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    Ee222 Lab Report 1

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    vivekshivamnaidu
    The document discusses number systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It describes converting between these number systems for both unsigned and signed integers using flowcharts. Sample conversions are shown and the flowcharts are tested to ensure accuracy across different number representations.

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    Ee222 Lab Report 1

    Uploaded by

    vivekshivamnaidu
    21 views22 pages
    The document discusses number systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It describes converting between these number systems for both unsigned and signed integers using flowcharts. Sample conversions are shown and the flowcharts are tested to ensure accuracy across different number representations.

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    EE222 LAB REPORT 1

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    The document discusses number systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It describes converting between these number systems for both unsigned and signed integers using flowcharts. Sample conversions are shown and the flowcharts are tested to ensure accuracy across different number representations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views22 pages

    Ee222 Lab Report 1

    Uploaded by

    vivekshivamnaidu
    The document discusses number systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It describes converting between these number systems for both unsigned and signed integers using flowcharts. Sample conversions are shown and the flowcharts are tested to ensure accuracy across different number representations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC

    School of Information Technology, Engineering,


    Mathematics, and Physics

    EE222 - Digital Logic Design


    Lab Report 1
    Number Systems

    Submi ed By:

    Rahul Ravinesh Prasad-S11219817


    Vivek Shivam Naidu-S11219369

    Session: Friday(9am to 12pm) (048-324)


    Aim:
     To become familiar with converting numbers between various common bases.

    Equipment:
     A working computer

    Introduction
    In computer ideology, a number system is considered the method used for numbering and
    representing digits within the computer's internal system. This can be known as a ‘technique
    used in representing numbers in computer system architecture’ [1]. The total number of digits
    utilized in a number system is referred to as its base or radix, which is denoted by a subscript
    following the number. For example, “1000110 (1000110 base 2)” [1]. There are four main
    types of number systems that computer systems support which are:

    (Source: [2])
    Decimal Number system composes ten numerals starting from 0 to 9 of base 10. These digits
    can express any quantity in base 10 [3]. The binary system includes only two numerals which
    are 0 and 1 of base 2 [1]. This system is commonly used in machine language by computers
    to comprehend program instructions. Octal number systems work with eight digits from 0 to
    7 with base of 8 [1]. Finally, Hexadecimal system which comprises of 16 digits from 0 to F.
    The numerals last till nine then it uses letters from A to F that represent numerals 10 to 16
    [3].This is mostly used by computer programmers as it can be easier to convert from
    hexadecimal to binary for the computer to perform the required tasks.
    Unsigned numbers are characterized by having no sign and containing only the magnitude of
    the number. Therefore, when representing positive decimal numbers, it remains the same and
    no sign bit is present in unsigned binary. In signed numbers, there are three ways to represent
    binary numbers which are ‘Sign-Magnitude’, ‘1’s complement’ and ‘2’s complement [4].
    (Source: [4])
    In Sign Magnitude, the bit in the left most side in binary is also the most significant bit, is
    assigned to represent the sign. If the sign bit is 0, it signifies a positive number whereas a
    value of 1 indicates a negative number. The other bits portray the size or magnitude of the
    number [4].
    Another method is when the positive numbers need to be in form of regular binary numbers
    and negative numbers need to be presented as 1’s complement. An extra bit is used for sign
    representation where it is similar to sign and magnitude where positive is represented by 0
    and negative by 1 [4]. If the sign bit is set to 1 in binary, the given number is then negative
    and 1's complement is used as a representation of it by inverting each bit of the binary
    number. But since these two methods can produce overflow or miscalculations in arithmetic
    operations, 2’s complement is implemented where it is simply the continuation of 1’s
    complement but adding one to counter the overflow produced [4].

    Methodology
    a. Unsigned Digits
    Flowchart diagrams were drawn to illustrate the transformation between any two integers
    using the bases of decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. At first, it was designed to work
    with unsigned numbers but later some modifications were implemented to the approach to
    include any number, with formally defined bounds for every base. Then few numbers were
    used as estimates to verify the conversions and observe the accuracy of the flowcharts.
    b. Signed Digits
    This time the conversion process was for signed numbers. The conversion from decimal to 1's
    complement, 1's complement to decimal, sign and magnitude to decimal, sign and magnitude
    to 2's complement, and decimal to 2's complement was represented using flowcharts with
    their symbols. When verifying the calculations, few estimates were used again to check the
    accuracy of the flowchart. When building these flowcharts, the symbols were considered for
    better comprehension and functionality.
    (Source: Lab Handout)

    Results and Analysis:


    Part I

     Binary
    Binary to decimal
    Binary to octal
    Binary to Hexadecimal
     Decimal
    Decimal To binary
    ` Decimal to octal
    Decimal to hexadecimal
     Octal
    Octal to binary
    Octal to decimal
    Octal to hexadecimal
     Hexadecimal
    Hexadecimal to binary
    Hexadecimal to octal
    Hexadecimal to decimal
    Part II
    Decimal to 2’s complement
    2s complement to decimal

    .
    Decimal to sign & magnitude
    Decimal to 1’s complement

    1’s to decimal
    Discussion:
    The flowchart for converting between number bases begins by receiving the input number
    and its base, proceeding to convert it to decimal if necessary. Error handling is integrated to
    detect invalid inputs like negative numbers for unsigned conversions, ensuring proper
    handling and halting the process with an error message when necessary. Testing involves
    examining the flowchart with diverse sample numbers and edge cases to verify accuracy and
    efficiency, refining the flowchart iteratively based on testing outcomes. Moving forward to
    handle signed numbers, the approach entails extending the logic to accommodate the sign bit,
    incorporating specific conversion methods for each representation like 2’s complement or
    sign and magnitude, and considering error handling for overflow conditions or invalid inputs.
    Thorough testing and refinement will be crucial for ensuring accuracy and reliability across
    different signed representations.

    Conclusion
    In conclusion, the flowcharts were constructed detailing the conversion process of any
    unsigned integer into a signed number, including various bases has been accomplished. It
    covers all the conversions from decimal to binary, octal, hexadecimal, sign and magnitude,
    sign and magnitude to decimal, and decimal to 2's complement. Number systems are
    important in computers and even the daily lives of people as it allows to represent and
    manipulate data in various ways in computer programming.

    References

    [1] A. O. Olajide, COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEM, 2017.

    [2] K. Talukdar, "collegesearch," 27 June 2023. [Online]. Available:


    h ps://www.collegesearch.in/ar cles/types-of-number-system. [Accessed 17 March 2024].

    [3] firehand, DigitalLogic_NumberSystem, h ps://www.convertapi.com, 2020.

    [4] A. Reddy, "tutorialspoint," 1 November 2023. [Online]. Available:


    h ps://www.tutorialspoint.com/unsigned-and-signed-binary-numbers. [Accessed 18 March
    2024].

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