UNCTAD Annual Report 2001 p41

UNCTAD/EDM/22
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

Geneva
UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2001

Prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2002
Notes
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symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
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expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the
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secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1221 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
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UNCTAD/EDM/22
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries ........ 3
II. Regular intergovernmental deliberations..................................................... 5

A. Trade and Development Board........................................................................... 5
B. Commissions of the Trade and Development Board ........................................... 6
C. Prebisch Lecture Series ...................................................................................... 10
III. Technical cooperation and capacity-building activities ............................... 11

A. UNCTAD’s Programmes ................................................................................... 11
B. UNCTAD’s cooperation with other organizations .............................................. 20
IV. Initiatives to strengthen links with civil society............................................ 24
V. Publications ................................................................................................... 25
A. Trade and Development Report, 2001 ................................................................ 25
B. World Investment Report, 2001 ......................................................................... 25
C. Other Publications.............................................................................................. 25
Annexes
Annex I: Membership of UNCTAD’s Trade and Development Board............................... 28
Annex II: Intergovernmental structure................................................................................ 30
Annex III: Secretariat ......................................................................................................... 31
Annex IV: UNCTAD Conferences ...................................................................................... 32
Annex V: Budget expenditures........................................................................................... 34
iii
Chapter I
THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON

THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
The Third United Nations Conference on the journalists, city mayors, heads of United Nations
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) was held in and other international organizations,
Brussels from 14 to 20 May 2001. It served to: representatives of civil society, including NGOs
(a) draw global attention to and bring into sharp and the private sector, academics and other
political focus the complex development stakeholders attended the event and participated
challenges facing LDCs; (b) reaffirm the in deliberations on development policies and
commitment and determination of the concrete measures required to eradicate poverty
international community to significantly improve in LDCs.
the human and economic conditions in LDCs
during the present decade and to make substantial The European Commission, the United Nations
progress towards halving the proportion of Development Programme and Belgium,
people in extreme poverty by 2015; and (c) Denmark, Finland, France, the Holy See, Ireland,
identify and quantify a number of development Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden
goals and targets, along with specific actions by provided generous financial grants to support all
the LDCs themselves and by their development aspects of the Conference. In addition, Austria,
partners. Canada, Germany, Japan, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, South Africa and the United Kingdom of
The Conference was preceded by a Great Britain and Northern Ireland provided
comprehensive preparatory process and pre- support for pre-Conference events.
Conference events at national, regional and
global levels, involving Governments, The Conference adopted a declaration (the
international institutions and civil society. Three Brussels Declaration) and the Programme of
regional expert-level preparatory meetings (two Action for the Least Developed Countries for the
in Africa and one in Asia) were organized by the decade 2001-2010. The Brussels Declaration
Conference secretariat with the participation and reaffirms the collective responsibility of the
collaboration of UNDP, ECA and ESCAP, which international community to uphold the principles
provided substantive and logistical support. A of human dignity, equality and equity and to
number of pre-Conference events were also held ensure that globalization becomes a positive
on various thematic and substantive issues. At force for all the world’s people, as set out in the
the national level, 46 of the 49 LDCs prepared Millennium Declaration.
National Programmes of Action in which they
committed themselves to a wide range of policy The Programme of Action provides specific
actions with a view to achieving accelerated goals and targets, along with action-oriented
economic growth and development. commitments, in seven critically important areas:
fostering a people-centred policy framework;
The European Union hosted the Conference in good governance at national and international
Brussels from 14 to 20 May 2001. There were levels; building human and institutional
more than 4,500 participants, an unparalleled capacities; building productive capacities to
number in relation to the previous two United make globalization work for LDCs; enhancing
Nations Conferences on the Least Developed the role of trade in development; reducing
Countries. Heads of State and Government, vulnerability and protecting the environment; and
Ministers, senior officials, parliamentarians, mobilizing financial resources. An important and
1
UNCTAD Annual Report: 2001
unique feature of this Programme of Action is from the UN list of LDCs. In this context, a note
that it clearly indicates complementary actions by by the secretariat on the benefits associated with
LDCs and their development partners. LDC status and the question of graduation
(E/2001/CRP.5 and Add.1) was submitted to the
The Programme of Action also includes 2001 session of ECOSOC.
arrangements for implementation, follow-up,
review and monitoring of the Programme at Involvement of civil society
national, subregional, regional and global levels
in a mutually supportive manner. With regard to The Third United Nations Conference on the
institutional arrangements and in accordance with Least Developed Countries was attended by
paragraph 116 of the Programme of Action, the approximately 600 representatives of NGOs.
General Assembly has established the Office of Two events in particular contributed to the
the High Representative (OHR) for LDCs, effective participation of civil society: an NGO
Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Forum and a High-level Parliamentary Round
Island Developing States in New York with the Table.
function of coordinating, monitoring and
reviewing the implementation of the Programme The NGO Forum was organized by a platform of
of Action. civil society organizations and supported
financially by the European Commission. It took
In addition to adopting the Brussels Declaration place from 10 to 20 May 2001, prior to and
and the Programme of Action for the decade parallel to the Conference. It attracted
2001-2010, the Conference provided an excellent approximately 1,000 participants and provided an
opportunity for Member States, individually opportunity to discuss major problems of the
and/or collectively, to launch several important least developed countries and to formulate views,
and concrete initiatives in the context of what positions and proposals for wide diffusion at the
was called “deliverables”. The concept of early Conference itself. At the end of the Conference,
deliverables was intended to enhance the action- an international NGO monitoring committee was
oriented character of the Conference. Major established.
deliverables cut across such areas as market
access, debt and finance, technical assistance, The High-level Parliamentary Round Table was
health and employment, investment and attended by 71 parliamentarians, 47 of whom
infrastructure development. were from the least developed countries. The
parliamentarians decided to establish a network
In parallel with and immediately after the to follow up and implement the Programme of
Conference, the UNCTAD secretariat carried out Action adopted at the Conference.
several important activities relevant to the
Programme of Action, as indicated in a report to
the forty-eighth session of the Trade and Special events related to the Conference
Development Board (TD/B/48/16). The report,
entitled “Development goals of the Programme
Symposium on Partnership for Development:
of Action for the Least Developed Countries for
The Role of the Private Sector in Enhancing
the decade 2001-2010”, also described where the
least developed countries and their development
Productive Capacity in LDCs. Oslo, 29
partners stood in relation to the development January 2001
goals agreed in the Programme of Action. In
The Symposium was organized jointly by
addition, OSC made substantive contributions to
UNCTAD and the Government of Norway as
the work of the Committee on Development
part of the preparatory process for the
Policy (CDP) of the Economic and Social
Conference. The objective was to provide an
Council (ECOSOC) on the revision of the criteria
opportunity for LDC Governments, their
and methodology for inclusion in and graduation
2
Chapter II: Regular Intergovernmental Deliberations
development partners and representatives of the and a number of business leaders from
private sector to discuss ways and means to TNCs. The IAC is a joint undertaking by
enhance productive capacity in LDCs. The report UNCTAD and the ICC. It provides an
of the Symposium constituted a substantive informal and flexible framework within
contribution to the Plan of Action adopted by the which senior business executives and
Conference. senior government officials can interact
on questions related to attracting FDI and
International Policy Dialogue: Infrastructure benefiting from it. The intention is to
Development in LDCs. Bonn, 12–13 March establish a sustainable mechanism of
2001 high-level consultations between
business and government leaders.
The international policy dialogue was organized • The Women Entrepreneurs Forum
jointly by UNCTAD and the Federal Ministry for brought together about 340 participants
Economic Cooperation and Development of from LDCs, developing countries,
Germany as part of the preparatory process for countries in transition and developed
the Conference. It focused on how to ensure a countries, as well as representatives from
sustained process of poverty reduction and UN bodies, IGOs and NGOs. The
economic growth in LDCs. exchange of views served as building
blocks for accelerating the process of
Interactive debate on “Enhancing enhancing women entrepreneurs’
Productive Capacities: The Role of participation in the economy and for
Investment and Enterprise Development” integrating them into mainstream
development.
Organized during the Conference in cooperation
with the International Chamber of Commerce As a follow-up to the Conference, a divisional
(ICC), the debate was co-chaired by Mr. Cham focal point was appointed who is monitoring and
Prasidh, Minister of Commerce, Cambodia, and reporting on the implementation of the
Ms. Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, Federal deliverables.
Minister for Economic Co-operation and
Development, Germany, and focused on three Interactive Thematic Session on Transport
areas: (i) the importance of national enterprise
development; (ii) the potential for FDI in LDCs This one-day session, held on 19 May, examined
and its determinants; and (iii) the regulatory and ways of improving the transport systems of
institutional framework for FDI. As a result of LDCs through enhanced efficiency and
the debate, an International Investment Initiative management. Some 200 delegates from 80
for LDCs was launched. The Initiative combines countries attended the session. Ministers and
the investment-related parts of the Programme of high-level officials from LDCs acknowledged the
Action with a number of deliverables that were importance of transport for development and
launched at the time of the Conference because appreciated the contribution UNCTAD and the
commitments from donors had been obtained. international community had made through
technical cooperation projects to make their
A number of parallel events related to investment transport networks more efficient and to reform
and enterprise development also took place the management and control of customs
during the Conference: procedures. The session identified a number of
solutions to the problems faced, such as
• Twenty-nine bilateral investment treaties development corridors bringing together
were signed. economic activities and new/rehabilitated
• An Investment Advisory Council for transport infrastructure.
Least Developed Countries (IAC) was
established by 18 ministers from LDCs
3
Interactive Thematic Session on Human commerce is opening up for economic

Resources Development and Employment diversification and growth in the LDCs. A
number of niche markets were identified in
During the session, which was held on 18 May which LDC enterprises can exploit new
2001, concrete proposals in the form of opportunities to engage in e-commerce. The
deliverables relating to human resources event gave entrepreneurs from LDCs an
development and capacity building for LDCs opportunity to explain their e-commerce
were submitted, including projects for the strategies and experiences, thereby contributing
reinforcement of human resources development to the dissemination of best practices in different
and capacity building in the field of international sectors and raising the awareness of developing
trade and services structures in Togo, Guinea, countries concerning the potential benefits of
Comoros, Madagascar, Cambodia and the Lao information and communication technologies and
People’s Democratic Republic. Activities focus how to exploit new comparative advantages
on analysis of training needs in each country, the created by e-commerce in the LDCs. The
development of training courses and the participating ministers, high-level officials and
evaluation of training effectiveness. entrepreneurs (150) highlighted the importance
of changing misconceptions about the viability of
The Digital Economy: Integrating the LDCs e-commerce in LDCs, and welcomed
into the Digital Economy UNCTAD’s initiatives to facilitate the
development of linkages and partnerships
This parallel event, held on 18 May 2001, between e-commerce enterprises in the LDCs
focused on the new opportunities that e- and developed country enterprises.
4
Chapter II
REGULAR INTERGOVERNMENTAL DELIBERATIONS
A. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Other areas of discussion concerned the reforms

