d) i

Coshz
15. The value of 
|z| 1 (4 z  1)
2
dz is equal to

(a) 2 cosh(i/ 2) (b)  cosh(i/ 2)

(c) 0 (d) 2i

zn
16. If z is a complex number with modulus 1, such that z2n is not –1, then is
1  z2n
[Assume n is a positive integer]

(a) a real number (b) a complex number

(c) 0 (d) undefined

x
1  i
17. If    1 , then
1 i
(a) ‘n ’ is any integer
(b) x = 4n, where ‘n ’ is any integer
(c) x = 2n, where ‘n ’ is any positive integer
(d) x = 4n, where ‘n ’ is any positive integer

Z1 Z  Z2
18. If is purely imaginary, then 1 is equal to _________
Z2 Z1  Z 2

19. The complex number (1+ √3i) can be represented in polar form as

(a) 2ei /6 (b) 2ei /3

(c) 4ei /6 (d) 4ei /3

20. The area of triangle with vertices affixed at z, iz, z(1+i) is

1 2 1 2
(a) z (b) z
4 3
2 1 2
(c) z (d) z
2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

21. i  ( i) equals to

(a) 0 (b) i
(c) -i (d) 2

    
22. The most general complex analytical function f z  u x, y  iv x, y with u= x2-y2
(b) z
2
(a) z
1
(c) z3 (d) 2
z

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

Solutions

1. Ans: 1
1 3 5 5
Solution: z  i  cos  isin
2 2 3 3
Using Euler’s law of complex exponential
5  6 5  6  cos10   isin10   1
 z 6  cos  isin
3 3

2. Ans: (b)
Solution: The cube roots of unity are 1, , 2 . They are in G.M
As,   1.2

3. Ans: 2
Solution: z=1 is a pole of order 1
1  3z 2
Residuef(z)  lim(z  1)f(z)  (z  2)  1  2
z 1 z 1

4. Ans: 0
Solution: Singular points are z=2 and z=3 but both lie outside of the curve c: |z|=1
zez cos z
f(z) is an analytic and simple closed curve c: |z|=1
(z  2)100 (z  3)200
By Cauchy’s theorem  f(z)dz  0
c

zez cos z
 dz  0
c (z  2) (z  3)200
100

5. Ans: (d)
ez
Solution: Given integral c
(z  1)(z  2)
dz   f  z  dz
c

z=1, 2 lie within |z|=3

Residue= lim(z 1)f  z   lim(z 2)f  z  (e2  e1 )
z 1 z 2

By Cauchy’s integral formula

ez
 (z  1)(z  2)

 2i e2  e 
c

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

6. Ans: (b)
Solution:
dv  v x dx  v y dy

dv  uy dx  ux dy [Using C.R. eqn ]

dv  ( 6 xy  3)dx  [3(x  1)2  3 y 2 ]dy

v  3(x  1)2 y  y 3  3x 2 y  3x  c

7. Ans: (a)
 z 
Solution: Z 1  2  Pole z1  1  i
 z  2z  2 
Applying Residual Theorem, for two different poles,
z.zn1 (1  i)n  (1  i)n
 r1  z 1i  r2  z 1i for 2 
z  2z  2 2i
Using Euler's Law z =r (cosn+isinn)
n n

n n ( n) ( n)
(cos  isin )  (cos  isin )
 2  sin  n4 
n
 ( 2) n 4 4 4 4 =
2i

8. Ans: (b)
1
1
Solution: f(z)  e z Sin  
z
 1 1 1  1 1 1 
Expanding both series, we get  1   2  3  ...    3  5  ... 
 z z z   z z 3! z 5! 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
   3  5  ...    2  4  6  ...  
 z z 3! z 5!  z z 3! z 5! 
1
Re of f(z) at z=0 => The coefficient of 1
z0

9. Ans: (c)
1  i
Solution: Z=|Z|arg(Z) =1135° =
2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

10. Ans: (b)

Solution: f(z)  ex f(y)  iex g(y)  u iv
u  ex f(y)  ux  ex f(y),uy  ex f '(y)
Uxx  uyy  0 , since real & imaginary parts of analytic function satisfy Laplace’s equation
ex f(y)  ex f ''(y)  0
ex  f(y)  f (y)   0

f(y)  f (y)  0

11. Ans: (a)

sin(iz) sin(iz)
Solution: f(z)  
z  1 (z  i)(z  i)
2

1 1 1 1 
   
z  1 2i  z  i z  i 
2

sin(iz) 1  sin(iz) sin(iz) 

   
z 2  1 2i  z  i z i 
sin(iz) 1  sin(iz) sin(iz) 
 1

c z 1
2
dz   
2i  c (z  i)

dz   (z  i) dz   2i 2isin(1)  2isin(1)  2 sin(1)
c

12. Ans: (b)


Solution: Taylor series expansion of cos z around z 
2
  
3

  z   
        2 
cos  z      sin  z      z         
 2 2  2  2 3! 
 
