PAPER 1 Readjng )

PAPER 2 Writing ?aft 2 You are going to read a rewspaper art cre. Six paraoraphs have been removed from
the artic e. Choose Ironr rhe paragraphs A-c rhe one which ftrs each gap (7 12).
PAPER 3 llse of Engljsh There is one extra paraoraph whtch vou do rror nee.j ro use.
PAPER 4 Lisrening [/]ark yo!r answers on the separate answer sheet.
PAPER 5 Speaking

Peach of an Idea
Regent's Park in central London was recenflv the sire of don't, especially when you live in a city and it's pints of
a festival of music and fruit, marking rhe lifth bidhday lager and a kebab at the end of the night. We iust
of lnnocenr, the drinks company set up by three coIege thought, "Wouldn'tit be greatto make ireasyforpeopte
friends who wanted ro bring a bir of narure to rhe table. to get hold of this natural fresh goodness?" Then at
li all began five years aso, when Adam Baton, Richard least you've got one healthy habir in a world of bad
Feed and Jon Wright were contemplating srading rheir
own business.They took 500 poLrnds worrh of fruit to a
music festival in west London, made a huge batch of
smoothies fruit drinks blended with mi k and yoqhurt ln essence, explains Jon, lnnocenr ptans to simpty
and asked their customers for a v€rdict. freeze some of its smoothies, possibly with a bit of egg
thrown in to make il all stick togelher. To hetp testers
make up their minds about which combinations work.
Looking back, they now admit thar rhey were amazingty the yes and no bins will be dusted off and put out again.
naive about starting a business, thinking it woutd just
take off once they had the recipes and packaging M-
'You've just got to put thar in the caregory of ,,never sav
figLrred out. ln fact, the three budding businessmen had
nine months living on credit cards and overdratls never". says Richard 'But the three of Lrs go away once
before they sold their first smoothie. every three months to talk about what we wanr out of
the business and we are all in rhe same ptace. So as
long as we are exclled and cha lenged and p.oud of the
The appeal of lnnocent's products lies in their pure, business, we are goi.g ro wanr to be a pa.t of it.
unadulterated ingredients, ptus a dash of quirky
1
advertising. As one campaign put il, their d.inks are not
nade fram fruit, they ,re fruit. lnnocent,s refusa to 'We have got annoyed wirh each orher,' admits Adam.
compromise on this poini presenred them with some 'But the areas we have had fallings,out over are rhings
problems when they first started ralking to pot€ntial where we each think w€ have reasors 10 be right. So it,s
suppliers, Adam says. This was when rhey discovered been about really important sruff like the cotour of the
ihe truth about the maiority of so ca ed ,natural frutt floor, the co our of the entrance. or whar to paint the
drinks'. pi lar''We really dld nearly jump on each other abolri
that,'adds Jon.'Was it going to be b ue or green?,
'Naivety', adds Richard, who is atways ready wirh a
soundbitc, 'can be a great asset in business because
you challenge the sratus quo.' Athough tnnocent,s
drinks a.e fiendishLy healthy, the company has alwavs
been very careful not to preach. ,Everyone knows whar
they're supposed to do,' says Richard. ,But we just

10 :rl: Test 1 > r pApER l Readingr>pa|t2

 A Despite the temptation to do so, they have so far working and make these thingsT" We had a bin rhat
ref!sed all offers.Thls might not lasl, of course, but said yes and a bin that said no, and at the end of the
whi e it does, it will have positive conseqLrences for weekend the yes bin was full of empty bottles. We
the fruit drinks market. all went in to work the next day and quitl

B Al rhe Regeni',s Park event the team tried out one of E They also seem to have managed to stay friends.
iheir new ideas - extending the;r range of products They still take communal holidays, and rhe fact that
inro desserts. 'We always try and develop each member ol the team brings a differenr and
something that we actually want, and ior us there is complementary sel of skills to lnnocent seems to
rhis problem of Sunday evenings when you sit have helped them avoid any big bust ups over
down wirh a DVD and a big tub of ice cream and it's strategy.
nice lo munch through it, but my God, is it bad for
you,' Richard adds. F lnnocenl now employs 46 people and FruitTowers -
as lhey call their base, has slowly expanded atong
C IVosl are made from concentrated juice with water the line of industrial Lnits. The company has
- arci perhaps sweeieners, colours and managed to esrablish a dominant position in the
preservatives - added. 'We didn'l even know about face of fierce competition. This year Innocent
thai when we started,'Adam explains. 'lr was when became Britain's leading brand of snToothie, selltng
we started talking to people and they said, "OK, about 40% of the 50 mll ion downed annuatly by
we ll use orange concentrate," and we said, "Whats British drinkers.
concentrate?" and they explained it and we said,
"No, we want orange iuicel' ' G Having created a successful business fronr this
base, is there a temptation to seil up and go and
D 'We origlnally wroie this masslve lons live on a desert island? With consumers becoming
questionnaire, says Bichard.'Eut rhen we thoughl, increasingly concerned about what they pur in their
if you?e ar this festival and it's sunny, the tast thing stomachs, premium brands such as lnnocent are
you wanr is ro fill out a survey. so we decided to woirh a lot of money to a potentiaL buyer.
keep it simple and ask literally, "Should we stop

Irsentlel ti,p*
> This part ol the exam r.srs your Lnd.rslonding oi how a > Whe. yo! hdve found . paragraph that may tir . gap,
rext is organ sed and,ln parrlcu ar, how paraqraphs relare read the paragraph lhat comes before il and the one thar
to each orhe. For eramp e, a paragraph mishr o ve d.raits comes ailer itro see lhar they fit roqelher
.bour an ldea m.ntioned or discussed in a previous
paragraph, or il may p.esenl ano$er stde olan argumenr t Re r€ad the complered tcxt and make sure ir ma[€s sefse.
.liscLssed in a prevlous paragraph.

