Communication

Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas,

thoughts, feelings and emotions through speech, signals, writing,
or behavior.

In communication process, a sender (encoder) encodes a

message and then using a medium/channel sends it to the
receiver (decoder) who decodes the message and after
processing information, sends back appropriate feedback/reply
using a medium/channel.

Process of Communication

Primary &
Secondary

Informatio Sende Encodin Medium/Chann Receiver

Noise/Barrier of
Communication

Feedback Medium/Channe Decoding

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1. Information:
a) Primary Information: Primary Information is immediate, first-hand information of a topic,
from people who had a direct connection with it. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and
other original documents. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote
people who did.

b) Secondary Information: Secondary Information often uses generalizations, analysis,

interpretation, and synthesis of primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include textbooks,
articles, and reference books.
2. Sender: The person, who send the message to the receiver.

3. Encoding: In order to convey meaning, the sender must begin encoding, which means translating
information into a message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts. ... A good way
for the sender to improve encoding their message is to mentally visualize the communication from
the receiver's point of view.

4. Medium/ Channel: Source through which sender sends the message for eg: TV, Radio,
 Mobile Phone, Letter, Media, news paper, magazines, articles etc.
5. Receiver: The person, who receives the message from the sender.
6. Decoding: Decoding means interpreting the meaning of the message.
7. Feedback: In the communication process, feedback refers to a response from the
receiver which gives the communicator an idea of how the message is being received and
whether it needs to be modified.

8. Noise/Barrier of communication: Noise can be defined as any unwanted signals, random or

deterministic, which interfere with the faithful reproduction of the desired signal in a system.

Types of Communication:

People communicate with each other in a number of ways that

depend upon the message and its context in which it is being
sent. Choice of communication channel and your style of
communicating also affect communication. So, there is variety of
types of communication.

1. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication refers to the form of communication in
which message is transmitted verbally; communication is done
by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every
communication is to have people understand what we are trying
to convey. In verbal communication remember the acronym KISS
(keep it short and simple).
When we talk to others, we assume that others understand what
we are saying because we know what we are saying. But this is
not the case. usually people bring their own attitude, perception,
emotions and thoughts about the topic and hence creates barrier
in delivering the right meaning.
So in order to deliver the right message, you must put yourself on
the other side of the table and think from your receiver’s point of
view. Would he understand the message? How it would sound on
the other side of the table?
Verbal Communication is further divided into:
Oral Communication
Written Communication
Oral Communication
In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It includes face-
to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video,
radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication,
communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of
speaking.
Advantages of Oral communication are: It brings quick feedback.
In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial expression and
body language one can guess whether he/she should trust what’s
being said or not.
Disadvantage of oral communication In face-to-face discussion,
user is unable to deeply think about what he is delivering, so this
can be counted as a
Written Communication
In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to
communicate. A written message may be printed or hand written.
In written communication message can be transmitted via email,
letter, report, memo etc. Message, in written communication, is
influenced by the vocabulary & grammar used, writing style,
precision and clarity of the language used.
Written Communication is most common form of communication
being used in business. So, it is considered core among business
skills.
Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals,
and electronic mail are the types of written communication used
for internal communication. For communicating with external
environment in writing, electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters,
proposals, telegrams, faxes, postcards, contracts,
advertisements, brochures, and news releases are used.
Advantages of written communication includes: Messages can
be edited and revised many time before it is actually sent.
Written communication provide record for every message sent
and can be saved for later study. A written message enables
receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages of written communication includes: Unlike oral
communication, Written communication doesn’t bring instant
feedback. It take more time in composing a written message as
compared to word-of-mouth. and number of people struggles for
writing ability.

2. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless
messages. We can say that communication other than oral and
written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or
facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal
communication is all about the body language of speaker.
Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the
message received. Often, nonverbal signals reflect the situation
more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes
nonverbal response contradicts verbal communication and hence
affect the effectiveness of message.
Nonverbal communication have the following three elements:
Appearance Speaker: clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of
cosmetics Surrounding: room size, lighting, decorations,
furnishings.
Body Language facial expressions, gestures, postures
Sounds, Voice, Tone, Volume, Speech rate/minutes

Types of Communication Based on Purpose and Style

Based on style and purpose, there are two main categories of

communication and they both bears their own characteristics.
Communication types based on style and purpose are:

1. Formal Communication
2. Informal Communication

Formal Communication
In formal communication, certain rules, conventions and
principles are followed while communicating message. Formal
communication occurs in formal and official style. Usually
professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences
undergoes in formal pattern.
In formal communication, use of slang and foul language is
avoided and correct pronunciation is required. Authority lines are
needed to be followed in formal communication.