1 in developing countries to strengthen domestic
BOARD
financial and banking systems, and the systemic
UNCTAD’s governing body, the Trade and risks of financial crisis. It was recognized that the
Development Board, meets in Geneva between poorest developing countries cannot rely on
sessions of the Conference. 2 It is open to all private capital inflows; for the financing of their
States members of UNCTAD, and there are development, ODA has to be raised to the target
currently 146 members (see annex I). levels already agreed by the international
community, and debt relief under the HIPC
The Board held its forty-eighth session from 1 to Initiative has to be accelerated.
12 October 2001 and adopted its report at its
closing meeting on 12 October 2001. It elected With a view to establishing a link between the
Ambassador Ali Said Mchumo of the United deliberations of the Board and the preparatory
Republic of Tanzania as President, to replace process for the United Nations Conference on
Ambassador Camilo Reyes Rodriguez of Financing for Development, the Board organized
Colombia. The Board launched the Mid-Term a video conference with the Bureau of the
Review process relating to UNCTAD X. Preparatory Committee of the Conference.
Interdependence and global economic UNCTAD’s contribution to the final

issues from a trade and development review and appraisal of the
perspective implementation of UN-NADAF
The Board discussed the issue of “Financial The Board adopted agreed conclusions which
stability – reform of the international financial contained a call for renewed and strengthened
architecture and the role of regional efforts to meet aid targets, noted the need for
cooperation”. It generally agreed that it is considerable additional resources for combating
necessary to ensure that markets operate within HIV/AIDS, and urged the full, speedy and
rules and regulations that emerge from consensus effective implementation of the enhanced HIPC
among all countries concerned, including the Initiative through the provision of new and
developing countries. The need for future trade additional resources. On the question of trade, the
negotiations to provide greater scope for the Board called for: a further reduction of trade
development dimension in rules governing the barriers; full and effective implementation of the
international trading system was recognized. provisions for special and differential treatment;
capacity building programmes to help African
There was also extensive discussion, enriched by countries diversify exports and improve
presentations and comments by prominent competitiveness; and studying ways and means
experts, on the reform of the international for dealing with declining commodity prices and
financial architecture. It was agreed that their impact on African development. The Board
increased international efforts are necessary to further recognized that structural adjustment
involve the private sector in the prevention and programmes had not had the expected outcome,
resolution of financial crises, and that greater and while welcoming the new emphasis on
importance should be given to the reform of the poverty reduction, it encouraged continued
exchange-rate system. attention to be paid to external factors,
5
shortcomings of domestic markets and Commission on Trade in Goods and

enterprises, human capital and physical Services, and Commodities
infrastructure, institutions and income
distribution. Finally, the Board welcomed the The Commission on Trade in Goods and
New African Initiative (now renamed NEPAD) Services, and Commodities discusses policies
focussing on African ownership and mutual and measures for maximizing the positive impact
responsibility between African countries and of globalization and liberalization on trade and
their development partners. development of developing countries and the
effective integration of these countries and
UNCTAD’s assistance to the Palestinian countries in transition into the multilateral
people trading system. At its fifth session, held from 19
to 23 February and on 23 March 2001, the
The Board took note of the secretariat’s report on Commission considered the outcome of the
UNCTAD’s assistance to the Palestinian people expert meetings held during 2000 on: major
(TD/B/48/9), which provided an account of agricultural concerns of developing countries; the
recent economic developments in the Palestinian contribution of specific services sectors to the
territory. The report shed light on the impact of development perspectives of developing
the crisis as from October 2000, which countries; traditional knowledge; and the impact
manifested itself in widespread economic of anti-dumping and countervailing actions. The
disruption and deterioration through 2001 and a Commission adopted recommendations on the
sharpening of structural economic imbalances. main issues involved, with particular emphasis
The report also reviewed UNCTAD’s technical on the trade and development interests of
assistance activities for the Palestinian people. developing countries.
Executive sessions Expert Meeting on Ways to Enhance the

Production and Export Capacities of
During the year, two executive sessions were
Developing Countries of Agriculture and
convened. At its twenty-sixth executive session
Food Products, including Niche Products,
(10 April 2001), the Board considered the reports
of its Commissions, while at its twenty-seventh such as Environmentally Preferable
executive session (19 July 2001), it considered Products (16 to 18 July 2001)
the secretariat’s report on activities undertaken
As a result of this Expert Meeting, the
by UNCTAD in favour of Africa
Commission on Trade in Goods and Services,
(TD/B/EX(27)/2).
and Commodities adopted agreed
recommendations at the national level, to the
international community and to UNCTAD
B. COMMISSIONS OF THE TRADE AND
(TD/B/COM.1/49). These recommendations are
DEVELOPMENT BOARD3 intended to help promote diversification in the
commodities sector and enhance production and
The Commissions meet annually for five days, exports of environmentally preferable products
and they may convene up to 10 expert meetings a from developing countries, thereby supporting
year to examine issues in depth and provide their efforts to increase their participation in
technical expertise on policy issues under world trade and, at the same time, obtain
consideration by the Commissions (see annex II environmental and developmental gains.
for UNCTAD’s intergovernmental structure).
6
Expert Meeting on Energy Services in and regulation of public services and on

International Trade: Development international mechanisms for consumer
Implications (23 to 25 July 2001) protection; to set up a website on consumer
protection; to develop a model law or laws on
This Expert Meeting attracted significant interest consumer protection; to provide, upon request,
by exposing a variety of aspects of a sector which technical assistance in this area; and to co-
is undergoing a dramatic transformation and operate with other relevant international
which is of interest to the economic growth and organizations and consumer organizations in this
development of all countries. The sector is, area.
moreover, the subject of current negotiations in
the WTO. The Meeting resulted in a decision to Commission on Investment, Technology
the effect that UNCTAD should conduct further and Related Financial Issues
work in this area.
The Commission on Investment, Technology and
Expert Meeting on Consumer Interests, Related Financial Issues held its fifth session
Competitiveness, Competition and from 12 to 16 February 2001. The Commission
Development (17 to 19 October 2001) promotes understanding of investment, enterprise
development and technological capacity-
In the outcome of the Expert Meeting, it was building, and assists Governments in formulating
recognized that, while globalization and and carrying out policies in this area.
deregulation might have the potential to improve
the circumstances of consumers in many At its session, the Commission considered the
countries, these processes pose major challenges outcomes of Expert Meetings on Mergers and
when markets fail to protect consumers and Acquisitions (M&As) and on Home Country
access to redress mechanisms is not provided. Measures (HCMs) held in 2000 and also
Several recommendations were addressed to discussed the Investment Policy Reviews of
different actors in this area. Governments were Ecuador, Ethiopia, Mauritius and Peru. In its
invited to implement the UN Guidelines on agreed conclusions and recommendations, the
Consumer Protection, incorporate the consumer Commission stressed measures to maximize the
protection dimension into their macroeconomic benefits and minimize the social cost of M&As.
policies and legal frameworks, and develop and As to HCMs, it recommended that home
maintain competition and consumer policies countries, in particular developed countries,
which are mutually reinforcing, with a view to should further develop their efforts to encourage
promoting consumer welfare, competitive FDI flows, especially to LDCs. Host countries,
markets, competition and development. It was according to their priorities, should take
concluded that enterprises should obey relevant advantage of the opportunities arising from
legislation of countries in which they do business HCMs and seek actively to develop linkages
and conform to international standards, including between their own investment promotion efforts
the UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable and HCMs offered by home countries. The
Principles and Rules for the Control of Commission also considered the report of the
Restrictive Business Practices. Consumer Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on
organizations were encouraged to be proactive, International Standards of Accounting and
including by developing joint regional training Reporting on its seventeenth session.
and information programmes in cooperation with
other actors. UNCTAD was called upon to
strengthen its institutional machinery and
promote consumer interests with a view to
monitoring the implementation of the 1999 UN
Guidelines on Consumer Protection; to convene
expert meetings on the protection of consumers
7
Expert Meeting on International possible dispute mediation mechanisms and