I Read rhrouqh lhe mai. rexrq! ckty ro aeia qene.alidea Ouestion TiThe ast sentence in lhe previo!s par.graph
oJ
whal t is airoui. Don'iworry iilhe.e are words or phrases descrbes how Balon, Feed andWrighl'asked rhel.
yo! don'r undersrand Find the m.in idea in each parasraph. customers for a verdlctlWhich sapped paraqraph.lescribes
how .ustomers gave thelr opinion?
> Look for links tretween rhe manr lexr !nd rhe gappcd Ouestion 9:The previous paragraph ends wirh 'This was
p!r.graphs The sapped p.ra(lraph may have inks either
when lhey dlscovered rhe truth .bort rhe dajorry ol so
to rhe paragraph belo.e r or ro rhe parag.aph .trer it, or
cal ed "natura lruit drinks" ' Look lor a gappe.l paragraph
which des.rih-a. rhis 1ntrh
t Look for rhcme and lansLage tinks. For exampte: ouestion 11:1. the paragraph folrowing the cap, onp.fih.
. refer.nces ro people, places and rinres owncrs of l.nocert implies that someth ns seems Ln ikcly
because h€ and his coileaSues are sl l!soodlcam.\4/hich
'words or phrases thal reier back or iorvr'ard ro anorher
gappeLl paragraph poses a question whlch rhis paracraph
wonl, phr.se or idea in the texr For €iampte, ifihe lirst
line oi a paragraph says somethlns like'lhis becomes
c ear whe we look at ..', 'This' relers back ro somethtng
exp.essed in the pr.vious par.graph
. linkin! devices sLch as'firsry', sacondry','furthe.more,
'on the other handl 'however'.Thase wi I hetp yo! to ii.d
con.ections bctlvoen pa.a!raphs

lAE Test l tt PAPER l Reacling t'part2 11

 Teff
PAPER 1 Reading >
pAPER 2 Writing You are going to read a nragazine arlicte Forcruesriofst3 19. choose lhr answcr
A.B.CorD st ,r r'oLth"t t,.up.
PAPER 3 Use of Engtish
Part a
", o.di,,t.orh-.". j

Mark your answers on the separate answer sheer

PAPER 4 t-istening

PAPER 5 Speaking

The Beauties of the Stone Age

lane Howard views some works of ancient art
have tusl come trome dfter vrewing ,omp i5ronist ng
I work\ expectations of the researchers. They had been tooking for
!I Hole ol d( trr,rt were -c.enrty dr\covFred In Church the usual type of cave drdwing or painting, which shows
c,rve rn Noitrngtrdm.hiie thcv dre lor drawr1gs, up best under direct light. Consequentty, they used
as one would expect, but €tchings, and they depi.t a huge power{ul torches, shining rhen srraiqht onto rhe rock face.
range of lrild animats. The artists who created thenl liv;d However, the Church Hot€ images are modifi.ations of the
arcund 13,000 years ago, and the images are remarkabte rock itselt and show up best when seen frort a certain
on a variety of.ounts. First of all, rheir sheer number is angle in the natural light of earty morning. Hdving been
staggering: there are ninety a tol.t. Moreover, fifty eight fortunate to s€e thenl at this hour, I can only say that I was
of lhem are on lhe.Filing thrs is e.lrenrety rrre rn (ave deeply and unexpe(tedly - moved. White most cave art
art, according to a leading exp€d, Dr Wilbur Samson of often se€ms ro have beer created in a shadowy past very
Central Midlands Universiry. ,Wa pictures are the norm,,
remole fronr us. these lomehow (olvev ll.e In)pre5lron
he says. 'Bur more importantly, rhe Church Hol€ etchings
that they werc made yesterday.
are an incredibte artisti( achievement. They can hold
theif
own rn comparisorl wirh the best found i,r continentat Dr Samson feels that the liqhting factor provides
Europe.' I am not a stLrdenr of the subiect, so I have to take impoftanr information about rhe tik€ly function of these
his word for it. However, you do not hav€ ro be an exped works of art. 'l think the a(ists knew very welt that the
to appreciate their beauty. etchings would hardly be visible except ea y in the
morning. We can therefore deduce rhat the chamber was
ln fact, it is the wider significance of the etchinos that k
used for rituals involving aninlai worship,:fd that they
likely to dttr.r.r nroli a ennon rn acadenrit ,rrcies, rince
were (onducted iust aft€r dawn, as d preliminary to the
they radically alter our view of tjfe in Britain during this day's hunting.'
epoch.lt had previously been rhoLrght thar ice age hunters
in this country were rsoiated from people in ore (€ntlat However, sLrch ideas are conrroversiat in the wortd of
areas of Europe, but the Chur.h Hote images p.ove archaeologyand human originr. DrOtivia Caruthers ofthe
that
anci€nt Britons werc parr of a .utturc that had spread right Reardon lnstitute remains unconviDced rhat rhe function
across the continenr. An.t they were at teast as of the etchings at Chur.h Hote can be determirred wirh
\oplristi(dteo (ultut.tltv d\ rheit .ounrerpdft5 on th€ any certainty. 'When we know so titfle abour rhe sociat tife
nrarnlan.t of early humans, it woutd be footish to insisr on any rigid
interpretation. W€ should, in my view, begin by tenratively
News ol su(h c).i rhng dr\cove e\ spreads rapidty. .rnd assuming that their creatoE were motivated in paft by
thdll\5 to the lnterner d d mobrle phone5. a gredr rndny aesthetic coosiderations - while of course being prepared
people probabty I new about ltri\ dis( over y wittl,n houB
of to modify this verdict ar a later date, if and when new
lhe irrtial erpedrholl retLrrni,rg. A\ d rF(utt so.ne ekt ngs
evidence enrerges.'
may already have be€n danraged, dtbeit inadvertenuy,
6y
eaqer visiror(. t a reg,etabtv tate re,,pon5e, rhc silc ha5 To which I can only add thar tfetr deepty priviteged to
bFell cordoned off wIh a hiqtr rarher i,rlimiddting fcnce, have been able ro view Church Hote. tt is n site of
and warning notices have been posted. trefiendous importance rultlrralty and is pa.r of the
heritage, not only of rhis country, but the wortd as a whote.
An initial survey of rhe site tast year faitecl to reveat the
presence of the etchings. The r€ason ties in
the

