A Practical activity Report submitted

For
Engineering Design Project-II (UTA-024)
by:

Name of student
Jahanvi Varshney (102383040)
Yuvraj Mangla (102383073)
Yuvraj Singh (102383074)
Yugansh Garg (102383072)
Jeevetesh Bhanot (102383041)

Submitted to
Mr. Shubham and Ms. Neetika

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, (A

DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), PATIALA, PUNJAB
INDIA

Jan - May 2024

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. No. Experiment No. Objective

1 1(a) To draw a schematic diagram of receiver to receive specified pulse width

IR signals from gantries using CAD tool (Eagle).

2 1(b) To design a printed circuit board layout of receiver circuit using CAD tool
(Eagle).

3 2(a) To draw a schematic diagram of IR sensor module circuit (required to move

Buggy module on a predefined the path using CAD tool (Eagle).

4 2(b) To design a printed circuit board layout IR sensor module circuit using
CAD tool (Eagle).

5 3(a) To draw a schematic diagram of pulse width modulation (PWM) based

transmitter for generating specified pulse width waveforms for gantries
placed at different locations on the path using CAD tool (Eagle).

6 3(b) To design a printed circuit board layout of pulse width modulation (PWM)
based transmitter circuit using CAD tool (Eagle).

7 4(a) To solder IR receiver circuit on a general-purpose PCB, which can sense

the signal of specific pulse width and able to recognize the corresponding
Gantry.

8 4(b) To test the combined module of IR transmitter and receiver circuits on

Buggy Track with Gantry provision through supervisory control mode for
bronze and silver level.

9 5(a) To solder IR sensor on a general-purpose PCB, which helps Buggy robot to

move on a predefined path as a line follower.

10 5(b) To test the output pulses of IR sensor module on predefined track as path
follower.

11 6(a) To solder IR transmitter circuit on a general-purpose PCB, which generates

rectangular pulses of specific pulse width for corresponding Gantry.

12 6(b) To test the output pulses on CRO generated through IR transmitter circuit.

2
 Experiment: 1
Objective:
• To draw a schematic diagram of receiver to receive specified pulse width IR signals
from gantries using CAD tool (Eagle).
• To design a printed circuit board layout of receiver circuit using CAD tool (Eagle).
Software Used: Eagle Software
Component Used:
S. No Name of Components Value Specifications Quantity
1 Resistor 120k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
2 Resistor 100k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
3 Resistor 22k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
4 Resistor 1k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
5 Capacitor 100pf Ceramic Capacitor 1
6 BPW41N Photodiode 1
7 22-23-2031 PCB Header 1
8 LM311N(op-amp) Voltage Comparator 1

Theory:
1. Photodiode (BPW41N):
The BPW41N is a silicon photodiode, meaning it is made from silicon material. BPW41N is a
PIN photodiode with high speed and high radiant sensitivity in a black, side view plastic
package with daylight blocking filter. Filter bandwidth is matched with 900 nm to 950 nm IR
emitters.

Fig. 1.1 Photodiode BPW41N [1]

3
2. Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components
can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented
within integrated circuits.

Fig. 1.2 Colour Coding of resistors [2]

4
3. Capacitor:

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric
charge. The space between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating
material known as a dielectric.

Fig. 1.3 Capacitors [3]

4. Pin Header (22-23-2031):

A PCB header, in the context of electronics and printed circuit boards (PCBs), are a type of
electrical connector. Headers have one side designed to be surface mounted and soldered. 22-
23-2031 is a wire to board connector having 3 headers and position of 2.54mm.

Fig. 1.4 Pin Header 22-23-2031 [4]

5. Operational Amplifier (LM311N):

The LM311N is an operational amplifier, an integrated circuit that amplifies the difference in
voltage between its input terminals. It is commonly used in electronics for tasks like signal
conditioning and voltage level shifting due to its versatile and precise performance.

Fig. 1.5 Operational Amplifier (LM311N) Pin Configuration [5]

5
Schematic diagram:

Fig. 1.6 Schematic diagram of Receiver circuit

Printed Circuit Board layout:

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkFig. 1.8 Printed Circuit Board layout of Receiver circuit

6
Discussion:
The BPW41N is a PIN photodiode and it is in contact with the light, means it generates an equal amount
of current which is proportional to the amount of light it receives. When light hits the photo diode's active
area, electron-hole pairs are generated, and it also affects its conductivity, creating a photocurrent that
flows through the circuit. The 120kΩ resistor and the photodiode form a transimpedance amplifier stage.
This stage converts the photocurrent into a voltage signal.
The higher the light intensity, the larger the photocurrent and the higher the output voltage, as
photocurrent is directly proportional to the output voltage. The photocurrent thus is gone into the non-
inverting (+) input of the op-amp LM311N. The LM311N op-amp further amplifies the voltage signal
from the transimpedance stage. The output of the op-amp are of two types: high or low. The resistors
are used because the specific gain is determined by the values of the 22kΩ and 100kΩ resistors
connected in a non-inverting configuration of the op-amp.

