History - Indus Valley Civilization
History - Indus Valley Civilization
History - Indus Valley Civilization
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It flourished between 2700 BC and 1900 BC (Mature Indus Valley Civilization).
It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC.
Pre-Harappan civilization has been found at Mehrgarh, Pakistan which shows the
first evidence of cotton cultivation. Indus people are first to grow cotton cultivation
in the word.
Dimensions:-
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West—————————— Sutkagengor (in Baluchistan)
East——————————— Alamgirpur (Western UP)
North————————— Mandu (Jammu)
South————————— Daimabad
E (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra)
Some Indus Valley sites have also been found in as far away as Afghanistan and
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Turkmenistan.
Contemporary civilizations
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NOTE:-
The civilization was first discovered during an excavation campaign under Sir
John Hubert Marshall in 1921–22 at Harappa following the discovery of seals by J
Fleet.
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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY
Most cities had similar patterns.
The Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and the Indus Valley Civilization, the four great
civilizations of the ancient world, the first three (Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China)
have been broadly studied and well-known to everyone.
Overall morethan 1500 sites are excavated
Total area 1.3 millions squre kilometers this is in traingle shape.
Important Animal - Ox with hump
Important Bird - Pigeon
Important Tree- Ravi
Important Symbol - Swastick
Important Crops - Wheat and Barley
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Important God - Ammatalli(Mother Goddess, Pasupathi-surrounded by Tiger,
Elephant, Rhinoceros, Buffallo)
They don’t now Horse
They used the matal bronze and copper
They don’t now about iron
Horse evidence are avalible in Surkotada
Characteristics :-
1) Town planning
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2) Public Places
3) Great bath
4) Great Grannary
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5) Social structure
Agrucilture:-
Agriculture was the most important occupation. The first civilization to cultivate
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cotton.
Animals were domesticated like sheep, goats and pigs.
Crops were wheat, barley, cotton, ragi, dates and peas.
Trade:-
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Trade was conducted with the Sumerians.
Metal products were produced including those with copper, bronze, tin and
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lead.
Gold and silver were also known. Iron was not known to them.
Religion:-
No structures like temples or palaces have been found.
The people worshipped male and female deities.
A seal which was named ‘Pashupati Seal’ has been excavated and it shows an
image of a three-eyed figure.
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Marshall believed this to be an early form of Lord Shiva.
Note:-
Excellent pieces of red pottery designed in black have been excavated.
Faience was used to make beads, bangles, earrings and vessels.
The civilization also was advanced in making art works.
A statuette named ‘Dancing Girl’ has been found from Mohenjodaro and is
believed to Be 4000 years old
A figure of a bearded Priest-King has also been found from Mohenjodaro.
Disposal of the dead was by burial in wooden coffins.
Later on, in the H Symmetry culture, bodies were cremated in urns.
Harappa:-
Harappan ruins were discovered by Marshall, Daya Ram Sahni.
1) Cemetery H & R37.
2) Coffin burial.
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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY
3) Granary outside the fort.
4) Phallus worship.
5) Graveyard.
6) Mother goddess.
Mohenjo-Daro:-
Mohenjodaro ruins were excavated for the first time by R.D. Banerjee
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1) Prepared Garments.
2) Temple like Palace.
3) Pashupati seal.
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4) Statue of a dancing girl.
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5) Ivory weight balance.
6) The Great Bath.
7) The Great Granary.
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4) Wooden drainage.
5) Copper ox.
6) Evidence of earthquake.
7) Wooden plough.
8) Camel’s bone.
Lothal
1) Port Town.
2) Evidence of Rice.
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3) Fire Altar.
4) Graveyard.
5) Ivory weight balance.
6) Copper dog.
Rangpur
Evidence of Rice.
Surkotada
1) Horse bone.
2) Stone covered grave.
Chanhudaro
1) Bangle factory.
2) Ink pot.
3) Only city without citadel.
4) Carts with seated driver.
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Sreedhar’s CCE RRB NTPC-HISTORY
Daimabad
Bronze Buffalo.
Amri
Actual remains of Rhinoceros.
Alamgirpur
Impression of cloth on a trough.
Ropar
1) Buildings made of stone and soil.
2) Dog buried with humans.
3) One inscribed steatite seal with typical Indus pictographs.
4) Oval pit burials.
Banawali
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1) Oval shaped settlement.
2) Only city with radial streets.
3) Toy plough.
4) Largest number of barley grains.
Dholavira
1) Only site to be divided into three parts.
2) Giant water reservoir.
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3) Unique water harnessing system.
4) Dams.
5) Embankments.
6) A stadium.
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7) Rock – cut architecture.
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Fact# 1: Indus Valley Civilization was the largest among the other four
civilizations of the world (Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China)
The Indus Valley Civilization was spread over an area of 1,30,000 sq. km over
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