'? '- _
Tesr I ), paplR I Feadrng , r .r {
 13 According to the text, the images in Church Hole cave are
Erenticl llPs A
B
unique examples of ceiling ad.
particularly beautiful cave paintings.
, pa of lhe e/.m tesls
Th15
vour detilled !nde/standing ot
C superior in qualily to other cave ad in Brilain.
; reir, icludinq ihe views and D aestheticallyexceptional-
artiludes exPressed'
through the lext quicklv
14 What is the cultural significance of ihese images?
I Read
ro ael a aene,al'dea of wh't n A They indicate that people lrom central Europe had settled in Britaln.
s;orr Don twor Y
'rlhere B They prove that ancient Briions hunted over large areas.
are wo/ds or Phrases You donl C They reveal the existence of a single ice age cLrlture ln ELrope.
D They suggest that people in Europe were more sophisticaied than Britons.
, The queslions rollow the order
ol the text. Bead each question 15 According to the text,
or quesrion slem careiully and
underline the keY words.
A the discovery of the images should not have been made Public.
B the images in the cave are vulnerable to damage.
I Look inrhe text Ior the answer C many people vislled lhe cave within hours oI its discoverv-
ro rhe questlon. One ofthe
options will express lhe same
D the measures taken to protect the images have proved ineffeclive.
idea, bul don't exped$at it will
do so in the words olthe text. 16 Whv were the imaqes nol discovered during the initial survey?
t The flnalqrresrion nray ask
A They were not viewed kom the right angle.
about the intenlion or oPinion of B Deopl. were 1ot e.p"cans Lo r1d arv imdqe' .

rh€ w.ltcr.YoL may need to C Artificial llght was used to explore the cave.
consider the text as. who ero D The torches used were too powerful.
.nswerlhis questio., not iusr
17 What concluslons does Dr Samson draw from the llghting factor?

Ouest'on 13r An option.an only

A Rituals are common in animal worship.
t. coiieLt f al the lnlormation B The artists never intended to make the images vislble
conta n€d in ir s.cclraie Look.r C The images were intended to be visible at a certaln time of day
oprion A: are the im!(les in D lce age hunters worshipped animals in ihe cave-
Chur.h Ho e 'Lnique examplcs oi
cel ins a ?The rext says they lre
'.rrrem€ y rare n cave art ls 18 Accordlng io Dr Caruthers,
th s th€ same? Look:l oprion B' A we cannot make lnferences lrom cave ad.
arethe inases in Clrurch Hoe
'pa.t.u a.ly beaulitu ?And are
B the lmages in Church Hole do not serye any partlcular functlon
C experts know nothin! abo!t lfe 13,000 years ago.
D the function of such images is open to questlon
Ouestion 15: Look dt opllon A.
Whal do€s th€ writer say.lro!r
lhe d scovery ofrhe lmaqes belng 19 lt seems that the writer
rnade publ c? Look at opt on B. I A can now envisase the lile of ice_aqe hunters more vividlv.
soin.thlng is'vu nerablc ro B was profoundly implessed by the images in the cave.
dam.Oe', what might h.ppen ro
17 Look ar opiion C.The i.rtsays
C has now realised the true significance of cave arl.
'm.ny people probably knew D thinks the images should receive rnore publicity.
.bo!tlhe discovery wnhi. h.urs
.lrhelnlia eip€d tio. rerL,rning'
ls this the sanre as sayl.g nrany
peop e vlshed the cave wrrhin r€xt. Be carelulrlhe meanino in
rhe texr is not necess.riy the
ho!rs? LooI at optof D Haveihc
s:me as lhal in the answer
lrnagcs d.ll.ir. y teen dama.Jed?
options. Here, opt on D says nre
Whcn m.y thc damlg€ have
t!k.n p ace:betor. or aherlhe h!nters'worshipped anlrnals i.
Lhe cave" butthe rexr says lhe
meas!res were laken?
cave was used ior tit!als
Ouestion 17: Sonrernnes yo! wll lnvolvi.g anlnrdl worshiP', vr'hich
find rvoftls fronr the oprlons in th. ls nor lhe s.me th ng.