The 100pF capacitor blocks the DC component of the amplified signal and allows only the AC
component to pass through. This helps remove any unwanted bias from the circuit, ensuring a smooth
and consistent signal. The PCB header (22-23-2031) provides a connection point for the amplified
signal to be used by the buggy's control system. Depending on the specific design, this signal could be
used to control motor speed, steering, or other functions based on the received light intensity. This
receiver circuit essentially converts changes in light intensity into electrical signals that buggy’s control
system can interpret.

Reference:
[1] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html
[2] https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/everything-need-know-capacitors/
[3] https://soldered.com/learn/led-light-emitting-diode-explained/
[4] https://components101.com/regulators/78l05-pinout-equivalent-datasheet
[5] https://www.jprelec.co.uk/categories/cables-connectors-and-wago/connectors/dc-powerconnectors

Signature of Faculty member

7
 Experiment: 2
Objective:

• To draw a schematic diagram of IR sensor module circuit (required to move Buggy module on
a predefined the path using CAD tool (Eagle).
• To design a printed circuit board layout IR sensor module circuit using CAD tool (Eagle).

Software used: Eagle Software.

Components Used:

S. No. Name of the Components Value Specifications Quantity

1 Resistor 10K Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% tolerance 2
2 LMV358MM Operational Amplifier 1
3 Resistor 330 Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% tolerance 4
4 Potentiometer 3-terminal resistor 2
5 SFH482 Photodiode 2
6 BPX65 Photodiode 2
7 MTA02-100 AMP connector 2
8 LED3MM A 2-lead semiconductor light source 2

Table 1: List of components used

Theory:

1. Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. It is used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias
active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
Resistors are commonly found in electronic equipment and are available in a variety of
materials, such as metal wire or carbon, with each having its own properties and specific areas
of use. They are typically represented by a zig-zag line in schematic symbols and can be fixed
or variable.

Fig.2.1 resistor [1]

8
2. Operational Amplifier (LMV358MM):

The LMV358MM is a low-voltage operational amplifier (op amp) manufactured by Texas

Instruments. It is a dual version, meaning it contains two independent op amps in a single
package. The voltage supply range for this part is from 2.7V to 5.5V, making it suitable for
battery-powered applications.

Fig.2.2 Operational Amplifier (LMV358MM) [2]

3. Transistor (BPX65):

The BPX65 is a dual power MOSFET transistor manufactured by Infineon Technologies. It is

designed for low-voltage and low-on-resistance applications, making it suitable for use in
power supplies, motor control circuits, and other circuits that require fast switching and low
power loss.

Fig.2.3 Transistor BPX65 [3]

4. Photodiode (SFH482):

The SFH482 is a photodiode manufactured by Osram Opto Semiconductors. It is a silicon

photodiode with a spectral sensitivity range of 350-1100 nm, making it suitable for a wide range
of applications including optical sensing, photometry, and light detection. The SFH482 has a
small active area of 1.6 x 1.6 mm and a low capacitance of 100 pF, which allows for fast
response times and low noise.

Fig.2.4 Photodiode (SFH482) [4]

9
5. Potentiometer:

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an

adjustable voltage divider. It is commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume
controls on audio equipment and speed control of fans. Potentiometers consist of a resistive
element, a wiper that moves along the element, and electrical terminals at each end of the
element.

Fig.2.5 Potentiometer [5]

6. Connector (MTA02-100):

The MTA02-100 is a type of connector manufactured by TE Connectivity. It is a wire-to-board

connector that uses insulation displacement contact (IDC) technology, which allows for mass
termination of wires without the need for stripping. The connector has a 0.100" (2.54mm)
centreline and is available in up to 28 positions, with each position capable of terminating 28-
22 AWG wire.

Fig.2.6 Connector MTA02-100 [6]

7. Light Emitting Diode (LED):

An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it.

Fig.2.7 Light Emitting Diode [7]

10
Schematic Diagram:

Fig.2.8 Schematic diagram of IR circuit

Printed Circuit Board layout:

Fig.2.9 PCB layout of Receiver circuit

11
Discussion:

The circuit has two pair photodiodes in both ends. When the buggy enters the black region the
transmitter signals are absorbed and are not received by the photo detectors by which the light
sensor and R2 resistor has zero volt between them. Which goes to the terminal of operational
Amplifier giving noninverting zero volt and terminal 2 gets zero volt as per the setting of the
potentiometer. Hence the output of the operation amplifier is 0 volt (A x (v1-v2) by which LED 1
does not glow.
If the buggy enters the white region, then the light sensors detect the signal by the reflection of the
surface and gives positive voltage to the light sensor and R2 resistor. Which goes to the operational
amplifier which glows the LED1.
Same working for right side of the circuit.