Arrangements for Transfer of Technology: alternative arrangements, including voluntary
Access to Technology and Capacity Building peer reviews, in competition law and policy. It
(27 to 29 June 2001) was recommended that the fourth session hold
consultations on: merger control: the balance
The experts noted that, in the knowledge-based between control of concentrations and the ability
global economy, technology plays an ever- of domestic firms to compete on world markets;
important role in economic development. During and the interface between competition authorities
the meeting, a number of best practices that can and regulatory bodies.
contribute to generating favourable conditions
and opportunities for transfer of technology and Intergovernmental Working Group of
capacity building were discussed. it was Experts on International Standards of
highlighted that UNCTAD should provide Accounting and Reporting (ISAR), eighteenth
assistance to developing countries, in particular session (10 to 12 September 2001)
LDCs, to strengthen their capacity to successfully
negotiate technology transfer provisions in At this session, ISAR discussed the accounting
international instruments. UNCTAD should needs of small and medium-sized enterprises
further explore ways and means for effective (SMEs), reviewed the report of the ad hoc
implementation of international commitments in consultative group of experts, and agreed with the
the area of transfer of technology and capacity- general approach to accounting by SMEs
building. suggested by the consultative group. It also
requested the consultative group to continue its
Intergovernmental Group of Experts on work to develop voluntary guidance on accounting
Competition Law and Policy, third session by SMEs to be discussed at its 19th session.
(2 to 4 July 2001)
Expert Meeting on the Impact of FDI
During this session, informal consultations were Policies on Industrialization, Local
held on the interface between competition policy Entrepreneurship and the Development of
and intellectual property rights; co-operation Supply Capacity Geneva (5-7 November
regarding merger control; and international 2001)
cooperation and capacity-building in the field of
competition policy. In its agreed conclusions, the Experts discussed a number of important issues
Intergovernmental Group of Experts requested related to industrialization, export
the UNCTAD secretariat to pursue and, where competitiveness, development of supply capacity
possible, expand its technical co-operation and FDI; the role of corporate strategies and
activities within available resources, and invited other considerations of foreign investors/business
member States to assist in such activities on a environment; and targeting FDI in the context of
voluntary basis. The secretariat was also development strategies, local entrepreneurship
requested to revise or update some documents for and the development of supply capacity with a
submission to the fourth session (July 2002), as particular focus on promoting backward linkages.
well as to prepare new reports on: the
relationship between competition, Commission on Enterprise, Business
competitiveness and development; an updated Facilitation and Development
review of technical assistance; a preliminary
report on ways in which possible international The Commission on Enterprise, Business
agreements on competition might apply to Facilitation and Development held its fifth
developing countries, including through session from 22 to 26 January 2001. The
preferential or differential treatment, with a view Commission examines ways to formulate and
to enabling them to introduce and enforce carry out effective enterprise development
competition law and policy; and the roles of
8
strategies, particularly for small and medium- allow developing countries to benefit from the
sized enterprises. opportunities offered by e-commerce.
The Commission took note of the results of Expert Meeting on Improving the
UNCTAD’s Expert Meeting on the Relationship Competitiveness of SMEs in Developing
between SMEs and TNCs to Ensure the Countries: Role of Finance, including E-
Competitiveness of SMEs, held in November Finance to Enhance Enterprise Development
2000, which had followed on from and built on (22 to 24 October 2001)
the outcome of a Round Table on TNC-SME
linkages, held in Bangkok during UNCTAD X, About 120 experts attended the meeting to
as well as an International Workshop on discuss issues raised in the secretariat’s issue
Technological and Managerial Upgrading of paper, entitled “Finance and e-finance for SMEs
SMEs through Linkages with TNCs, organized as a Means to Enhance their Operations and
jointly by UNCTAD and Intel in Penang, Competitiveness” (TD/B/COM.3/EM.13/2). The
Malaysia, in August 2000. These activities experts, from both developing and developed
focused on various ways and means to enhance countries, made presentations and submitted
the development impact of TNCs, particularly by papers covering a wide range of issues related to
establishing linkages with local SMEs. The the SMEs’ access to e-finance. The papers are
Commission agreed upon policy options to available on the Electronic Commerce Branch
promote positive linkages suggested by the web site. Fruitful discussions led to a set of
Expert Meeting and explored further work in this recommendations contained in document
area, particularly practical actions that could TD/B/COM.3/39. The experts stressed in
ensure that SMEs in developing countries are particular the revolutionary impact of open
able to forge linkages with TNCs. Internet technologies and platforms on financial
services. The recommendations referred, for
Expert Meeting on Electronic Commerce and example, to the need to establish an e-finance-
International Transport Services: Best friendly regulatory environment, the creation of
Practices for Enhancing the Competitiveness local, regional and global e-finance platforms
of Developing Countries ( 26 to 28 that can be accessed by the SMEs of developing
September 2001) countries, and the development of alternative
bilateral and multilateral online financing and
A total of 80 experts attended the meeting to payment arrangements such as online clearing
examine the impact of electronic commerce on houses.
international transport services, focusing in
particular on the economic, legal, documentary Expert Meeting on Mainstreaming Gender in
and capacity-building aspects involved. The order to Promote Opportunities
secretariat prepared a note titled “Electronic (14 to 16 November 2001)
commerce and International Transport Services:
Enhancing the Competitiveness of developing Promoting women’s participation in national and
countries”(TD/B/COM.3/42). The agreed international markets is a recurring theme in key
conclusions and recommendations of the experts issues of UNCTAD’s agenda as diverse as
are contained in document TD/B/COM.3/38. The foreign direct investment, trade in services,
experts highlighted a number of problems facing commodities, enterprise development and the
developing countries, including insufficient potential opportunities offered by new
transport and telecommunication infrastructure technologies such as information and
and services, and the lack of appropriate legal communication technologies. In the area of
frameworks. Their recommendations aim at mainstreaming gender in ICT policy, experts
addressing these problems and improving the concluded that, given the public goods nature of
efficiency of international transport services to knowledge and the Internet, it was important that
Governments ensure rapid, equitable and
9
affordable access to the Internet and ICT for attention of groups and current initiatives that
women. They also stressed the importance of aim to bridge the digital divide.
enhancing the number of women in the IT
industry and supporting organizations and The Commission’s Preparatory Panel Meeting on
grassroots groups involved in assisting women the main theme for the inter-sessional period took
with access and use of the Internet and ICT. The place from 13 to 16 November 2001.
experts identified a number of activities that
UNCTAD and the international community C. PREBISCH LECTURE SERIES
should undertake, including the mainstreaming of
gender in their work on ICT and e-commerce, A commemorative event was held on 11 October
carrying out analytical and case-study-based 2001 to pay tribute to Dr. Raul Prebisch,
work on the subject, and collaborating with UNCTAD’s founding father and first Secretary-
Governments and the private sector to General, on the 100th anniversary of his birth. As
incorporate the gender dimension into policy 2001 was also the United Nations Year of
dialogue and decision making. Dialogue among Civilizations, the theme of the
event was “Dialogue among Civilizations,
Commission on Science and Technology Prosperity and Transfer of Knowledge”.
for Development
The guest speakers were Dr. Javad Zarif, Deputy
Since 1993, the UNCTAD secretariat has been Foreign Minister for Legal and International
responsible for the substantive servicing of the Affairs, Islamic Republic of Iran, and member of
Commission on Science and Technology for the Group of Eminent Persons for the UN Year
Development, a subsidiary body of the Economic of Dialogue among Civilizations, and Mr.
and Social Council (ECOSOC). The Commission Gamani Corea, former Secretary-General of
is responsible for: (a) the examination of science UNCTAD, who instituted the Prebisch Lectures
and technology issues and their implications for in 1982.
development; (b) the advancement of
understanding of science and technology Prebisch Lectures
policies, particularly in respect of developing
countries and countries in transition; and (c) the
1982 - Dr. Raul Prebisch
formulation of recommendations and guidelines
1983 - Mrs. Indira Gandhi
on science and technology matters within the
1987 - Dr. Saburo Okita
United Nations system. The Commission meets
1989 - Mr. Abel G. Aganbegyan
every two years.
1992 - Dr. Bernard T. Chidzero,
Mr. Michel Rocard and
In 2001, the Commission held its fifth session
Mr. Enrique Inglesias
from 28 May to 1 June. At that session, it
1994 - Prof. John H. Dunning
decided that its substantive theme during the
1996 - Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati
inter-sessional period 2001-2003 would be
1997 - Prof. Dani Rodrik
“Technology development and capacity-building
1998 - Prof. Joseph Stiglitz
for competitiveness in a digital society”. The
2000 - Prof. Gerry Helleiner
work of the Commission will be carried out
2001 - Dr. Javad Zarif
through four panels, and the findings and
Mr. Gamani Corea
recommendations to emerge from these panels
will be considered by the Commission at its sixth
session in 2003. It was also recommended that
actions be taken to ensure that previous findings
of the Commission on information and
communication technology be brought to the
10
Chapter III
TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES

Zanzibar Declaration, as well as negotiating
A. UNCTAD’S PROGRAMMES objectives and proposals, with a view to
articulating the LDCs’ development agenda at
the Ministerial Conference.
Least developed countries
Land-locked and transit developing
LDCs continued to be the major beneficiaries of countries
UNCTAD technical cooperation. Expenditures
on technical cooperation in favour of LDCs in The OSC provided substantive and technical
2001 amounted to $10 million. Their share in support for the Fifth Meeting of Governmental
overall expenditures on technical cooperation Experts from Landlocked and Transit Developing
remained at the level of 2000, i.e. 43 per cent. Countries and Representatives of Donor
These figures do not include the contribution of Countries and Financial and Development
4.5 million euros by the European Commission Institutions, convened by the Secretary-General
for the organization of the Third UN Conference of the UN in New York in July 2001.
on LDCs and the travel of representatives from
LDCs and other officials to the Conference. In The OSC also provided substantive and
the earlier part of the year, activities concentrated organizational support to the third negotiating
on the continuation of the preparatory process for meeting for a Transit Transport Framework
the Conference. Major pre-Conference activities Agreement (TTFA) between China, Mongolia
included the second and third intergovernmental and the Russian Federation, which was held in
preparatory meetings, three NGO regional Irkutsk, Russian Federation, from 22 to 25
preparatory meetings, and a number of thematic October 2001. The TTFA would lay the basis for
meetings in different countries on mainstreaming a solid subregional regulatory framework that
gender (South Africa), tourism development would make transit operations in North-East Asia
(Spain), energy (Austria), infrastructure efficient and cost effective, thus promoting the
development (Germany) and enhancing external trade of the subregion and bolstering its
productive capacity (Norway). During the economic growth.
Conference, a multi-agency initiative (involving
UNCTAD, UNIDO, FIAS and MIGA) on Island developing States
promoting and facilitating investment in LDCs
was announced, and Italy pledged a contribution In 2001, the OSC intensified its support for the
of 900,000 euros in this connection. implementation of the Programme of Action for
the Sustainable Development of Small Island
The UNCTAD secretariat, through its Office of Developing States (SIDS) with a view to
the Special Coordinator for the Least Developed, increasing the chances of SIDS to find new
Landlocked and Island Developing Countries economic opportunities and to avoid further
(OSC), provided substantive and technical marginalization in the context of globalization.
support for the meeting of LDC Trade Ministers Activities took place in the following four main
which took place in Zanzibar, United Republic of areas of work: (i) analysis of economic
Tanzania, from 22 to 24 July 2001. The meeting, vulnerability, through the preparation of
which was organized at the invitation of the vulnerability profiles of several SIDS, inter alia
Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, in anticipation of the future work of SIDS
had the objective of preparing LDCs for the members of the World Trade Organization
Doha WTO Ministerial Conference that took (WTO) under the new Work Programme on
place in November. The meeting adopted the Small Economies; (ii) initiation or continuation
11
of action to enhance the economic specialization the UN-NADAF established by the Secretary-
of SIDS (through research and technical General of the United Nations and made several
assistance on economic sectors of particular presentations on the outcome of UNCTAD’s
interest to SIDS) and, in accordance with policy research on African development. The
paragraph 133 of the Bangkok Plan of Action, to report of the panel makes numerous references to
assist SIDS in their preparations for WTO UNCTAD’s findings. This report will be
negotiations on agriculture; (iii) special support transmitted to the Committee of the Whole of the
for the 10 least developed SIDS in the context of General Assembly established to carry out the
the Third United Nations Conference on the final review of the implementation of the UN-
Least Developed Countries (particular attention NADAF.
was given to SIDS in a high-level meeting on
tourism in the LDCs, organized jointly by UNCTAD also participated in the Annual
UNCTAD and the World Tourism Organization Regional Consultations of United Nations
in March 2001); and (iv) continued coordination System Agencies Working in Africa, held under
and substantive backstopping of various technical the Chairmanship of the ECA. These annual
cooperation projects in the Caribbean and in the consultations have now replaced what was before
Pacific. the Steering Committee of the UN Special
Initiative on Africa. UNCTAD is lead agency in
Technical support for the matters related to trade and diversification in the
Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-four context of this inter-agency body, which will
on International Monetary Affairs (G-24) now be working in support of the objectives of
the NEPAD. In connection with support for the
Under the G-24 Project, studies and research NEPAD, the NEPAD secretariat has been in
papers were provided as inputs to the Group’s contact with UNCTAD regarding areas in which
preparations for negotiations in the framework of they would require support, including those
the IMF’s International Monetary and Financial related to trade and investment and financial
Committee, the Joint IMF/World Bank flows
Development Committee, and other fora,
including the International Conference on Debt Management and Financial Analysis
Financing for Development. The papers reflected System (DMFAS)
the preoccupations of the developing countries
with regard to the evolution of the world The Debt Management and Financial Analysis
economy and its financial system. They covered System (DMFAS) is a world standard software
issues related to new approaches to development system installed in about 60 countries,
policies; legal reform and corporate governance encompassing over 30 per cent of total
in developing countries; international public developing countries’ outstanding debt. More
goods; the impact of G-3 currency volatility on than 34 per cent of LDOD4 for all developing
developing countries; the link between exchange countries and economies in transition – totalling
rate policies, capital account regimes and growth; $514 billion at the end of 2000 – is managed
effects and management of financial crises; using the computerized debt management system
competition and competition policies in of UNCTAD’s DMFAS programme. In 2001,5
developing countries; and organizational reform the programme enjoyed steady growth in demand
and governance of the international financial for its system and related services. It now
institutions. collaborates with more than 60 countries and its
system is installed in 58 of these. Furthermore,
Africa the programme is receiving requests from non-
traditional clients, such as parastatals and local
UNCTAD participated in the meetings of the governments.
Panel of High-Level Personalities for the
Independent Evaluation of the Implementation of
12
Chapter III: Technical Cooperation and Capacity-building Activities
During the year, the DMFAS information is expected that this decision will enable the
technology component concentrated principally DMFAS programme to continue its activities
on support, maintenance, development and well into the future and to achieve greater
distribution of the current DMFAS version 5.2 to financial sustainability in the medium term.
DMFAS user countries. It also improved its
internal operations, started preparations for future UNCTAD’s assistance to the Palestinian
system versions and worked on strengthening the people
technical capacity of its users.
Working in close cooperation with other
UNCTAD held its Third Inter-regional international agencies and several donors,
Conference on Debt Management in December. UNCTAD continued to respond favourably to
Organized by the programme, the biannual requests by the Palestinian Authority for
conference serves as the main international technical assistance to develop capacities for
forum in debt management. In 2001, some 180 effective economic policy-making and
debt managers from more than 70 countries management. The secretariat’s multi-faceted
participated, as well as senior representatives of a programme of technical cooperation aims at
dozen international and regional institutions. strengthening Palestinian public institutional
development and creating an enabling
The year saw the programme play an environment for the private sector.
increasingly important role in helping countries
build their institutional and analytical debt Despite difficult field conditions, which
management capacity. Regarding the latter, by adversely affected the ability to deploy
the end of 2001, the World Bank’s Debt UNCTAD staff and expert missions, as well as
Sustainability Model Plus (DSM+) had been Palestinian trainees and staff, three new projects
installed in most of the countries using the were launched during the year in the areas of
current DMFAS version 5.2. small and medium-size enterprises, automation
and technical capacities in customs
For the purpose of decentralizing some capacity administration, and debt monitoring and financial
building efforts, the DMFAS programme analysis. The secretariat also was able to deliver
continues to seek regional partners. During 2001, advisory services on three issues: strengthening
UNCTAD continued its negotiation of a trade efficiency; regional maritime transportation
technical agreement with Pôle Dette6 with the alternatives; and subregional transit transport
aim of improving and coordinating technical arrangements. However, deterioration in field
assistance in debt management issues in the conditions forced suspension of ongoing
Central and Western African region and assisting technical assistance activities in the areas of
it in creating a training programme for debt international commercial diplomacy and
managers. The DMFAS programme also sustainable development of the Palestinian
continued to co-operate closely with MEFMI.7 economy.
The DMFAS programme Advisory Group – By the end of 2001, the secretariat had completed
established at the end of 2000 – met for the work on a website on UNCTAD’s assistance to
second time in June 2001 to review activities and the Palestinian people, including an overview of
funding. Composed of technical representatives ongoing projects and secretariat publications on
of interested member States, including existing the Palestinian economy since 1985. The website
and potential donors and beneficiaries, as well as (operational at http://www.unctad.org/palestine/)
the UNCTAD secretariat, the Group agreed to also serves as a useful source of information on
create a multi-donor, multi-year DMFAS Trust the Palestinian economy and provides an
Fund, which will be replenishable upfront by overview of the economy’s structure, present
bilateral donors and will include formal and development efforts and challenges facing
standard cost sharing by beneficiary countries. It
13
Palestinian policy-makers, as well as reliable, up- and capacity-building tools. One of the main
to-date statistics on main performance indicators. areas treated in these activities was support for
trade negotiators in preparation for the 4th WTO
Diversification and commodity-based Ministerial Conference. Other activities were
development also carried out, for example in respect of
preferential regimes and support for subregional
The Commodity Diversification Programme aims groupings, in particular SADC. The majority of
at promoting the horizontal, vertical and the requests for training addressed to the CDP
geographical diversification of commodity concerned the negotiations on agriculture,
production and trade structures, and services and trade rules.
strengthening positive linkages. Activities are
focused on capacity building in regional and A regional meeting for research and training
subregional workshops and country-specific needs in Africa was organized within the
training sessions (Costa Rica, Fiji, Kazakhstan, framework of the UNDP/UNCTAD Global
Kenya, Mali and Thailand). Programme on Globalization, Liberalization and
Sustainable Human Development, as well as the
Studies and training material, presentations, and training of trainers at Senghor University in
other relevant information concerning the Alexandria. The CDP was actively involved in
workshops have been posted on the website: the design and the delivery of the Pilot Training
www.unctad.org/ infocomm/diversification. Course on Key Issues of the International
Economic Agenda, as mandated by paragraph
166 of the Bangkok Plan of Action.
Commercial Diplomacy Programme
(CDP)
Competition law and policy
The Commercial Diplomacy Programme
provides training for trade negotiators, The programme on competition law and policy
particularly in ongoing WTO negotiations, from provides assistance to countries in formulating or
the development perspective. It also supports reviewing competition policies and legislation,
national/regional research and training contributing to a better understanding of the
institutions on international trade issues. The issues involved, and building national
Programme encompasses two interlinked and institutional capacity. It also supports the
mutually supportive areas of activity: training for effective participation of developing countries in
trade negotiators, so as to address their short- WTO-related negotiations on competition issues
term needs, and support for research and training In 2001, UNCTAD continued to provide
institutions of developing countries, LDCs and technical assistance and advisory and training
economies in transition in order to enhance their programmes on competition law and policy to
own long-term capacity in the area of trade developing countries and countries in transition.
negotiations. The training materials of the CDP
are based on UNCTAD analytical inputs Assistance related to preparation or revision of
stemming from research and expert meetings competition legislation was provided to: Angola,
where the negotiating issues are examined. Ad Botswana, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Hong Kong
hoc and tailor-made training materials are (China), Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland,
prepared in the light of local concerns and the Thailand and Viet Nam, as well as to member
need to provide regularly updated inputs. States of the West African Economic and
Monetary Union (WAEMU). National seminars
In 2001, 22 training events were organized, in the aimed at capacity-building in the promotion of
field as well as in Geneva. They covered a wide competition culture were held in China, Cuba,
range of topics on the regional and multilateral Botswana, Ecuador, Hong Kong (China),
trade agenda. They also included several training Madagascar, Swaziland and Viet Nam. At the
14
regional and subregional levels, UNCTAD practical actions for implementation at national
organized a number of seminars and workshops level and in participating effectively in
as a means of capacity-building in this area, international negotiations.
including capacity for international cooperation.
A seminar on competition law and policy was Under a project on Standards and Trade, funded
organized in Kenya for COMESA, EAC and by the International Development Research
SADC member States, while an interregional Centre in Canada, subregional or national
intensive training session was held in India for workshops were held in India, Costa Rica and
negotiators of investment and competition Uganda. The project has helped to identify
agreements. In preparation for the Expert policies that can address constraints faced by
Meeting on Consumer Interests, developing countries, in particular the least
Competitiveness, Competition and Development, developed countries, in responding to sanitary
held in October 2001, four regional seminars and phytosanitary measures and environmental
were held. requirements in international markets. Studies
were undertaken in three developing regions, i.e.
Details of all activities in this area are available South Asia, Eastern and Southern Africa, and
at http://www.unctad.org/en/subsites/cpolicy/ Central America.
english/cptech.htm.
A multi-donor project on building national
Trade, environment and development capacity in sustainable management of
recoverable material/resources in rapidly
The programme on trade, environment and industrializing countries (including waste
development aims at identifying policies to minimization and environmentally sound
address major constraints faced by developing recovery and recycling) was launched through a
countries in the trade/environment nexus in workshop in Bangkok. The project will be
responding to environmental challenges, as well implemented with the active support of the
as at supporting their effective participation in relevant regional centre in China and the
international deliberations on this issue, in Thailand Environment Institute.
particular in the context of WTO.
Towards the end of 2001, UNCTAD started a
The UNCTAD/FIELD project on Strengthening programme on “Technical assistance and
Research and Policy-Making Capacity on Trade capacity building for developing countries,
and Environment in Developing Countries, especially LDCs, and economies in transition in
funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for support of their participation in the WTO Post-
International Development (DFID), was Doha work programme” with a window on
completed by mid-2001. It brought together trade environment.
and environment policy-makers from 10
developing countries who engaged in an WTO accession
exchange of national experiences and intensive
discussions on a number of key issues in this In the course of 2001, the UNCTAD secretariat
area. At the final project workshop in Dar es intensified its activities to assist countries in the
Salaam, participants agreed on conclusions and process of accession to the WTO. The assistance
recommendations for actions at the national and covered all aspects of accession negotiations,
multilateral levels and identified main lessons concentrating on long-term development
learned from the project and points to be taken concerns and the need to improve substantially
into account in future capacity-building projects. the human and institutional capacities of
UNCTAD and FIELD have designed a new acceding countries. The numerous requests
project with a regional focus, with one core received for UNCTAD’s assistance testify to the
beneficiary country. The project will assist fact that acceding countries have confidence in
beneficiary developing countries in identifying that assistance, which is based on three main
15
principles: (a) impartiality; (b) a pro- computerized trade information. It increases