aAE Test 1 > I PAPER 1 Reading t t Pan 1 13

reff
PAPER 1 Reading )
PAPER 2 Writing You are golng to read a magazine arric e. For questions 13-19, choose the answer
Part 3 (A, B, C or D) whlch you think fits besr according to the text.
PAPER 5 Use of English
PAPER 4 Listening [4ark your answers on the separate answer sheet

PAPER 5 Speaking

he bosic storu is veru old indeed ond The sroru is enduring, r,hatever its shortcomings, ond
fomilior to most of us- The heroine, it doesn'r toke much in the $,oU of onotutiiot skitls to
Cinderetto, is treoted ciuettu bU her sec its influence on o number of recent Holluwood
stepmother ond mocked bU her rwo uglu stepsisters. producrions, oLl oimcd ot girls oged five to fifteen. In
And even thouqh her fothcr loves her, she con't reLl these versions for the sitver screen, the CindcrelLo
him how unhoppu she is becouse her stcpnother hos chorocter no longcr hos to clcon the house ond hos no
belvitched him. One dou CinderclLo's stepmorher ond sibtings to moke her life o miseru, though she persists
stepsisters ore invited to o ball ot the rouol poloce. in not showing much bockbonc. Thc chorocter of the
Cinderello is told she connot go ond is rich ond hondsome srronger, hoirever, is retoined,
undcrstondoblu vcru unhoppu. Horvever, her foirg ond in some coses reollu is o prince.'Ihe role of the
godmother comes to the rescue ond, woving her foiru godmorher is often ptoued bU coincidence or
mogic wond, produces some beoutitut cLorhes for sheer tuck; r'e tive in on enLightened oge when even
Cinderetlo os wetl os o corriogc to conveg hcr to the very Uoung chjldrcn milthr rcject the nolion offoiries.
b.rll. l-lrere. .hc drnce. qrh Lhe l-orJ'Jme prin.e. The \r'icked stepmother mou be t.onsformed inro o
who folts in love with her, not onlu becolrsc shc is villoin of some sorr. In the mojoritu of film versions,
beoutiful bur olso becouse she is good ond grocious. the heroine hos a profession ond is even permifted to
Cinderetto hos been rvorncd thot the mogic will \{eor continue rvorking ofter morruinll her p nce - this is
ofi ot midnight, so r,i,hen the ctock strikes nveLve, she rhe rwenru-first centuru, ofter oll.
huries owou, leoving behind hcr o gloss slippcr. Ncxr
do!, thc princc, smttcn bU her chorms, comes looking Doesnt the succcss ofthcse films indicotc thot thc storu
for the girt whose foot fits tlie gloss stipper. He finds hos reteyonce to chitdren even todou? 'Yes,' od its
Cinderello ond Lhe! morr! onrd gen<rol rej. c,nq. Ellcn, who sees its messoge os being rooted in o
fundomenrot chitdhood desire for lovc ond ottcntion.
Just o sweet, prettu to[e? Not in the vie\i of Eltcn 'Most children experience o sense of inner Loneliness os
Moclntosh, who hos ivritten extensivelu obout foiru theu ore growing up ond empothise with the
toles. 'This storu feotures lhe stockj trvo-dimensionol protogonist who foces some sort of test or chollenge.
chorocters of most foiru toies, ond tittle cho.ocrer This con be seen in Lhe originol storu of Cinderello,
development is ottempted,' she soUs. Indeed, where the foiru godmothcr tclis the heroine thot she
otrhough her comment does moke one wonder whu musr leorn to bc grocious ond confidenr ifshe is ro go
simpLicitu of this sort should be our of plocc io o to rhe boli. Shc hos to grow spiriruolg, ond bU
storu for chitdren. Be thot os ir mou, Ellen's moin meturing, she becomes ottroctive to the prince, thus
problcm is with whot fie storu implies. 'Instcod of ensuring thor the ending ofthc storu will be hqppu. 'In
stonding up to her cruel stepmothcr ond obsurd the toter versions, lhis element is missing,' soUS ElLen,
stepsisters, Cinderello just woits for o foirg 'ond fie theme of the storg is simplg thor o girl's rote in
godmother to oppeor ond solve her problems. Bur Life is to be more beoutiful thon orher tittte girts so thot
$ouldn't Uou wont o doughter ofUours to show more she con corru offthe prize: the hondsome prince. Is this
spirit?' rcotlu $,hot we $.ont girLs ro grow up betieving?'