References:

[1] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html
[2] https://www.amazon.in/Red-LED-10mm-Pieces-Pack/dp/B08P1C535F
[3] https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/TE-Connectivity-AMP/3-640440
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer
[5] https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/ams-OSRAM/SFH
[6] https://in.element14.com/centronic/bpx65/photodiode/dp/327451
[7] https://in.element14.com/texas-instruments/lmv358mm-nopb/ic-op-amp-dual-1mhz

Signature of Faculty member

12
 Experiment: 3
Objective:
• To draw a schematic diagram of pulse width modulation (PWM) based transmitter for
generating specified pulse width waveforms for gantries placed at different locations
on the path using CAD tool (Eagle).
• To design a printed circuit board layout of pulse width modulation (PWM) based transmitter
using CAD tool (Eagle).

Software used: Eagle Software.

Components Used:

S.No Name of the Value Specifications Quantity

Components
1 Resistor 220 ohms Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
tolerance
2 Capacitor 1000nF Electrolytic Capacitor 1
3 Capacitor 10nF Ceramic Capacitor 1
4 DCJ0202 NA DC Power Jack 1
5 LED3MM 5V Dome Lamp 1
6 IC7805T 5V Positive Voltage Regulator 1
7 22-23-2031 NA PCB Header 3
8 ATTINY85 NA Microcontroller 1
Table 1: List of components used

Theory:

1. Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. It is used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias
active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Fig.3.1 resistor [1]

13
2. Capacitor:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It consists of two
conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. When a voltage is applied across the
capacitor's plates, it stores energy and resists changes in voltage.

Fig.3.2 capacitors [2]

3. Light Emitting Diode (LED3MM):

LED3MM (3mm LED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) that has a diameter of 3mm. It
is a small, lightweight, and efficient light source that is commonly used in electronic devices
and appliances, such as indicator lights, displays, and backlighting.

Fig.3.3 Light Emitting Diode LED3MM [3]

4. Voltage Regulator (IC7805T):

The IC7805T is a linear voltage regulator that provides a fixed 5V output voltage. It is a low-
power version of the 7805 regulator and has a maximum output current rating of 100mA.

Fig.3.4 Voltage Regulator (IC7805T) [4]

14
5. Microcontroller (ATTINY85):

The ATtiny85 is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller by Microchip (formerly Atmel). It has 8KB
of flash memory, 512 bytes of SRAM, and 6 I/O pins. It can run at frequencies up to 20MHz
and can be programmed using the Arduino IDE or other microcontroller programming tools.

Fig.3.5 Microcontroller ATTINY85 [5]

6. Analog to digital Convertor (DCJ0202):

The DCJ0202 is a dual channel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with an I2C interface. It is
manufactured by DFRobot and features 12-bit resolution with a maximum sampling rate of
150ksps. The DCJ0202 can be used to measure voltage levels on two separate channels and
convert them to digital values for use in microcontroller-based projects.

Fig.3.6 Analog to digital Convertor (DCJ0202) [6]

7. Pin Header 22-23-2031(MTA02-100):

The MTA02-100 is a 2-channel digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an SPI interface. It is

manufactured by Microchip Technology and features 12-bit resolution with a maximum
output voltage of 2.5V.

Fig.3.7 Pin Header 22-23-2031(MTA02-100) [7]

15
Schematic diagram:

Fig.3.8 Schematic diagram of Transmitter circuit

Printed Circuit Board layout:

Fig.3.9 PCB layout of Transmitter circuit

16
Discussion

In this transmitter circuit the DCJ0202 is installed for the power control, which can cut the voltage
across the capacitor or increase the voltage across it. This can be done by plugging the pin in the
DCJ0202.Then the IC7805T is a positive voltage regulator which convert the input voltage to 5Volt
(approx.) as output but the input voltage should be greater than the 5Volt.The capacitor is just to
filter the output of the IC7805T.
The ATTINY85 is a micro controller where the pin 1(reset) and pin 8(VCC) is connected with each
other to get 5-volt supply, pin 4 is grounded and pin 3, pin 7 (Analog pins) are connected with 22-
23-2031 (X1-1-3) and 22-23-2031 (X2-1-3) similarly with pin 5 (PWD pin) is connected with X3.
The X1-2, X2-2, X3-2 are grounded.
These pin 3,5,7 is for taking clock signals from the 22-23-2031.
And by the command and code we can modify output at pin 2(Analog pin) which will glow the
LED3MM.