development focus, in the sense that accession transparency in international trading conditions
should support the development strategies of the and thus facilitates trade. It also has more
countries concerned; and (c) full respect of WTO specific purposes:
rules and disciplines, including provisions on
special and differential treatment in favour of • To analyse developments in national
developing countries. trade policies and world trading
conditions
Efforts were also devoted to helping several • To prepare reference materials for trade
acceding countries to identify and establish negotiations
appropriate coordination mechanisms between • To analyse conditions of access to
their Governments and the private sector. external markets for export promotion
Programme staff tested new forms of training, • To undertake research in trade policies.
e.g. simulations of WTO meetings and trade
negotiations, which proved to be useful and were In April 2001, the programme released Version 8
appreciated by recipient Governments. of its CD-ROM and continued to distribute
copies free of charge to focal points and
Assistance was provided to Algeria, Azerbaijan, participants attending various seminars and
Belarus, Bhutan, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Lao workshops. This version of the CD-ROM has the
People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Nepal, most comprehensive list of tariff, para-tariff and
the Russian Federation, Samoa, Sudan, the non-tariff measures, as well as import flows by
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, origin, for more than 110 countries. Programme
Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen and Yugoslavia. staff updated the TRAINS Internet database
More specifically, activities focused on: (a) systems, which received over 12,000 hits in
supporting the preparations of national 2001. Potential clients can use the TRAINS
negotiating teams for meetings of the WTO Internet database system by logging on to
Working Parties on Accessions, including the http://www.unctad-trains.org, or they can contact
preparation of the Memorandum on the Foreign the TRAINS programme staff for a free copy of
Trade Regime; (b) assisting Governments in the the CD-ROM.
preparation of offers on market access in goods
and commitments on agriculture and services Investment
sectors; (c) preparing reports and background
papers on policies of acceding countries’ trading
partners members of the WTO with regard to Needs assessment to attract Asian FDI into
accession and scenarios of accession Africa
negotiations; (d) providing expertise and advice
on strengthening capacity building in the area of The project examined the potential of African
trade policy; and (e) training trade officials in economies, in particular African LDCs, to attract
specific trade policy issues. FDI from Asian investors. For this purpose,
needs assessment reports were prepared on
In providing technical assistance to WTO Botswana, Ghana, Madagascar, Mozambique and
acceding countries, UNCTAD maintained close the United Republic of Tanzania, covering policy
contact and developed further cooperation with recommendations as regards the institutional
the WTO and other institutions. mechanisms conducive to developing the private
sector, best practices and successful examples
TRAINS from Asian and African experience, and
investment opportunities for Asian investors in a
The Trade Analysis and Information System variety of industries.
programme (TRAINS) continued to provide
interactive collection and dissemination of
16
International investment agreements (IIA) – on how to respond to emerging regional and

Capacity-building in developing counties for global opportunities. The IPRs have received
international investment agreements funding from UNDP, host countries’ institutions,
bilateral donors and the local and international
The programme on international investment private sectors. For 2001, UNCTAD completed
agreements supports the process of negotiation IPRs on Ecuador, Ethiopia, Mauritius and Peru,
for international investment agreements at the and they were presented to the fifth session of the
bilateral, regional and multilateral levels and Investment Commission. A number of countries
assists developing countries in the context of for which IPRs have been completed have
negotiations on a possible multilateral investment followed up the recommendations of the IPRs
agreement in WTO. The programme on with plans of action.
investment capacity building/investment policy
reviews is designed to enhance the attractiveness UNCTAD/ICC Project on Investment Guides
of a host country for foreign investment. It and Capacity-building for Least Developed
provides external tools to assess how a country Countries
stands at a particular time in terms of attracting
FDI in accordance with its national development The programme on investment guides for least
objectives. developed countries reduces the information gap
regarding investment opportunities in LDCs by
Main activities are centred around training and providing potential investors with relevant
capacity- and consensus-building seminars and information on investment conditions and
workshops based on UNCTAD’s Issues in opportunities in these countries. Under this
International Investment Agreements series. In project (a collaborative undertaking between
2001, UNCTAD published six booklets on Social UNCTAD and the International Chamber of
Responsibility, Environment, Home Country Commerce, ICC), investment guides were
Measures, Illicit Payments, Host Country published for Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali and
Operational Measures and Transfer of Uganda, with the guide for Mozambique
Technology. A number of training events were published in January 2002. An independent panel
organized for national policy-makers. Their focus assessed the project positively and strongly
was on particular regional parameters and issues recommended its continuation. The panel’s final
developed through the research and analysis of meeting took place on 23 January 2001, and its
IIAs. An intensive training course for French- report was issued in March 2001. The
speaking countries took place in Alexandria, dissemination of the guides in the investor
Egypt, in June 2001, with 21 participants community proceeded throughout 2001, with the
attending the course. In November 2001, another network of ICC membership being one of the
such training course took place for Asian most important dissemination channels.
countries in New Delhi, attended by 20
participants. UNCTAD has launched an initiative Policy Framework for Attracting Foreign
aimed at helping developing countries to Investment (FORINVEST)
strengthen investment cooperation among
themselves, particularly through bilateral The objective of this programme is to assist
investment treaty negotiations. developing countries in strengthening their
capacity to create and manage their policy
Investment policy reviews frameworks for attracting FDI. To this end, the
programme provides advisory services and
Investment policy reviews (IPRs) provide training packages related to investment policy,
developing countries with a tool to assess their investment legislation, investment codes, and
strengths and weaknesses in attracting FDI in sectoral policies governing the participation of
conformity with stated national objectives. IPRs TNCs in specific industries.
incorporate a medium- to long-term perspective
17
Strengthening/Streamlining Agencies A study tour for a core group from one

concerned with Maximizing and Promoting beneficiary was organized to meet with standard
FDI (STAMP) setters in various countries.
This programme assists developing countries and In the area of environmental accounting,
economies in transition in strengthening their UNCTAD organized the Tenth Regional
investment institutions, especially investment Training Workshop on Environmental
promotion agencies (IPAs). In 2001, components Accounting and Reporting in Nairobi, Kenya, on
of the STAMP programme were implemented in 13-15 March 2001. One of the main conclusions
Brazil and Egypt. In addition, UNCTAD was of the Workshop was the decision by the
involved in a number of regional and participants to recommend the adoption of the
interregional initiatives through WAIPA. ISAR Guideline on Accounting and Financial
Reporting for Environmental Costs and
Insurance Liabilities in their respective countries.
In the area of insurance, UNCTAD provides Entrepreneurship and SME development

technical support, advice, guidance and training
for insurance supervisory authorities, in The EMPRETEC programme aims at improving
particular for the establishment of legal and the growth and international competitiveness of
supervisory frameworks geared towards small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and
sustaining the development of competitive at stimulating entrepreneurial potential. It
insurance markets. In 2001, training promotes the creation of sustainable support
seminars/workshops were organized and structures that help promising entrepreneurs build
missions undertaken with a view to improving innovative and internationally competitive SMEs.
the understanding of the role of supervisors and Its unique feature is that the national institutional
enhancing the competence and technical abilities framework provides training, business services and
of the staff of supervisory authorities, particularly networks through a “one-stop shop”. The main
in African and Caribbean countries. Events were beneficiaries are SMEs, entrepreneurs with
also organized on the impact of liberalization, a potential, women entrepreneurs, key country
rating scheme for African insurers was institutions, and Governments. In September 2001,
established, and software for the operation of the Working Party on the Medium-term Plan and
African insurers was developed. Fifty-eight the Programme Budget expressed its satisfaction
developing countries benefited from the events that most of the recommendations from the
organized in the area of insurance. Staff members previously made external evaluation had been
were called to speak at international conferences implemented and requested that UNCTAD ensure
that in many instances involved the participation the follow-up of the remaining recommendations
of more than 500 representatives from designed to make EMPRETEC a flagship of
government authorities and industry. UNCTAD. This objective was supported by the
Tenth International EMPRETEC Directors’
Accounting Meeting in November 2001.
The programme’s aim is to assist Governments and ICT and e-commerce for development
enterprises to formulate and implement accounting
and auditing laws and standards, together with The programme on electronic commerce aims at
other relevant regulations, according to assisting countries in identifying policies and
internationally accepted accounting and auditing strategies for benefiting from e-commerce, thus
principles and practices. In 2001, UNCTAD alleviating the international digital divide.
continued the implementation (with KPMG) of UNCTAD’s technical cooperation activities in
the accounting reform project in the Russian 2001 continued to provide beneficiary countries
Federation funded by the EU Tacis programme. with the latest technological and management
18
tools, as well as best practices, to build up the aimed at the technical modernization of customs,
capacity and improve the efficiency of their including automation and clearance of goods. In
international trade. 2001, with the enhancement of ASYCUDA
capabilities, two additional countries (Gabon,
E-commerce policy-oriented activities led to the Venezuela) decided to implement the system,
organization of a series of events that gave while seven countries (Benin, Burkina Faso,
priority to two aspects of e-commerce: Cape Verde, Mauritania, Niger, Uganda, Zambia)
opportunities for LDCs, and the fiscal started projects for the migration from
implications for developing countries. Particular ASYCUDA version 2 towards ASYCUDA++.
attention was given to these issues in the
preparations for the related parallel event at the A high-level regional meeting was held in
Third UN Conference on LDCs (“The Digital Brussels (June 2001) for the countries of Central
Economy”, 18 May 2001). In November 2001, and Eastern Europe. The meeting provided an
UNCTAD published the Electronic Commerce opportunity to inform participants about new
and Development Report 2001. UNCTAD is also functions in the ASYCUDA system and to
an active member of the UN ICT Task Force. exchange experiences, ideas and views regarding
the impact of e-commerce on Customs and the
Advance Cargo Information System trading community.
(ACIS)
Trade Point Programme
The Advance Cargo Information System (ACIS)
is world standard software aimed at providing All the activities conducted in 2001 were geared
operational and financial information so as to towards the implementation of the Trade Point
increase the transparency and efficiency of the strategy adopted in 1999. The main focus was on
transport sector. ACIS, which is operational in 18 preparations for the transfer of the Programme to
countries of Asia and Africa, continued to the World Trade Point Federation, planned to
provide transport operators in beneficiary take place on the completion of the strategy in
countries with the latest technological tools to October 2002.
improve the efficiency of their transport sector.
In 2001, UNCTAD transferred the ownership and
In the COMESA subregion, RailTracker was operation of the ETO system, as well as the
successfully handed over to five local railways in intellectual property rights relating to the name
June 2001. Similarly, PortTracker was and logo of the Trade Point Programme, to the
commissioned in Mombasa, Kenya, and Dar es World Trade Point Federation created in
Salaam, Tanzania. As a result, rail equipment and November 2000. UNCTAD assisted the
goods can be tracked via the Internet by major Federation in drawing up a strategic business
clients and freight forwarders. development plan (May-October 2001) and
continued supporting regional associations of
In Nepal, ACIS implemented a computerized Trade Points.
Border Pass Monitoring System to assist
government officials and the trading community In November 2001, the 7th World Trade Point
to facilitate the border crossing procedures for Meeting/2nd General Assembly of the World
cargo moving by road to/from India. Trade Point Federation was organized by
UNCTAD in Geneva. The meeting was attended
Automated System for Customs Data by 95 participants, including representatives of
(ASYCUDA) 46 Trade Points, and adopted a comprehensive
institutional, strategic and operational framework
The Automated System for Customs Data for the Federation.
(ASYCUDA) is a world standard software
programme installed in more than 70 countries,
19
Human resources development which requested that UNCTAD’s existing