36 CAE Test 2 l PAPER 1 Reading t r,P:rrt 3

'
 13 What does the writer imply abour fairy
qn*entiol liPs
tales?
A Fully developed charactbrs would improve them.

t Remen be' ' rh s Plrr oi rhe B The sro i-s d.e ve-y bdsic.
crJ n 1oun{d ro ''Litoi!" C lt is unrealistic to expect character development.
rhe cer3rs oft L
t a' we ras D lt is a mistake to consider them sweet and pretty-
wnlert oPinion ad tude
rhe
14 What is Ellen's main objection to the Cinderella story?
) Yo! ca..pproach this pan in
A The heroine is treated cruelly.
Mo s iqhlY different ways'
H.wever, Vo! should besin bY B The heroine is not asserlive enough.
;ead nq rhe insrru.lions and C The ugly stepsisters are figures of ridicule.
rhe riile ol the rext.Thcn Yo! D The stepmother is a stereotypical characler.
can enhersk m the texlfirst
b€I.r. You rcad the q!'sl ons
or read th€ questions llrsl 15 ln film versions of the Cinderella slorv
beiore Yo! skim lhe lexr' A the prince is invariably replaced by a rich stranger
) There lvll be seven quesiions B two characters from the original story are omitted
or qlesrion s1.ms Re.d each C there is no lonqer a wicked stepmothe.
qlestion c. .lu ly and, wnhoul
lookin! al rhe oPlions, scan the
D the Cinderella character no longer has to work.
rel1 ror the answer orfor a
s! table a.d accurate wav to 16 Modern film adaptations of the story lend to present a Cinderella
comp ele the question stem A whose character remains basically unchanged.
> Thlnkrboul th€ meanlnO ot B who is luckier than she is in the original story.
what you re.d, 6 d on y rh.n
se€ lIyoL.an march rhe
C whose circumstances are unusual.
re evant seclion oilhe text with D ihal rrar,,.hildren migqr iind ur.onv.1cing.

) The corect oprlon is unlikely ro 17 Modern variants on the story genera ly

use lhe sahe words.s the text A portray Cinderel a as a successfu professional.
B imply that Cindere a will become a real princess.
C ref ect children's be iefs.
Onestion 13: You are being
askcd abolt die writert vlew,
D make concessions to modern women's lives.
fot len [Vlac nrosh!. Look for a
E
se.rion oflhe ret whcr. thc 18 ln Ellen's view, what makes the Cinderella story so appealing?
wrnerdescribes E lens de.s ann A Children can identify with the heroine.
then slves h.r opin on ofthese
B Little girls enjoy being challensed.
C lt has an element of magic.
Ouestion 15:This.tuesrion s D Cinderella is more beautiful than other girls.
about I lms based on the
c nder.lla story. Look in tlre text
tor th. word'fim'or any other 19 L,nlike the originallale, modern versions ofthe Cinderella story
w.rd which means the same A suggest that girls do not need strength of character.
rhin!1, ior example, mov e'
When you lind the relevanr
B do not require the heroine to develop.
sectio. ollhe rex! read it C underestimate the power of love.
.areiul y.Then see which opr on D are aimed solely at Vounq children.
ootr.sponds prec scly to what

Ouestion 19: Even thouglr you

m.y be nervous and in a hurr/,
yo! musr rh nk carel!lly abour
the me6nins oi the quesrions.
Which word in the quesrion stem
sliows you arc bet.s asked to
llfd a drfercrce berween rhe
.rig na story and the modern

cAE Test 2 tr PAPER ',l Reading>'Part3 37

G
reff
PAPER 1 Reading t
PAPER 2 WTit'.g Paft 2 You are going to reacl a rnagazine arljcte Six paraqraphs have been removed from
the artic e. Choose from the paragraphs A G rhe one which fits each gap 17 12).
PAPER 3 Use of Engtish There is one extra paragraph which you do not need ro use.
PAPER 4 Listening Vlark your answers on rhe separate answer sheet.
PAPER 5 Soeaking

M ind you r languages

Thousands of the world's languages are dying, taking to generally happv when we have a corous of texts which
the grave not just words but records of civitisations and we can read and understand with the help of a reliab{e
cultLrres that we may never come to fulty know or grammar and diclionary provided by a competent
understand. lt is a loss of which few peopte are aware, linguist, preferably including texts of some panicular
yet it will affect us all. Linouists have catcutated that of interest,' says Kortlandt-
the 6,000 lanquages currently spoken wortdwide most
will disappear over the next hundred years. As many as 0
1,000 languages have died in the past 400 years. To non'iinguists it must seem an odd issue to get
Conversely, the handful of major international langLrages worked up about. Why waste so much time saving
are forging ahead. languages spoken by so few and not concentrate on the
languages of rhe future that mosrofus speak?Why took
back instead of forward?'Would you Esk a biologist
But the vast majority of the world never had need of looking for disappearing species the same question?'
phrases in Heiltsuk (a Native lndian language from the Kortlandt asks. 'Or an astronorner looking for distant
Canadian Pacific coast of Brilish Coturnbia which is now galaxies? Why shou d langLrages, the mouthpiece of
dead). Nor will mosr people be interested in learning threatened cultures, be less interesting than unknown
any of the 800 languages spoken on the istand of New species or galaxies? Language is the defining
Guinea or the 2,400 spoken by Native American tndians characteristic of the hurnan species. These people say
(many of which are threatened), but their deaths are things to each orher which are very different from the
robbing us of the knowledge needed to write many things we say, and think very ditferent thoughts, which
chapters of history. are often incomprehensibie to us.'