References:

[1] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html
[2] https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/everything-need-know-capacitors/
[3] https://soldered.com/learn/led-light-emitting-diode-explained/
[4] https://components101.com/regulators/78l05-pinout-equivalent-datasheet
[5] https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/attiny85
[6] https://www.jprelec.co.uk/categories/cables-connectors-and-wago/connectors/dc-powerconnectors
[7] https://www.usdigital.com/products/accessories/connectors/con-c5/

Signature of Faculty member

17
 Experiment: 4

Objective:
Design and testing of IR receiver circuit which can sense the signal of specific pulse width and able
to recognize the corresponding Gantry.
A. To solder IR receiver circuit on a general-purpose PCB.
B. To test the combined module of IR transmitter and receiver circuits on Buggy Track with
Gantry provision through supervisory control mode for bronze and silver level.

Hardware Used:
S. No Name of Value Specifications Quantity
Components
1. Resistor 120k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
2. Resistor 100k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
3. Resistor 22k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
4. Resistor 1k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
5. Capacitor 100pf Ceramic Capacitor 1

6. BPW41N Photodiode 1

7. 22-23-2031 PCB Header 1

8. LM311N(op-amp) Voltage Comparator 1

9. Soldering Station 1

10. Connecting wire 1

11. Soldering wire 1

12. Soldering Stand 1

13. Printed Circuit Board 1

14. Wire Cutter 1

18
Components Used:
1. Printed Circuit Board (PCB):

Printed Circuit Board or PCB is a fundamental component in electronic devices. It provides

mechanical support and electrical connections for electronic components using conductive
tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive
substrate.

Fig 4.1 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) [1]

2. Soldering Station:
Soldering Station is a specialized tool used for soldering electronic components onto circuit
boards. It provides a controlled and stable environment for soldering work, offering several
advantages over a simple soldering iron.

a. Temperature Control:
Soldering Station allow precise temperature control, ensuring that the soldering iron
maintains a constant and accurate temperature.

b. Consistent Heat:
Soldering Station maintain a consistent temperature during prolonged use, providing
reliable and uniform heating.

Fig 4.2 Soldering Station [2]

19
3. Connecting Wire:
Connecting wires are essential components in any electronic or electrical project. Connecting
wires ensures the flow of electricity between components, enabling the circuit to function as
intended. There are various types of wires, including stranded and solid core wires.

Fig 4.3 Connecting Wire [3]

4. Soldering Wire:
Soldering Wire is a material used in the soldering process to create strong and reliable electrical
connections between electronic components and circuit boards.
Soldering is often made of a combination of tin and lead.

Fig 4.4 Soldering Wire [4]

5. Printed Circuit Board Holder:
PCB holder, also known as a PCB clamp is a tool used to securely hold printed circuit boards
in place during soldering, assembly, testing and repair processes. Most PCB holders feature an
adjustable clamping mechanism that allows users to securely hold PCBs of various sizes.

Fig 4.5 Printed Circuit Board Holder [5]

20
6. Wire Cutter:
Wire cutter is a hand tool designed to cut wires and small cables. It consists of two sharp blades
that are bevelled to create a cutting edge. Wire cutters are commonly used in various
applications, such as electronics, electrical work, general DIY tasks etc.

Fig 4.6 Wire Cutter [6]

7. Photodiode (BPW41N):
The BPW41N is a silicon photodiode, meaning it is made from silicon material. BPW41N is a
PIN photodiode with high speed and high radiant sensitivity in a black, side view plastic
package with daylight blocking filter. Filter bandwidth is matched with 900 nm to 950 nm IR
emitters.

Fig. 4.7 BPW41N [7]

8. Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses.

Fig. 4.8 Colour Coding of resistors [8]

21
9. Capacitor:

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric
charge. The space between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating
material known as a dielectric.

Fig. 4.9 Capacitors [9]

10. Pin Header (22-23-2031):

A PCB header, in the context of electronics and printed circuit boards (PCBs), are a type of
electrical connector. Headers have one side designed to be surface mounted and soldered. 22-
23-2031 is a wire to board connector having 3 headers and position of 2.54mm.

Fig. 4.10 Pin Header (22-23-2031) [10]

11. Operational Amplifier (LM311N):

The LM311N is an operational amplifier, an integrated circuit that amplifies the difference in
voltage between its input terminals. It is commonly used in electronics for tasks like signal
conditioning and voltage level shifting due to its versatile and precise performance.