(TrainforTrade, Port Certificate) capacity-building programme be strengthened.
The course enhanced the understanding of
The programme on training/human resources officials and other individuals from member
development provides structured training States on key issues on the international
programmes for trade (TrainforTrade) and economic agenda within UNCTAD’s field of
maritime transport (TrainMar – Port competence, with the focus on the development
Management Certificate), including development dimension. The course, which was conducted in
of training modules, training of trainers and English, was held in Geneva and Turin, Italy,
strengthening of national/regional training from 20 June to 17 July 2001 for participants
capacities through networking and distance from the African, Asian and Latin American
learning. The scope of the programme is being regions and countries in transition.
extended to cover other UNCTAD training
activities. The Advisory Body set up further to paragraph
166 of the Plan of Action and the Trade and
UNCTAD has made substantial progress in the Development Board were kept informed of the
expansion of its TrainForTrade and Port conduct and evaluation of the training course. Six
Certificate training networks, in particular in other courses are being organized and planned
LDCs, through the analysis of training needs and for 2002-2003 both in Geneva/Turin and in the
the organization of group training sessions. The different developing regions.
integration of TrainMar components into HRD
activities was initiated in September 2001
following the TrainMar evaluation. Distance B. UNCTAD’S COOPERATION WITH
learning activities using IT tools and the Internet OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
have been progressively incorporated into the
delivery of training seminars.
Integrated Framework for Trade-related
Under the umbrella of the TrainMar and Technical Assistance for LDCs
TrainForTrade capacity building programmes,
tools for networking, distance learning and The Office of the Special Coordinator
training of trainers were developed in 2001 for participated in the implementation of the
Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia Integrated Framework for Trade-related
and the Pacific. Two training seminars on Technical Assistance for LDCs (IF), in
“Negotiation of International Agreements on collaboration with other core participating
Investment”, held in Alexandria in June 2001 and agencies. The IF Pilot Scheme was launched in
in New Delhi in November 2001, included added the first quarter of 2001 in three countries:
distance-learning components such as production Cambodia, Madagascar and Mauritania.
of pedagogical material on CD-ROMs and use of Diagnostic trade integration studies for the three
chat forums through e-platforms. Port authorities countries were completed in December 2001
in Benin, Gabon and Senegal organized two full under the supervision of the World Bank in close
cycles of the Port Certificate training capacity- cooperation with UNCTAD and other IF core
building programme. agencies. These studies provide the analytical
framework and a basis for the identification of
Training Course on Key Issues on the trade priorities and trade policy recommendations
International Economic Agenda for action. The latter are also integrated into the
countries’ overall development strategies, i.e.
The secretariat organized the first training course PRSPs, in order to ensure that trade-related
on Key Issues on the International Economic capacity building is coherent with and
Agenda, as mandated by paragraph 166 of the contributes to overall development objectives and
Bangkok Plan of Action adopted at UNCTAD X,
20
is accorded the same priority treatment as other Capacity building for trade development
development assistance needs. in Africa: Support to ongoing multilateral
trade negotiations
At end of 2001, contributions from 16 donors to
the IF Trust Fund stood at US$ 9,184,000, of This programme is supported by UNDP and
which US$ 1,439,000 was pledged at the Fourth executed by several agencies, including
WTO Ministerial Conference at Doha. The UNCTAD and the Organization of African
resources of the Trust Fund were essentially Unity/African Economic Community (now the
devoted to trade mainstreaming through the African Union). UNCTAD provided African
diagnostic trade integration studies. Paragraph 43 countries and their regional organizations with
of the Doha Ministerial Declaration8 “urged core advisory support and analyses relating to
agencies, in coordination with development preparations for the Fourth WTO Ministerial
partners, to explore the enhancement of the IF Conference and the ongoing built-in agenda
with a view to addressing the supply-side negotiations on agriculture and services.
constraints of LDCs and the extension of the Technical support was provided to a High-Level
model to all LDCs, following the review of the Brainstorming Meeting for African Trade
IF and appraisal of the ongoing Pilot Scheme in Negotiators Preparatory to the Fourth WTO
selected LDCs.” The Inter-agency Working Ministerial Conference. Advisory support was
Group and the IF Steering Committee have been also provided for ACP preparations for the
given the task of carrying out this mandate. elaboration of options on a new trade regime
with the EU under the Cotonou Agreement.
Joint ITC/UNCTAD/WTO Integrated
Technical Assistance Programme for UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity-Building Task
Selected Least Developed and Other Force for Trade, Environment and
African Countries (JITAP) Development (CBTF) and the Special
Programme for LDCs
UNCTAD, along with the World Trade
Organization (WTO) and the International Trade A number of activities were initiated under this
Centre (ITC), continued joint implementation of Task Force. UNEP and UNCTAD launched a
JITAP in the beneficiary countries – Benin, special programme for the least developed
Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, countries to help implement the Programme of
United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda. Action for the LDCs for the decade 2001-2010,
Assistance focused on strengthening endogenous adopted at the Third UN Conference for the
capacities in terms of human resources, LDCs (Brussels, May 2001). The Governments
institutional capabilities and policy frameworks of Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United
to participate effectively in the multilateral Kingdom and the United States, as well as the
trading system. Particular emphasis was laid on European Commission, provided funding to the
strengthening national networks of institutions CBTF.
and on subregional workshops to discuss and
formulate trade negotiation objectives and Two training workshops were held (in Havana
priorities in the context of the ongoing and Hanoi, with 40 participants each). Both
negotiations on agriculture and services under the workshops generated initiatives for follow-up
WTO, and in preparation for the Fourth WTO activities.
Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar. The
support enabled the beneficiary countries to On climate change, the Fifth Rio Policy Forum,
participate more effectively in the adoption of on “Trade and Climate Change: The State of the
Africa’s common position for the WTO GHG Market”, was held in Rio de Janeiro in
Ministerial Conference and in the Ministerial August 2001. UNCTAD participated in an
Conference itself. interagency project to facilitate the identification
of projects within the Clean Development
21
Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol of the BIOTRADE Initiative

UNFCCC. The CDM project is implemented by
UNDP, UNCTAD and UNIDO under the overall The mission of the UNCTAD BIOTRADE
coordination of the UNFCCC secretariat. The Initiative is to stimulate trade and investment in
UNCTAD component focused on upstream biological resources to further sustainable
activities relating to CDM investments, more development in line with the objectives of the
specifically CDM facilitation and CDM Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
promotion. A project coordination meeting was
held with Brazilian counterparts on 1 September In 2001, the BIOTRADE country programme in
2001. Colombia (Biocomercio Sostenible) created
mechanisms to address issues related to trade in
Capacity-building project on intellectual biodiversity products and services. Offices have
property and sustainable development been opened all over the country, and
Biocomercio is focusing on a number of areas:
This two-year project began in August 2001 and networking; sustainability criteria; information
is being implemented by the UNCTAD systems; market information; financial
secretariat and the International Centre for Trade mechanisms; policy frameworks and legislation;
and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). The and support for the development of bio-
main goals of the project are to: businesses, for instance on eco-tourism and
Improve understanding of the development natural products. This country programme also
implications of the TRIPS Agreement provided technical assistance to the BIOTRADE
Strengthen the analytical and negotiating programmes in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and
capacity of developing countries to participate in Venezuela. Additionally, the programme, in
negotiations related to intellectual property rights cooperation with the Andean Development
(IPRs) in furtherance of their sustainable Corporation (CAF), organized in June 2001 the
development objectives. “First Biocomercio Contest”, aimed at providing
The activities of the project deal with, but are not financial support to small, medium and
limited to, the post-Doha work programme. community-based projects.
The project is expected to produce a series of With financial support from the UN Foundation
documents through a participatory process and in cooperation with the Ministry of
involving trade negotiators, national policy- Environment of Ecuador, TRAFFIC South
makers, experts, NGOs, international America and BIOTRADE, a pre-assessment
organizations, and institutions dealing with IPRs study and a country programme for Ecuador were
and development. A preliminary draft of a policy prepared in 2001. The country programme was
discussion paper was issued on 20 November officially launched on 1 November 2001. In
2001. It provides a synthesis of the issues at stake Bolivia, with the financial support from the
and is intended to assist policy-makers, German GTZ, a country pre-assessment was
stakeholders and the public at large of developing formulated and discussed in several workshops
and developed countries in strengthening their with key national stakeholders. Similar activities
grasp of the problems and, when relevant, in were also developed in Peru and Venezuela.
improving their negotiating capacity. In addition,
the project produces background material dealing “Bolsa Amazonia”, a joint regional programme
with indicators of the relative importance of IPRs of POEMA (Belém, Brazil) and UNCTAD,
in developing countries, a review of the activities organized two three-month specialization courses
being carried out by other organizations and on sustainable business management and
institutions on TRIPS-related questions, and a promotion of natural products, with participants
review of literature. coming from six Amazonian countries. In
addition, Bolsa held two workshops in Bogotá,
Colombia, on the implementation of a regional
22
information system for natural products (April), to promote their effective participation in the
as well as a regional meeting of the focal points emerging carbon market.
of Bolsa Amazonia (September).
In mid-2001, the programme published a four-
The pilot phase of the Andean BIOTRADE paper compendium of articles entitled GHG
Programme, developed jointly by the Andean Market Perspectives: Trade and Investment
Development Corporation, the Andean Implications of the Climate Change Regime –
Community and UNCTAD, was implemented in Recent Research on Institutional and Economic
2001. This programme promoted regional Aspects of Carbon Trading. Other activities
cooperation in the area of biotrade and assisted in included: the publication of two issues of the
the formulation of the Andean Biodiversity Global Greenhouse Emissions Trader; updating
Strategy, particularly in the area of sustainable of the web site to showcase the programme’s
use. outputs and to offer better access to its
publications, news, database and network; and
At the international level, in 2001 BIOTRADE the release of the UNCTAD/Earth Council
and the International Trade Centre Training Manual on International Emissions
UNCTAD/WTO developed a BioTrade Trading.
Facilitation Programme (BTFP) for biodiversity
products and services (which actually started in In August 2001, the fifth session of the
2002). UNCTAD/Earth Council Policy Forum was held
in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, this time in association
Climate change programme with the International Emissions Trading
Association (IETA). The forum presented the
The project, with funding from the United state of the emerging carbon market and brought
Nations Foundation (UNF), focuses on exploring together over 300 actual and potential buyers and
the economic, trade and investment impact of sellers of carbon credits in over 30 countries to
climate change in developing countries and assess and strategize pre-Kyoto Protocol market
countries with economies in transition, and works scenarios.
23
Chapter IV
INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN LINKS WITH CIVIL SOCIETY