Oocunrenting a threatened langLrage can be difficutt Take, for example, rhe vast potenrial for modern
and dangerous, requiring consummate diplomacy with medicine that ies within tropical ralnforests. For
tribes, some of which may be meeting outsiders for ihe centuries forest tribes have known abour the healing
flrst time and rnay well be wary about why these propenies of certain plants, but it is only recently that
strangers need so much information about their the outside world has discovered that the rainforests
language. 'Some peoples are exirernety proud of their and cora reefs hold potential cures for some of the
langLrage while others are sceptical of the ,,white man,j world s major diseases. All this knowledge could be lost
believing he now wants to rob them of their tanguage if the lribes al-rd their languages die out wirhour being
as well,' says Kortlandt.

'There are about 200 Tibero-Burrnan tanguages, onty Kortlandt is blunt about why some languages have
about ten of which have been properiy described,, says suffered. 'lf we iook back to the history of the Empire,'
Konlandt. 'We now have fourreen phD students he says,'for social, economlc a.d political reasons, a
describing different, unknown {anguages., The probtem majority never has an interest i. preserving the culture
is it can take years to documenr a tanguage.,We are

34 cAE Test 2 >, PAPER I Reading ) palt 2

' I
 Prole'sor ot ComParative the binding force of culture, and the disappearance
A ;;;" Lr.,ive,sirv in. Hoildnd h"s a of a language means the disappearance of culture.
if:;;.;';; oi the relrarnrno It is not only the words that disappear, but also
i,i.".ion ,o ao"t''"nt d: manY knowledge about many things.'
l.ir, ldlqudses ds he i an' He lead< a band
"",* e'\oerrs rrelr'ns Io sorre or rhe mosr
l,ir"J*n"
oa'ts oi the earrn 1o save sLr'h E Kortlandt knows a language is disappearing when
;;;;";'.;'" the younger generation does not use it any more
threalened langLrages'
When a language is spoken by fewer than fony
oaLl Oeret ' a people, he calculates that it will die out. Every now
R ,1 or e oi lhe ldclors worrying
- rh:s
iino-,:. ,n Fji in the Soutn Pacific Thpre trc and then language researchers get lucky.
r.,ioreo' ot {nown remed;es in lijr's foresrs ThF Kamassian, a southern Samoyed language spoken
oudv" leai rel.eves diarhoea the ud' ttee eases rn the Upper Yenisey 'Fg.on ol Russia, was
i.,e t 'roat-, and l'ibiscus leaf ted is used bv supposed to have died out, until two old wornen
e^Dectanr rnoihers. frFre are possiblV s{ ore: 'nore who still spoke it turned up at a conference in
,.i ro oe drscorer"o. We will onlv be ab'e lo find Tallinn, Estonia in the early 1970s.
ihem and berrefit from their properties through one
or more of the 300 languages and dialects spoken F According to the Atlas of Languages, Chinese is
on the Fiiian islands lfthelanguagesdie,sotoowi I now spoken by 1,000 million people and English by
rne r.d..i1al tnowleoge ot natrrallv occuring 350 million. Spanlsh, spoken by 250 million people,
ionics, rubs and potions Science could be left is fast overtaking French as the first foreif,n
wondering what we might have found. English is language choice of British schoolchildren.
now spoken by almost everyone in Fiji and Oereti is
teaching Fijians how to speak their own G Kortlandt is one of several linguists who have
disappearing native languages and dialects. sounded the alarm that humankind is on the brink
of Losing over fifty percent of its languages within
C ln Seplember this year, like minds met in the next generation or two, 'This loss may be
Klthmandu for a conference on how to save sorne unavoidable in most cases,' says one authoritv, 'but
Hlmalayan languages spoken by iust a handful of
at the very least, we can record as much as we can
people. A great nurnber of lang!ages in the greater
of these endangered languages before they die out
Hlmalayan region are endangered or have already
altogether. Such an undertaking would naturally
roached the point of no retLrrn.
require support from international organisations,
not to mention fundingl
D As Kortlandt stresses, 'lf you want to understand
the hurnan species, you have to take the full range
of rum"n rhoughr into con,ide'd_io'r. La,lqudge's