Fig. 4.11 LM311N Pins [11]

22
 12.Desoldering Pump:

A desoldering pump is a tool used to remove solder from a circuit board or electronic component.
It consists of a hollow tube with a spring-loaded piston and a nozzle at one end. When the solder is
heated with a soldering iron, the pump is used to create suction to remove the molten solder from
the joint, allowing components to be easily removed or replaced.

Fig. 4.11 Desoldering Pump [12]

Circuit Layout:

Fig 4.12 Front Side of Receiver Circuit

Fig 4.13 Back Side of Receiver Circuit

23
Testing of Receiver circuit & output waveform:

Fig 4.14 Output Waveform of Receiver Circuit

Fig 4.15 Setup and output of PWM waveform of Receiver Circuit

24
Working:

1) IR Signal Reception:
The IR receiver circuit consists of an IR photodiode, which is a light-sensitive diode that
generates an electrical current proportional to the intensity of incident IR radiation. When an
IR signal from the gantry transmitter reaches the photodiode, it generates a corresponding
current pulse.

2) Signal Amplification:
The weak current pulse from the photodiode is amplified and filtered by an operational
amplifier (op-amp) circuit. This amplifies the signal to a usable level and removes any
unwanted noise or interference.

3) PWM Conversion:
The amplified and filtered signal is then fed into a comparator circuit, which compares the
signal level to a reference voltage. The comparator produces a square wave output whose
pulse width is proportional to the amplitude of the input signal. This square wave is
essentially a PWM signal that represents the original IR signal.

4) Digital Data Recovery:

The PWM signal is then passed through a pulse width decoder circuit, which converts the
pulse width variations into a digital data stream. This digital data stream represents the
information encoded in the original IR signal.

5) Microcontroller Interface:
The decoded digital data is typically fed into a microcontroller or other control system for
further processing and interpretation. The microcontroller can use this data to determine the
position or movement of objects within the gantry's range.

Discussion

In this experiment, we improved our soldering skills. We learnt how to properly heat the solder and
apply it to create strong and reliable connections between components and circuit board.
We got familiarized with different electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, integrated
circuits etc. We learnt how to read and understand circuit diagrams.

Depending on the specific design, this signal could be used to control motor speed, steering, or other
functions based on the received light intensity. This receiver circuit essentially converts changes in
light intensity into electrical signals that buggy’s control system can interpret. Depending on the
specific design, this signal could be used to control motor speed, steering, or other functions based on
the received light intensity. This receiver circuit essentially converts changes in light intensity into
electrical signals that buggy’s control system can interpret.

25
References

[1] https://medium.com/@rxseger/notes-on-prototyping-circuit-boards-c5906e637123
[2] https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/bakon-bk90-high-frequency-soldering-station-90w-23211333.html
[3] https://www.thespruce.com/connecting-electrical-wires-to-terminals-1152900
[4] https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/solder-wires.html
[5] https://www.amazon.in/pcb-holder/s?k=pcb+holder
[6] https://www.toolworld.in/product.php?catid=15
[7] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html
[8] https://www.usdigital.com/products/accessories/connectors/con-c5/
[9] https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/everything-need-know-capacitors/
[10] https://components101.com/regulators/78l05-pinout-equivalent-datasheet
[11] https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/attiny85

Signature of Faculty member

26
 Experiment: 5

Objective:
Design and testing of IR sensor module circuit, which helps Buggy robot to move on a predefined path as
a line follower.
A. To solder IR sensor module circuit on a general-purpose PCB.
B. To test the output pulses of IR sensor module on predefined track as path follower.

Hardware Used:
S. No Name of Value Specifications Quantity
Components
1. Resistor 10k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 2
Tolerance
2. Resistor 330k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 4
Tolerance
3. LMV358MM 22k Ω Operational Amplifier 1

4. Potentiometer 3-terminal resistor 2

5. SFH482 Photodiode 2

6. BPX65 Photodiode 2

7. MTA02-100 AMP connector 2

8. LED3MM A two-lead semiconductor light 2

source
9. Soldering Station 1

10. Connecting wire 1

11. Soldering wire 1

12. Soldering Stand 1

13. Printed Circuit Board 1

14. Wire Cutter 1

27
Components Used:
1. Printed Circuit Board (PCB):

Printed Circuit Board or PCB is a fundamental component in electronic devices. It provides

mechanical support and electrical connections for electronic components using conductive
tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive
substrate.

Fig 5.1 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) [1]

2. Soldering Station:
Soldering Station is a specialized tool used for soldering electronic components onto circuit
boards. It provides a controlled and stable environment for soldering work, offering several
advantages over a simple soldering iron.

a. Temperature Control:
Soldering Station allow precise temperature control, ensuring that the soldering iron
maintains a constant and accurate temperature.
b. Consistent Heat:
Soldering Station maintain a consistent temperature during prolonged use, providing
reliable and uniform heating.