 

Linear approximation is z
2

13. Ans: (c)

1
1 1 1 1 1   (1  z)  
Solution: f(Z)      1   
(1  Z)(1  Z) 2(1  Z) 2(1  Z) 2(1  Z) 4   2  
1
1 1   (1  z)   1 1  1 (1  Z) (1  Z)2 
f Z   1         1       
2(1  z) 4   2   2 1  Z  4  2 4 
1 1
Coefficient of 
1Z 2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

14. Ans: (c)

Solution: Singularity z=0 lies in the |z|=1 circle
dz
c z2ez  2i  residue  z  0

1 d 2 d
Re sidue  lim z f  z   lim e z  1
z 0 1! dz z 0 dz

dz
z e
c
2 z
 2i( 1)  2 i

15. Ans: (c)

1
Solution: Both singularity z   i lie in the unit circle
2
Coshz   1   1 

|z|1 (4 z  1)
2
dz  2i   residue  z  i   residue  z   i  
  2   2 
    
    
  1   cosh z   1   cosh z  
 z  i   z  i 
  2   1   2   1  
 4
  z  i   4  z  i  
Coshz  lim   2    2  

|z| 1 (4 z  1)
2
dz  2 i z1 i  1 
 lim
1
z  i  1  
 2  z  i 2
 z  i 
  2   2  
 
 
 
 1   1 
 cosh  i  cosh   i  
Coshz
dz  2i  2    2    2i(0)  0

|z| 1 (4 z  1)
2  1 1  1 1 
4   4  
  2i 2i   2i 2i  

16. Ans: (a)

Solution: ‘z’ is a complex number with modulus 1,
z  eit  cos(t)  isin(t)
zn  eint  cos(nt)  isin(nt)
and 1  z2n  1  ei2nt  1  cos(2nt)  isin(2nt)  2cos2 (nt)  2isin(nt)cos(nt)
 2cos(nt)[cos(nt)  isin(nt)]

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

zn cos(nt)  isin(nt) 1
  
1z 2n
2cos(nt)[cos(nt)  isin(nt)] 2cos(nt)
This is a real number.

17. Ans: (b)

x
1  i
Solution: As,   1
1 i
x
 (1  i)(1  i) 
 (1  i)(1  i)   1
 
x
 (1  i)2 
 2 
1
 1i 
x
 2i 
  1
2
As i4n  1
 x  4n,n  integer

18. Ans: 1
Z1
Solution: Let,  xi
Z2
Z1
1
Z1  Z 2 Z 2 xi  1
 
Z1  Z 2 Z1 xi  1
1
Z2
xi  1 xi  1 x2  1  2xi
 
xi  1 xi  1 x 2  1
Z1  Z2 x2  1  2xi (x2  1)2  ( 2 x)2 x 4  1  2x 2  4x 2
   1
Z1  Z 2 x2  1 (x2  1)2 (x2  1)2

19. Ans: (b)

Solution:
1  3i  rei

r 1  3   2
  tan1  3   3
 polar form= 2ei /3

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

20. Ans: (d)

Solution: Here the vertices are z, iz, z(1+i)
or,(x  iy),i(x  iy),(x  iy)(1  i)
or,(x  iy),(  y  ix)((x  y)  i(x  y))
or,(x, y)( y, x),(x y, x y) are the co-ordinates
 x y 1
1 
 Area of the triangle=   y x 1
2 
 x  y x  y 1
1 1
Area   x(x  x  y)  y(  y  x  y)  1.(  xy  y 2  x 2  xy)   xy  xy  x 2  y 2 
2 2
1 1
Area   x2  y 2     x 2  y 2 
2 2
1 1
  1
2
Area=   x 2  y 2   x 2  y 2  | z |2
2 2 2

21. Ans: (d)

 
2
Solution: i  ( i)  i  i  i  i  2 i i  0  2 i2  2 1  2

22. Ans: (b)

    
Solution: f z  u x, y  iv x, y and u  x2  y 2
u v
From CR equation,   2x
x y
u v
  2y
y x
v
 2y
x
v  2xy  f(y)
u v
From CR equation,  2x   2x  f '(y)
x y
Therefore, f '(y)  0
Thus, f(y)  constant
Thus, f  z   x2  y 2  2ixy  const   x  iy   const  z2  const
2

df(z) u v
Now  i  2x  i2y  2(x  iy)  2 z
dz x y
Integrating, f(z)= z2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then check
the Solutions.