lssenti.al lip*
, fiemember in this part ofrhe exam yor need to Ouestion 7: ln the p.ragraph after the gap,lhe wor.l B'n
unde.st.nd the srructure a.d organlsalion of a lexi: how shows rhai a conlrast is beLng described. lr is ikelv that the
Its paragraphs work rogether. conrrast ls beiwee. the extin.l or thre.tcned anguases
refered 10 and the major inrernatio.al ansuages'
t F rst look al rhe innructions and the due oi the text.Then menton€d i. the paraSraph b.fore the gap.
s[im the sapped text for the ge.era meanins a..i notice Ouestion ai ln the par!sraph iollowins the gap, the name of
how lt develops ldeas, oplnions or events
. person Kortlandt ls mentioncd, but rhere is no
t You may need to consider more ihan one 9ap al a time in lndicalion who this person is.lt is like ythattlre sapped
paragraph Sives some deialls about hlm.
order to work ourwhich par.oraph goes where. Do nol
rely slmply on recognising repeated names, d.tes etc Ouestion 11:The par.graph aiter nre gap describes the kind
ol knowledge rhat cou d be Iosr ii cenaln anguages become
.xtinct Which g.ppcd parEsraph lnlroduces this lhemeT

cAE Test 2 tr PAPER 1 Readlng t I Part 2 35

 Turning a Hobby into a Career
It may seem b regular job
for the unceftainty of a hobby
but morc and nore people do just that

A I had piano lessors when I was young, and I did have C When 1 left college I staned working in a bank, bur
son1e talem. But ir soon became obvious I'd never be my hean was n€ver r€ally in it. The problem r"s
good enough for a career on the conce( nage. ln a panlv thc emrronm<nr I ,lon r ,.,.e sorl.rng rn dn
rvay,l was lucky.ll I hadn r realised early on tha! I'd office. I'm more of an outdoor person - and l'd
never make it as a pe ormel I probably would have always been crazy about sur{ing. Wetl, one summer
carned on dreaming that my big break would come. trh.le I u,j. rr Corrr"ll on holrod\. I Bor , ha int ro
As ir ls, I became a music reacher insiead, and in my the owner oia su shop Hesaid he wanled to sell up
free rime I staned to dabble in the technical side of and I jumped at the chance to buy the business trom
lru5, produ,rion lhpn dn au.]l dred lervrng rne himl Looking back, I can see how lucky I was. lr's
some cash, and i suddenly realised I could finally ser incredibly diflicull to set up a shop like rhar fronr
up m)- own rccording studiol Of course. rhere is a scrarch. Besid€s. beinS such an avid surfer nryself, I
downside ro rurning a hobby into a career I love my e-umed a lor otnth"r p,opl" mu-r .hdrp rhl inr< esr
job so much that I used to work seven days a week, -which isn't the case I Obvious when you rhink abour
but after a while I realised i w?s geuing bumt oul - ir. but it took me a while to realise wlmt a naive
you need to switch or occasionally. My job has attitude that wzs. Now that I've leamt th€ ropes, l'm
.jFfrrrF\ ,rJded ,lcprh rhe $4 I li-ren mu5.
'o thinking elth€r of expanding , more shops,
'o
noq lc,n rralh Lnder.rdrd uh) -omeure'< u.r,g d managers and so on or diversifying, perhaps
certain technique or piece of equipmem. producing my own surt boards! I acrualiy rhink rhe
second option is more likely because ir's a subjecr
B I studied m€dicine. bur when I linisherl medical which interests me a lot.
school I had a son ol c.isis. I suddenly knew I couldn't
go on with lt I I'd have been an au,ful doctor. But I was D l'd always been a senous amareur photographer, and
keen on amateur dramarics and I enloyed pu[ing on when I leli school I wanled ajob rhat would allow me
plays ar the local youlh ctntre, esp€cially coaching a l"t of tree r.me ror mv nobov solBor,rlobasawr.re'
budding actors So I started wondering 11 I could make working evenings only Around that lime I also offered
a liung from reaching drama. A lriend suggesled I to help ny uncle our h his srudio. He was a
should set up as a fteelance teacher and o{fer acting protessional photographer, and I'd go along ar the
Iessons for children. Ir was lricky and ar firsr, I weekends and act as general unpaid dogsbody. I got an
couldn't work out how ro tind custo1rers who would insight into th€ business, whi.h made me wonder
pa1 for their children to atiend rhe kind of courses I whether I too could eam a linng from photography So
wanrpd o un lhei -oreone n n- orSJ citron I saved, set myself up as a prolessional photographer
called Business Llnk, which h€lps people set up their and tried to suwive solely on my eamings lrom selling
own businesses, suggesred adverlising on the pictures. However, aft€r a while I realised it simply
Intemetl I was conlacled by a surp sing number of wasn't going Io happ€n. So I swallowed n1y pnde and
inlerested p€ople, and five y€ars down the line I'm gor some work as a sales replesentative for one of the
doing all nght. The ciasses thenselves arenl terribly blg emera manufacturers, which takes me round the
lucrative, but I supplement my incorn€ by giving talks country Lo rrade [aiE and so on, demonstmting the
to amateur dramarics societies, wriling articles for Iatest equipmenr. l'm doing quire well in rhar line of
magazin€s and organising trips to see shows in vork, althoqh I ve noliced one odd lhing: now tha!
London. lt's not abd 1ite. my hobby is my work, more or less, I've had to find
another way to switch olL ln fact. ]'ve tak€n up lishing.