Fig 5.2 Soldering Station [2]

28
3. Connecting Wire:
Connecting wires are essential components in any electronic or electrical project. Connecting
wires ensures the flow of electricity between components, enabling the circuit to function as
intended. There are various types of wires, including stranded and solid core wires. Stranded
wires are made of multiple thin strands of wire twisted together, providing flexibility

Fig 5.3 Connecting Wire [3]

4. Soldering Wire:
Soldering Wire is a material used in the soldering process to create strong and reliable electrical
connections between electronic components and circuit boards.
Soldering is often made of a combination of tin and lead.

Fig 5.4 Soldering Wire [4]

5. Printed Circuit Board Holder:

PCB holder, also known as a PCB clamp is a tool used to securely hold printed circuit boards
in place during soldering, assembly, testing and repair processes. Most PCB holders feature an
adjustable clamping mechanism that allows users to securely hold PCBs of various sizes.

Fig 5.5 Printed Circuit Board Holder [5]

29
6. Wire Cutter:
Wire cutter is a hand tool designed to cut wires and small cables. It consists of two sharp blades
that are bevelled to create a cutting edge. Wire cutters are commonly used in various
applications, such as electronics, electrical work, general DIY tasks etc.

Fig 5.6 Wire Cutter [6]

7. Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. It is used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias
active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Fig. 5.7 resistor [7]

8. Operational Amplifier (LMV358MM):

The LMV358MM is a low-voltage operational amplifier (op amp) manufactured by Texas

Instruments. It is a dual version, meaning it contains two independent op amps in a single
package. The voltage supply range for this part is from 2.7V to 5.5V, making it suitable for
battery-powered applications.

Fig 5.8 Operational Amplifier (LMV358MM) [8]

30
9. Transistor (BPX65):

The BPX65 is a dual power MOSFET transistor manufactured by Infineon Technologies. It is

designed for low-voltage and low-on-resistance applications, making it suitable for use in
power supplies, motor control circuits, and other circuits that require fast switching and low
power loss.

Fig.5.9 Transistor (BPX65) [9]

10. Photodiode (SFH482):

The SFH482 is a photodiode manufactured by Osram Opto Semiconductors. It is a silicon

photodiode with a spectral sensitivity range of 350-1100 nm, making it suitable for a wide range
of applications including optical sensing, photometry, and light detection. The SFH482 has a
small active area of 1.6 x 1.6 mm and a low capacitance of 100 pF, which allows for fast
response times and low noise.

Fig 5.10 Photodiode (SFH482) [10]

11. Potentiometer:

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an

adjustable voltage divider. It is commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume
controls on audio equipment and speed control of fans.

Fig 5.11 Potentiometer [11]

31
12. Connector (MTA02-100):

The MTA02-100 is a type of connector manufactured by TE Connectivity. It is a wire-to-board

connector that uses insulation displacement contact (IDC) technology, which allows for mass
termination of wires without the need for stripping.

Fig 5.12 Connector (MTA02-100) [12]

13.LED:

An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is applied.
The size of the LED package is often specified by its diameter, and 3mm LEDs are relatively small
and commonly used in various electronic applications.

Fig 5.13 LED [13]

14.Desoldering Pump:

A desoldering pump is a tool used to remove solder from a circuit board or electronic
component. It consists of a hollow tube with a spring-loaded piston and a nozzle at one end.
When the solder is heated with a soldering iron, the pump is used to create suction to remove
the molten solder from the joint, allowing components to be easily removed or replaced.

Fig. 5.11 Desoldering Pump [14]

32
Circuit Layout:

Fig 5.14 Front Side of IR Circuit

Fig 5.15 Back Side of IR Circuit

Testing of Receiver circuit & output waveform:

Fig 5.16 One photodiode is on white region and other on black region
33
 Fig 5.17 Both photodiode is on white region

Fig 5.18 Both photodiode is on black region

Working:
IR Led will transmit light which will be received by IR receiver, so in white path the IR rays will be received
back by the receiver and the circuit will be completed but when IR rays fall on back path, black path will
absorb the IR ray so the IR receiver don’t get any IR signal and circuit is not completed. This will help our
buggy to run on a particular path only. IR sensor module is a tool for detecting infrared light radiated by a
number of things like a heat source, remote control and humans.
When building an IR sensor module, a circuit board including the IR sensor and additional parts like
amplifiers, voltage regulators, and connector jacks must be designed. Designing the IR module involves
drawing schematic as per the specifications given. A voltage regulator (pot) is used to supply the circuit
with a steady power supply and the IR sensor is coupled with an amplifier to magnify the feeble signal.