An UNCTAD-Civil Society Dialogue took place at UNCTAD X and the Third United Nations
in Geneva on 10 December 2001, providing an Conference on the Least Developed Countries,
opportunity for selected civil society actors and and (ii) follow-up to the Fourth WTO Ministerial
UNCTAD to discuss issues of common interest. Meeting held in Doha: the post-Doha challenge
Through a constructive exchange of views, the to the developing countries. In addition, specific
meeting examined a number of issues: (i) subject matters for possible common work of
progress made in the implementation of the special interest to civil society were identified,
Bangkok Plan of Action with a view to the including social dimensions of globalization;
preparation of UNCTAD XI in 2004 and possible market access and competition policy issues; the
civil society contributions to such preparations; impact of the TRIPS Agreement, including
(ii) the follow-up to the Third United Nations public health issues and protection of traditional
Conference on the Least Developed Countries knowledge; gender and development; fair trade
and the implementation of its Programme of issues/practices; employment and labour issues
Action through civil society involvement; (iii) (core labour standards); promotion of high values
development issues related to the United Nations in education and training; financing for
Conference on Financing for Development; and development: debt cancellation, HIPCs; poverty
(iv) the gender perspective as a cross-sectoral and livelihood issues, including sustainable
issue in all this work. livelihood practices, and the development
paradigm: converting theoretical paradigms into
The Chairperson summarized the outcome of the diverse and practical strategies. A publication
discussions. It was agreed that two main themes entitled “UNCTAD-Civil Society Dialogue on
should be the immediate focus of future selected Development Issues being addressed by
UNCTAD-civil society cooperation, particularly the United Nations system”
on the way to UNCTAD XI in 2004, namely (i) (UNCTAD/ISS/Misc. 385) was published in
civil society follow-up to the commitments made December.
24
Chapter V
PUBLICATIONS
locational distribution of FDI at the national,

A. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT regional and international levels. WIR01’s special
REPORT 2001 topic was linkages between foreign affiliates of
TNCs and local companies in developing
The Trade and Development Report 2001 and its countries as a means of enhancing the
Overview served as background to the competitiveness of the domestic enterprise
deliberations in the Trade and Development sector. Backward linkages, i.e. long-term
Board on interdependence and global economic business relationships between foreign affiliates
issues from a trade and development perspective. and local suppliers, can be of mutual benefit for
The Report analysed economic problems and both partners. WIR01 identified best practices in
institutional issues resulting from financial the area of linkage formation, how they have
liberalization, such as the governance of worked, what obstacles were encountered and, in
international finance and capital flows, the particular, what policy measures, if any, could
exchange rate system, orderly workout help to strengthen them or create new ones. In
mechanisms for international debt, and reform of 2001, WIR again presented the list of the largest
the IMF. It also looked at standards and TNCs of the world, of developing countries and
regulation, the modes of their formulation and of Central Europe. As in previous years, the
implementation, and their potential contribution report offered empirical information and policy
to greater financial stability, as well as at options analysis for decision-makers in government and
for exchange rate regimes in developing business and to researchers. Additional
countries and regional monetary arrangements. information is available at
Furthermore, the TDR discussed ways and means http://www.unctad.org/wir.
of sharing the burden of the losses resulting from
financial crises and of involving the private C. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
sector in the management and prevention of such
crises. On each subject, the Report offered Publications related to globalization and
challenging recommendations on how to move development strategies
the reform process forward. It also reviewed the
performance of the world economy, examined
the prospects for growth and development in Economic Development in Africa:
light of the slowdown in the United States Performance, Prospects and Policy Issues
economy, and commented on developments in
international trade, currency markets, As a contribution to the preparatory process for
international capital flows, and debt. the final review and appraisal of the UN-
NADAF, this report reviewed Africa’s
development in the 1990s, analysed domestic and
B. WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT
external impediments to faster growth and
2001: PROMOTING LINKAGES sustainable development in Africa, and discussed
policy options for enhancing development in
The World Investment Report 2001 (WIR01) was Africa and reducing poverty by half by 2015. It
the eleventh volume in this series covering global also presented new research findings on the
trends and developments relating to FDI and interaction of investment, savings and growth, as
TNCs. The report analysed the geography of well as on trade performance and the terms of
FDI, as well as patterns and shifts in the trade.
25
UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2001 prices and price indices encompasses several
categories of commodity groups, including food,
This Handbook provides a comprehensive tropical beverages, vegetable oilseeds and oils,
collection of statistical data related to trade, agricultural raw materials, minerals, ores and
investment and development. Statistical figures, metals. The data set also includes a combined
based primarily on international and national price index in current US dollars and constant US
sources, are presented analytically through rank dollars, exchange rates, and the United Nations
orderings, growth rates, shares and other special unit value index of exports of manufactured
calculations, in order to facilitate data goods from developed market economies. Also
interpretation. They cover the following included are lists of relevant international
categories: commodity agreements, informal price
arrangements, descriptions and sources. The
• International merchandise trade: values, Bulletin is trilingual, written in English, French
trends, structure and regional trade zones and Spanish.
• Trade in services
• Volume and terms of trade indices UNCTAD Discussion Papers
• Commodity prices and relevant price indices
This is a series of scholarly papers on all aspects
• Export and import structure by products and
of international trade, finance, investment,
by regions of origin and destination, and
technology and macroeconomics in the context
related concentration indices
of development. The papers, authored by
• International financial data: current
UNCTAD staff, visiting consultants and external
accounts, foreign direct investment, external
researchers, are selected on the basis of their
indebtedness, workers’ remittances, etc.
analytical quality and policy relevance. In 2001,
• Selected indicators of development: GDP,
the four papers in the series addressed technology
GDP growth rates and various social and
diffusion and growth; industrial reform in China;
telecommunications indicators.
international capital standards; and exchange-rate
policies.
Some of the trade data represent estimates by the
UNCTAD secretariat calculated as a result of G-24 Discussion Paper Series
detailed research and analysis.
This series of papers contains papers that are
The CD-ROM version of the Handbook is largely prepared under the Project of Technical Support
based on the traditional printed versions but has to the Intergovernmental Group of 24 on
the particular feature of presenting full-time International Monetary Affairs (G-24) supporting
series and covering statistics dating back to 1950. monetary and financial policy formulation in
It includes the Beyond 20/20 data browser developing countries. It is published jointly with
accompanied by easy-to-follow instructions. the Center for International Development at
Harvard University. The eight papers published
The CD-ROM incorporates all data from the in this series in 2001 covered issues related to
printed version of the 1960-1999 Supplement to exchange-rate policies; promotion of FDI;
the UNCTAD Monthly Commodity Price lessons from the East Asian crisis; financial
Bulletin, updated with the year 2000 figures. This liberalization in developing countries; reform of
is a unique data set comprising average monthly the international financial system; and the future
prices of 46 commodities from January 1960 role and governance of the IMF.
through December 2000.
Guide to UNCTAD Publications
Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin
The annual Guide to UNCTAD Publications lists
This Bulletin provides pre-calculated averages of other periodic and occasional studies, analyses
daily and weekly quotations, as well as annual and working papers.
and historical data. The selection of monthly
26
Chapter V: Publications
Publications related to investment, Publications related to services and

technology and related financial matters infrastructure development
Transnational Corporations Journal. Volume 10, E-commerce and Development Report 2001.
No. 1, April 2001; Volume 10, No. 2, UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/1. UN Sales No.
August 2001; Volume 10, No. 3, December E.01.II.D.30. ISSN 1020-976X . ISSN 1020-
2001. 9786 (on-line version). ISBN 92-1-112541-3.
November 2001.
International Accounting and Reporting Issues,
2000 Review. UNCTAD/ITE/TEB/2. Sales Review of Maritime Transport.
No. E.01.II.D.29. ISBN No. 92-1-112539-1. UNCTAD/RMT/2001. Sales N° E.01.II.D.26.
August 2001. ISBN 92-1-112537-5. November 2001.
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2001. Trade Point Review 2000-2001.
DESA/UNCTAD publication. Sales No. UNCTAD/SDTE/Misc.44. November 2001.
E.01.II.C.2. ISBN 92-1-109138-1.
Transport Newsletter No. 21.
UNCTAD Series on Issues in International UNCTAD/SDTE/TLB/Misc.2. December
Investment Agreements (IIA Series) 2001.
Social Responsibility. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/22.
Environment. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/23. Multimodal Transport and Trade Facilitation
Home Country Measures. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/24. Newsletter. UNCTAD/SDTE/TLB/Misc.1.
Illicit payments. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/25. December 2000.
Host country operational measures.
UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/26. Simplified customer-oriented information
Transfer of Technology. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/28. technology for railways in developing
countries: The experience of Tanzania
Investment policy reviews Railways Corporation.
Investment and innovation policy review of UNCTAD/SDTE/TIB/4.
Ethiopia. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.3.
Investment policy review of Mauritius. Study on the use of information technology in
UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.1. small ports. UNCTAD/SDTE/TLB/1. 12
Investment policy review of Ecuador. January 2001.
UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.2.
Investment policy review of Tanzania. Implementation of Multimodal Transport Rules.
UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.2. UNCTAD/SDTE/TLB/2 and Add.1. 27 June
2001 and 9 October 2001.
Investment guides
Investment guide to Uganda: Opportunities and UNCTAD Monographs on port management:
conditions. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.30. The economic impact of cruise ports – the
April 2000. case of Miami. UNCTAD/SHIP/494(17).
Investment guide to Mozambique: Opportunities November 2001.
and conditions. UNCTAD/IIA/4. January
2002.
Other
Women Entrepreneurs in Africa: Experience
from selected countries.
UNCTAD/ITE/EDS/Misc.14.
27
Annex I
MEMBERSHIP OF UNCTAD’S TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD
Afghanistan Equatorial Guinea