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: (d)
Solution: Sinhz  i
ez  e z
Sinhz 
2
e2z  2iez  1  0
Let ez=t, e2z=t2
t2 -2it-1=0
2i  4  4
t=
2
2i  4  4
ez 
2
z  lni
 
and i= e  2  2n  i
 
 
 z  i   2n  , n is integer
 2 
 Equation has infinite number of complex solutions

2. Ans: (b)
z 1
Solution: f(z) 
(z  i)(z  i)
Singularities are i and –i, as f(z) isn’t defined at i, -i

3. Ans: (a)
Solution: Given by the potential function   x2  y 2  3xy
 
 2x  3y,  3x  2y
dx dy
 
We know that f(z)    i  is analytic and f (z)  i
dx dx
From Cauchy Riemann equation
 
f (z)  i  2x  3y  i(3x 2 y)
dx dy
By Milne’s method put x=z and y=0
f(z)  2z i3z
z2 z2
f(z)  2  i3.  c
2 2

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

Put, z=x+iy
3 2  3 3 
f(x  iy)  x 2  2ixy  y 2  i
2
 
x  2ixy  y 2  c  x2  y 2  3xy  i  2xy  x2  y 2   c
2 2 


f(x  iy)   -i 
3 2 3 2
  2xy  x  y c
2 2

4. Ans: (a)
   
Solution: Z  sinhu cos v  icos hu sinv  sin hu cosh(iv)  cos hu sinh(iv)  sinh(u iv)
Z  sinhw
W  sinh1 z
dw 1
 f (z) 
dz 1  z2
 w is not analytic at z  i

5. Ans: (a)
z2  z
Solution: I   dz where c is |Z|=2
c (z  i)
10

Z=I lie in the circle |Z|=2

z2  z 2i 9
I dz  f (i)  0
c (z  i)
9 1
9!

6. Ans: (b)
sinz
Solution: f(z)   tan z
cos z

Cosz  0  z  (2n 1) ;n  I
2
All the singularities lie outside the unit circle |z|=1
Hence by Cauchy’s Integral theorem
 f(z)dz  0
c

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

7. Ans: (a)
Solution: Centre is (5,5)
OC  OA2  AC2  25  25  50  5 2

OB  OC  BC  5 2  2

 The minimum distance from the origin to the circle is 5 2  2

8. Ans: (c)
Solution: Z=0 is a pole of order 1
Residue of f(z) (z  0)(1  ez ) 0
 lim   form
  at z 0 z 0 z cos z  sinz 0
By using hospitals rule
Residue of f(z) 1  ez  z ez 2
 lim = =1
  at z 0 z 0 cos z  z sinz  cos z 2

9. Ans: (b)
Solution: The parametric equation of L is
As, z=a, is a pole of order 1
By cauchy's theorem,
f(z). dz f(a)
 (z a)n1  2i( n! )
Here,f(z)  1
So, f(a)=1
f(z). dz
 (z a)n1  2i

10. Ans: (d)

Solution: Let x  (1)1/n
xn  1  0
xn  1  (x 1)(x )(x 2 )..........(x n1 )
xn  1
 (x  )(x  2 )..........(x  n1 )
x 1
9n  1
Putting x  9,(9  )(9  2 ).............(9  n1 ) 
8

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

11. Ans: (d)

Solution: 
2
 
v  x  y   x  y  2y y 2  x2  2xy
2

  g(x, y)
y
   
2 2
x2  y 2 x2  y 2

v x  y   x  y  2x y 2  x2  2xy
2 2

And    h(x, y)
x
   
2 2
x2  y 2 x2  y 2
1
By Milne’s method, f (z)  g(z, 0)  ih(z, 0)   1  i
z2
1 (1  i)
Integrating, f(z)  (1  i) dz  c
z 2
z

12. Ans: (a)

Solution: f(z)  e2z is analytic with in circle C:|z|=2
Also, z=-1 lies inside circle C
3! f(z)dz
2i c (z  a)4
By Cauchy’s integral formula, f (a) 

e2z 2i d3 (e2z )  8i 2

 (z 1) dz 
c
4
6 dz z 1 3
3
 8e2z 
z 1

3
e

13. Ans: (a)

1 1 1
Solution: In Taylor series, e z
1   .......
z 2! z
1 1 1
sin    ............
z z 3! z 3
There is an essential singularity at z=0
1 1 1 1 1 1
e z sin  [   ..... 2   ...]
z z 3! z 3
z 3! z 4
1
The residue at z=0 is coefficient of in Laurent series of integrand is 1
z
1 1
So  e 2 sin dz = 2i (1)= 2i
z 1
z

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 Engineering Maths (Complex Variable)

14. Ans: (b)

Solution:
ez  3  ( 1)3  ez  3ei(2n1)
Taking ln on both sides.
 z  ln3  i(2n 1),n  0, 1, 2,.......

15. Ans: (d)

u v u v
Solution: For a function to be analytic,  , 
x y y x
u v
f(z)  z  x  iy;u  x, v   y;  1,  1
x y
u v
 
x y
f(z)  exiy  exeiy  ex cos y  isiny 
u  ex cos y; v  ex sin y
u v u v
  ex cos y and   ex sin y
x y y x
f(z)  cos x siny  isinx cos y
u  cos x siny and v  sinx cos y
v u u v
 cos x. cos y,  cos x. cos y =>  
x y y x

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