Discussion:

In this experiment, we improved our soldering skills. We learnt how to properly heat the solder and
apply it to create strong and reliable connections between components and circuit board.
The circuit has two pair photodiodes in both ends. When the buggy enters the black region the
transmitter signals are absorbed and are not received by the photo detectors by which the light sensor.
34
References:

[1] https://medium.com/@rxseger/notes-on-prototyping-circuit-boards-c5906e637123
[2] https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/bakon-bk90-high-frequency-soldering-station-90w-23211391633.html
[3] https://www.amazon.in/Red-LED-10mm-Pieces-Pack/dp/B08P1C535F
[4] https://in.element14.com/texas-instruments/lmv358mm-nopb/ic-op-amp-dual-1mhz

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer
[6] https://in.element14.com/centronic/bpx65/photodiode/dp/327451
[7] https://in.element14.com/texas-instruments/lmv358mm-nopb/ic-op-amp-dual-1mhz-smd/dp/753
[8] https://www.amazon.in/pcb-holder/s?k=pcb+holder
[9] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html
[10] https://www.mouser.in/ProductDetail/ams-OSRAM/SFH
[11] https://www.toolworld.in/product.php?catid=15
[12] https://www.thespruce.com/connecting-electrical-wires-to-terminals-1152900
[13] https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/solder-wires.html

Signature of Faculty member

35
 Experiment: 6

Objective:
Design and testing of IR transmitter circuit, which generates rectangular pulses of specific pulse
width for corresponding Gantry.
A. To solder IR transmitter circuit on a general-purpose PCB.
B. To test the output pulses on CRO generated through IR transmitter circuit.

Hardware Used:
S. No Name of Value Specifications Quantity
Components
1. Resistor 220 Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
2. Capacitor 1000nF Electrolytic Capacitor 1

3. Capacitor 10nF Ceramic Capacitor 1

4. DCJ0202 DC Power Jack 1

5. LED3MM 5V Dome Lamp 1

6. IC7805T 5V Positive Voltage Regulator 1

7. 22-23-2031 PCB Header 3

8. ATTINY85 Microcontroller 1

9. Soldering Station 1

10. Connecting wire 1

11. Soldering wire 1

12. Soldering Stand 1

13. Printed Circuit Board 1

14. Wire Cutter 1

36
Components Used:
1. Printed Circuit Board (PCB):

Printed Circuit Board or PCB is a fundamental component in electronic devices. It provides

mechanical support and electrical connections for electronic components using conductive
tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive
substrate.

Fig 6.1 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) [1]

2. Soldering Station:
Soldering Station is a specialized tool used for soldering electronic components onto circuit
boards. It provides a controlled and stable environment for soldering work, offering several
advantages over a simple soldering iron.

a. Temperature Control:
Soldering Station allow precise temperature control, ensuring that the soldering iron
maintains a constant and accurate temperature.
b. Consistent Heat:
Soldering Station maintain a consistent temperature during prolonged use, providing
reliable and uniform heating.

Fig 6.2 Soldering Station [2]

37
3. Connecting Wire:
Connecting wires are essential components in any electronic or electrical project. Connecting
wires ensures the flow of electricity between components, enabling the circuit to function as
intended. There are various types of wires, including stranded and solid core wires. Stranded
wires are made of multiple thin strands of wire twisted together, providing flexibility

Fig 6.3 Connecting Wire [3]

4. Soldering Wire:
Soldering Wire is a material used in the soldering process to create strong and reliable electrical
connections between electronic components and circuit boards.
Soldering is often made of a combination of tin and lead.

Fig 6.4 Soldering Wire [4]

5. Printed Circuit Board Holder:

PCB holder, also known as a PCB clamp is a tool used to securely hold printed circuit boards
in place during soldering, assembly, testing and repair processes. Most PCB holders feature an
adjustable clamping mechanism that allows users to securely hold PCBs of various sizes.

Fig 6.5 Printed Circuit Board Holder [5]

38
6. Wire Cutter:
Wire cutter is a hand tool designed to cut wires and small cables. It consists of two sharp blades
that are bevelled to create a cutting edge. Wire cutters are commonly used in various
applications, such as electronics, electrical work, general DIY tasks etc.

Fig 6.6 Wire Cutter [6]

7. Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. It is used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias
active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Fig 6.7 resistor [7]

8. Capacitor:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It consists of two
conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. When a voltage is applied across the
capacitor's plates, it stores energy and resists changes in voltage.