Albania Ethiopia
Algeria Finland
Angola France
Argentina Gabon
Armenia Georgia
Australia Germany
Austria Ghana
Azerbaijan Greece
Bahrain Grenada
Bangladesh Guatemala
Barbados Guinea
Belarus Guyana
Belgium Haiti
Benin Honduras
Bhutan Hungary
Bolivia Iceland
Brazil India
Bulgaria Indonesia
Burkina Faso Iran (Islamic
Burundi Republic of)
Cameroon Iraq
Canada Ireland
Central African Republic Israel
Chad Italy
Chile Jamaica
China Japan
Colombia Jordan
Congo Kenya
Costa Rica Kuwait
Côte d’Ivoire Latvia
Croatia Lebanon
Cuba Lesotho
Cyprus Liberia
Czech Republic Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Democratic People’s Liechtenstein
Republic of Korea Lithuania
Democratic Republic Luxembourg
of the Congo Madagascar
Denmark Malaysia
Dominica Mali
Dominican Republic Malta
Ecuador Mauritania
Egypt Mauritius
El Salvador Mexico
28
Annex I: Membership of UNCTAD’s Trade and Development Board
Mongolia Somalia
Morocco South Africa
Myanmar Spain
Namibia Sri Lanka
Nepal Sudan
Netherlands Suriname
New Zealand Sweden
Nicaragua Switzerland
Nigeria Syrian Arab Republic
Norway Thailand
Oman The Former Yugoslav Republic
Pakistan of Macedonia
Panama Togo
Papua New Guinea Trinidad and Tobago
Paraguay Tunisia
Peru Turkey
Philippines Uganda
Poland Ukraine
Portugal United Arab Emirates
Qatar United Kingdom of Great Britain
Republic of Korea and Northern Ireland
Republic of Moldova United Republic of Tanzania
Romania United States of America
Russian Federation Uruguay
Sao Tome and Principe Venezuela
Saudi Arabia Viet Nam
Senegal Yemen
Sierra Leone Yugoslavia
Singapore Zambia
Slovakia Zimbabwe
Slovenia
(146)
29
Annex II
Intergovernmental Structure
United Nations General Assembly
ECOSOC
United Nations
Conference
on Trade
and Development
Trade
and Development
Board
Commission on
Commission Commission on Commission on
Investment,
on Trade Enterprise, Science and
Technology
in Goods Business Tchnology
Technology
and related
and Services Facilitation and
Financial
an Commodities and Development Development
Issues
30
Annex III
Secretariat
SECRETARY GENERAL External

Office of the Secretary-General Relations
Deputy
Secretary-General
Resources Programme
Intergovernmental
Management Planning and
Support Service
Service Assessment Unit
Legal
Adviser
Office of the
Division on Division for Special
Division on
Division on International Services Coordinator for
Investment,
Globalization Trade in Infrastructure Least Developed,
Technologyy
and Goods for Landlocked
and
Development and Services, Development and
Enterprise
Strategies and and Trade Island
Development
Commodities Efficiency Developing
Countries
31
Annex IV
UNCTAD Conferences
Year Venue Main theme Main outcome
1964 Geneva Towards a new trade policy for New guidelines for trade and international
development cooperation
1968 New Delhi Towards a global strategy of 15 general principles to govern international
development trade relations and trade policies conducive
to development (GSP and LDCs)
1973 Santiago Major policy developments since Expansion of work programme

the second session of UNCTAD Charter of Economic Rights and Duties
Group of Experts on RBPs
Code of conduct for liner conference
Programme of work on technology
1976 Nairobi Action on commodities, New areas of work

including decisions on an Integrated programme for commodities
integrated programme in the light Debt problems of developing countries
of the need for change in the International code on transfer of technology
world commodity economy Negotiations on a set for RBPs
1979 Manila Restructuring the international Review of progress since UNCTAD IV

economic framework Comprehensive new programme of action
for the LDCs
Assistance to national liberation movements
1983 Belgrade Development and recovery: The Review of progress in different areas
realities of the new Work in area of trade in services
interdependence Assistance to the Palestinian people
1987 Geneva Revitalizing development, Final Act, including assessment of economic

growth trends and policies and measures in areas of
and international trade: resources for development, commodities,
Assessment and policy options international trade and LDCs
1992 Cartagena Accelerating the development Declaration and Final Act: A new
process: Challenges for national partnership for development
and international policies in the Institutional adaptation and redefinition of
1990s the functions of UNCTAD
Trade efficiency
32
Year Venue Main theme Main outcome

1996 Midrand Globalization and liberalization: Declaration and final documentation:
Development in the face of two A partnership for growth and development
powerful currents Fine-tuning to areas of work: Globalization;
investment, enterprise and technology;
international trade in goods and services, and
commodities issues; services infrastructure
and trade; technical cooperation
2000 Bangkok Beyond the unification of Declaration and Plan of Action

markets
33
Annex V
Budget expenditures
Table 1
UNCTAD’s regular budget
1998-1999 2000-2001 2002-2003

Final appropriation Final appropriation Initial appropriation
Programme budget (US$ 000)¹ 88,191 81,374 84,858
Regular budget posts 394 401 393

(No. of posts)
Professional 227 231 226
General Service 167 170 167
¹ Section 11A of the programme budget of the United Nations.
Table 2
UNCTAD’s total expenditures on technical cooperation, and source of funds,

1990, 1995–2001
(Millions of US dollars)
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
UNDP 17.4 7.8 6.1 6.8 6.0 6.5 5.8 4.5
Trust funds 3.6 13.4 15.8 16.1 15.2 16.9 15.8 16.3
Programme budget 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 2.0 2.5 2.4
Total 21.6 22.0 22.4 23.3 21.8 25.4 24.1 23.2
34
Table 3
Contributions to UNCTAD Trust Funds for the period, 1998-2001

(US dollars)
Donor a Amount
Australia 4,594,185
Belgium 1,285,932
Finland 1,781,535
France 3,406,290
Italy 4,699,109
Japan 1,480,259
Luxembourg 1,716,936
Netherlands 3,653,995
Norway 5,883,587
Sweden 2,216,755
Switzerland 3,667,905
United Kingdom 4,202,671
European Commission 5,891,831
ITC 1,435,278
World Bank / IBRD 1,085,138
Total 47,001,406
Total trust fund contributions 67,572,541
a The list includes only those bilateral donors and three multilateral donors whose
total contribution for the four-year period exceeded $1,000,000. The total amounts to
69.6 per cent of overall contributions to UNCTAD trust funds.
35
Endnotes
1
The Trade and Development Board ensures the overall consistency of UNCTAD’s activities; reviews the
secretariat’s work priorities and technical cooperation activities; ensures coordination with other international
organizations; examines interdependence and global economic trends from a trade and development perspective;
and reviews the implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries within
UNCTAD’s mandates and areas of competence, as well as UNCTAD’s contribution to the United Nations New
Agenda for the Development of Africa (UN-NADAF). Generally one day is dedicated to a high-level segment on
a topical policy issue with the participation of senior officials, leading businesspersons, academics and other
public figures.
2
Regular sessions of the Board take place every autumn. The Board also meets up to three times a year for one-
day executive sessions to deal with urgent policy issues as well as management and institutional matters.
3
UNCTAD IX established three Commissions of the Board to perform integrated policy work in their respective
fields: the Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities; the Commission on Investment,
Technology and Related Financial Issues; and the Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and
Development.
4
Outstanding and public and publicly guaranteed long-term debt.
5
See DMFAS Programme Annual report (UNCTAD/GDS/DMFAS/MISC/30).
6
A regional initiative launched in West Africa by the Bank of the Central African States (BEAC) and the Central
Bank of West African States (BCEAO).
7
Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa.
8
WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1.
36

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UNCTAD/EDM/22

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2001

I. Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries ........ 3

II. Regular intergovernmental deliberations..................................................... 5

III. Technical cooperation and capacity-building activities ............................... 11

IV. Initiatives to strengthen links with civil society............................................ 24

Annex I: Membership of UNCTAD’s Trade and Development Board............................... 28

Annex II: Intergovernmental structure................................................................................ 30

Annex III: Secretariat ......................................................................................................... 31

Annex IV: UNCTAD Conferences ...................................................................................... 32

Annex V: Budget expenditures........................................................................................... 34

THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON

Interactive Thematic Session on Human commerce is opening up for economic

REGULAR INTERGOVERNMENTAL DELIBERATIONS

A. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Other areas of discussion concerned the reforms

Interdependence and global economic UNCTAD’s contribution to the final

shortcomings of domestic markets and Commission on Trade in Goods and

Executive sessions Expert Meeting on Ways to Enhance the

Expert Meeting on Energy Services in and regulation of public services and on

Expert Meeting on International possible dispute mediation mechanisms and

TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES

principles: (a) impartiality; (b) a pro- computerized trade information. It increases

International investment agreements (IIA) – on how to respond to emerging regional and

Strengthening/Streamlining Agencies A study tour for a core group from one

In the area of insurance, UNCTAD provides Entrepreneurship and SME development

Human resources development which requested that UNCTAD’s existing

Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol of the BIOTRADE Initiative

INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN LINKS WITH CIVIL SOCIETY

locational distribution of FDI at the national,

Publications related to investment, Publications related to services and

MEMBERSHIP OF UNCTAD’S TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Afghanistan Equatorial Guinea

United Nations General Assembly

SECRETARY GENERAL External

1973 Santiago Major policy developments since Expansion of work programme

1976 Nairobi Action on commodities, New areas of work

1979 Manila Restructuring the international Review of progress since UNCTAD IV

1987 Geneva Revitalizing development, Final Act, including assessment of economic

Year Venue Main theme Main outcome

2000 Bangkok Beyond the unification of Declaration and Plan of Action

UNCTAD’s regular budget

1998-1999 2000-2001 2002-2003

Regular budget posts 394 401 393

UNCTAD’s total expenditures on technical cooperation, and source of funds,

1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

UNDP 17.4 7.8 6.1 6.8 6.0 6.5 5.8 4.5

Total 21.6 22.0 22.4 23.3 21.8 25.4 24.1 23.2

Contributions to UNCTAD Trust Funds for the period, 1998-2001

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