caE Test 2 I r PAPER 'l Reading trpart4 39

ltil

E My tirst job was wirh an isurance company, bur I was F I wancd to nudy g.aphic design when I left s.hool, bur
hardly a model employee. I loarhed nyjob, a.d i$tead I didn\ have good €nough grades ro go on to aft school.
ofselling insurance, I used ro wander around rhe ciry,s lnstead, I got a job in a garaSe, and lor the next ten years
mmerous an gall€.ies. I harc no .rearive ralenr ol my I worked as a car rnechanic. But while I was working, I
osr, but I can recognise ir in rhe work oforhers. I soon did some evening courses in ildustrial design and got
picked up quue a Lor ol knowledge abour conremporary lots of book on rhe subjecr I was interested in the
an. Then one day I gor ralking ro rlrc nanager ot an an practical side ofconsrrucrion, roo: I even bulh a car ol my
gallew .he menloned a new grl eN rnar sr- Boing ro om trom spare pal1s Then lgor rhe idea otbuildinga
be opened and suggested I apply tor rhe Job oi trEnage. bike a tour-wheel delivery bike - and rhe nexr rhing I
At tirst, I Ms doubful, bur I realised I hrd nothing ro knew, my wife was uging me ro ser up my own
1ose, so I applied and was asked to go for an in.erview. I company! I had to tak€ a very deep brearh betore I
rhi.k th€ [act rhar I was so obviousiy crazy abour a IinaUy took the plunge. l'd done my bei ro prepare lor
impressed rhe orvners. To my surpnse, I've turned our ro it, taking a course in business management in my spare
be quite a good saLeswoman Of course, mosr people time, and I knew l'd be working longer hours tor less
come into rhe gauery j6t ro look around, but when money, at least at first. The big diiliculry was rhe
someone shows an imeresr in one of rhe works ofl shN. un. enarnlv of ro L nowinB how nu.n $ould h..omrng
I don't immedi?rely nan to persuade them ro buy ir. I in each month. And things were preuy tough for rhc firsr
just chat abou! rhe work and whar nukes ir imeresring tew years, although I never regreued it. Looking back. I
to me. People leel reassured when rhey serse your can see that I underestlmated the amoutu of papework
l'd have to do. I somehow lhoughr I could jusr
concentrate on the nice stuil - designingl

40 CAE Test 2 t r PAPER 1 Reading r I part 4

 I
reff
1

PAPER 2 Wriring Paft 2

I"" " " n" ", . -." "" "- cr- , s,... o-oo,- o, dbo,r,1,^., o rh6.,,,oLoias
Part 3 'no'a p6rs.to-qJp .'on.20 34.,roo o sofrhodl.,t4 a r,
PAPER 3 Use of Engtish
Part 4 f\.1ark yoLr answers on the separate answer sheer.
PAPER 4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

ln which section ofthe articte are rhe fo[owing menrioned?

G**enrial tips the pleasure of teaching youns peopte 20....._.........

I You.an approach thls pal1 ol
thc Beading paper n rwo ways. valuable experience gained from votunrary work 21 ......_._______
However, you should beoi. by
readins the.insrru.lions a.d an enhanced appreciation of other peoptet work 22 .......___.____
the tille of the rett Then you
can eirh€r sklm rhe lexr firsi
before you re.d the quesrions,
or rean the qLestlons firsr
before you skim rhe 1ext. thouqhts about the future 24 _....__________
Experiment and see which w.y
works better ior you the financial necessity for engaging in other ventures as we 25 .......________
I Donl waste time readtno the
text i. detai.You onty heed ro encouragement from a famity member 26 ....._-__.-___.
march sDecii c intortuat on in
the rexr wirh rhe qlesrions. advice from a speciatist
t The text is on two pages, so be
.arel!i ln the ex:m, yo! wilt finding an alternative teisure pursuit
be ahre to Jotd oLlrhe second
page solhal you can acoess the value of assessing one,s abitities objectivety
any pan of ihe rexr at a glance 29 .........__.___

identifying poteritial customers 30......_........

Ouestion 25: Some questions
!se language which you w an impulsive decision
need 1o think abo!r carefut V_ 31...............
Here, ior exampte, rhc q(esrion
is aboul rhe need ro.to other un unexpected tatent for a particutar job 32...............
tobs to make honey, bur this
simp e idea is cxpresscd . feeling of apprehension before making a malor change
iorm.lry.The reverse may.tso
occur: lhe quest on may exp.ess academic qLralifications which were never used
an id.a n simple lEnguase bur 34 .. ___.__....._

rhe rext will use more ford.

Ouestion 28: A'teisure p!rsuir'is

a hobby;.n 'alternative letsure
pursuit is one differcnr ro lhc
hobby.lready mentioned.yo!
know from the rtle thal lhis ierr
is about people who have made
iheir hobbies inlo their careers,
so i nd a section ofrhe text
wher. soheone iatks abour
laking up !norher hobby.
Ouestion 32: Here, a kcy word is
lnexpecledl At the peop e n
this 1exlwe.. ab e ro t!rn rireir
hobby i.to thei. career, so rhey
al probaby had a tatenror, ar
lcast, E ccrlain abiiry. Butwh ch
Person had an !nexpecred 1a enl?

38 CAE Test 2 r l PAPER l R€adingfrpalt4