Fig 6.8 capacitor [8]

39
9. Light Emitting Diode (LED3MM):
LED3MM (3mm LED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) that has a diameter of 3mm. It
is a small, lightweight, and efficient light source that is commonly used in electronic devices
and appliances, such as indicator lights, displays, and backlighting.

Fig 6.9 Light Emitting Diode (LED3MM) [9]

10. Voltage Regulator (IC7805T):

The IC7805T is a linear voltage regulator that provides a fixed 5V output voltage. It is a low-
power version of the 7805 regulator and has a maximum output current rating of 100mA..

Fig 6.10 Voltage Regulator (IC7805T) [10]

11. Microcontroller (ATTINY85):

The ATtiny85 is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller by Microchip (formerly Atmel). It has 8KB
of flash memory, 512 bytes of SRAM, and 6 I/O pins. It can run at frequencies up to 20MHz
and can be programmed using the Arduino IDE.

Fig 6.11 Microcontroller (ATTINY85) [11]

40
12. Analog-to-digital (DCJ0202):

The DCJ0202 is a dual channel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with an I2C interface. It is
manufactured by DFRobot and features 12-bit resolution with a maximum sampling rate of
150ksps. The DCJ0202 can be used to measure voltage levels on two separate channels and
convert them to digital values for use in microcontroller-based projects.

Fig 6.12 Analog-to-digital (DCJ0202) [12]

13. 22-23-2031(MTA02-100):

The MTA02-100 is a 2-channel digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an SPI interface. It is

manufactured by Microchip Technology and features 12-bit resolution with a maximum
output voltage of 2.5V.

Fig 6.13 22-23-2031(MTA02-100) [13]

14. Desoldering Pump:

A desoldering pump is a tool used to remove solder from a circuit board or electronic
component. It consists of a hollow tube with a spring-loaded piston and a nozzle at one end.
When the solder is heated with a soldering iron, the pump is used to create suction to remove
the molten solder from the joint, allowing components to be easily removed or replaced.

Fig 6.11 Desoldering Pump [14]

41
Circuit Layout:

Fig 6.14 Front Side of transmitter circuit

Fig 6.15 Back Side of transmitter circuit

Testing of Receiver circuit & output waveform:

Fig 6.16 Output waveform when first pin is connected

42
 Fig 6.17 Output waveform when second pin is connected

Fig 6.18 Output waveform when third pin is connected

Working:

• The AC voltage is converted into DC using the DC jack. Then the voltage regulator limits the max
voltage to a certain value which is 5V in our experiment. The capacitors are required to remove
some AC components remaining after converting into DC since nothing pure.

• The output of this circuit is used as input in our main circuit i.e. the circuit on the right side. The
reset and VCC pins of the micro controller are connected to the output of the voltage regulator and
all the other pins are used as I/O pins in the microcontroller excluding the ground pin.

• An emitting diode is placed which will transmit IR signals to the micro-controller. Then the output
from micro-controller is given to PCB headers which gives output as different frequencies which is
detected by the receiver circuit on the buggy so as to identify the different gantries the buggy has
passed through.

43
Discussion:

In this transmitter circuit the DCJ0202 is installed for the power control, which can cut the voltage
across the capacitor or increase the voltage across it. This can be done by plugging the pin in the
DCJ0202.Then the IC7805T is a positive voltage regulator which convert the input voltage to 5Volt
(approx.) as output but the input voltage should be greater than the 5Volt.The capacitor is just to filter
the output of the IC7805T.

The ATTINY85 is a micro controller where the pin 1(reset) and pin 8(VCC) is connected with each
other to get 5-volt supply, pin 4 is grounded and pin 3, pin 7 (Analog pins) are connected with 22-23-
2031 (X1-1-3) and 22-23-2031 (X2-1-3) similarly with pin 5 (PWD pin) is connected with X3. The
X1-2, X2-2, X3-2 are grounded. These pin 3,5,7 is for taking clock signals from the 22-23-2031.
And by the command and code we can modify output at pin 2(Analog pin) which will glow the
LED3MM.

References:

[1] https://medium.com/@rxseger/notes-on-prototyping-circuit-boards-c5906e637123
[2] https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/bakon-bk90-high-frequency-soldering-station-90w-
[3] https://www.thespruce.com/connecting-electrical-wires-to-terminals-1152900
[4] https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/solder-wires.html
[5] https://www.toolworld.in/product.php?catid=15
[6] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html
[7] https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/everything-need-know-capacitors/
[8] https://soldered.com/learn/led-light-emitting-diode-explained/
[9] https://www.usdigital.com/products/accessories/connectors/con-c5/
[10] https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/attiny85
[11] https://components101.com/regulators/78l05-pinout-equivalent-datasheet
[12] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrical-resistors-19871088812.html

Signature of Faculty member

44