Informal Communication:

Informal communication is done using channels that are in

contrast with formal communication channels. It’s just a casual
talk. It is established for societal affiliations of members in an
organization and face-to-face discussions. It happens among
friends and family.
In informal communication use of slang words, foul language is
not restricted. Usually. informal communication is done orally
and using gestures.
Informal communication, Unlike formal communication, doesn’t
follow authority lines. In an organization, it helps in finding out
staff grievances as people express more when talking informally.
Informal communication helps in building relationships.
Communication (from Latin "communis", meaning to share) is the
activity of conveying information through the exchange of
thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals,
signals, writing, or behavior.
Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient,
although the receiver need not be present or aware of the
sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication;
thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and
space. Communication requires that the communicating parties
share an area of communicative commonality. The
communication process is complete once the receiver has
understood the message of the sender.
 1. Mass Communication
Mass communication is the study of how people exchange their
information through mass media to large segments of the
population at the same time with an amazing speed. In other
words, mass communication refers to the imparting and
exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of
people. Eg: TV, News channels, News paper, Radio etc.

2. Inter Personal Communication:

Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two
or more people. It is also an area of study and research that seeks to
understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish a
number of personal and relational goals.

3. Intra-Personal Communication:
Intrapersonal communication is the communication that occurs within
an individual. An individual uses this type of communication for various
purposes such as analyzing situations, clarifying concepts, and reflecting
upon phenomena.

Levels/Flow of Communication

1.Downward Communication
Downward communication occurs when
information and messages flow down
through an organization's formal chain of
command or hierarchical structure. In other words,
messages and orders start at the upper levels of the organizational hierarchy and
move down toward the bottom levels. Responses to downward communications
move up along the same path. For eg: Giving Instructions. giving order, proposing
rules & regulations.
Upward communication is
the process of
information flowing from the lower levels of
a hierarchy to the upper levels. This type
of communication is becoming more popular in organizations as traditional forms
of communication are becoming less popular. Eg: Asking for permission,
requisition

Horizontal communication is
the transmission of
information between people, divisions,
departments or units within the same level of
organizational hierarchy. You can distinguish it from
vertical communication, which is the transmission of information between different
levels of the organizational hierarchy.

Diagonal communication

The sharing of information among different structural

levels within a business. For example, diagonal
communication could involve higher level
management communicating to lower level
management a shift in organizational objectives, as
well as the ensuing dialog about how best to achieve
the new goals.
 Common Barriers to Effective Communication

 1- The use of jargon.: Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or

technical terms.
 2- Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it
difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be
completely 'off-limits' or taboo. Taboo or difficult topics may
include, but are not limited to, politics, religion, disabilities
(mental and physical), sexuality and sex, racism and any opinion
that may be seen as unpopular.
Eg. Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the
receiver. (See our page Barriers to Effective Listening for more
 information).
3.Differences in perception and viewpoint:
4.Physiological barriers: Physical disabilities such as hearing
problems or speech difficulties.

4. Physical barriers (Distance) to non-verbal communication. Not

being able to see the non-verbal cues, gestures, posture and
general body language can make communication less effective.
Phone calls, text messages and other communication methods
that rely on technology are often less effective than face-to-face
communication.
5. Language differences and the difficulty in understanding
unfamiliar accents. For eg:, Articulation, Paralinguistic (Accent,
Tone, Pitch, Rate of speech)

6. Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false

assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they
expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to
incorrect conclusions.

7. Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly

in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are
expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies
between cultures and between different social settings.
A Categorization of Barriers to Communication

Language Barriers:
Language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to
communication. It may result from use of different language
also.
For eg. The terminology used in a message may act as a barrier
if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s)

Psychological Barriers
The psychological state of the communicators will influence
how the message is sent, received and perceived.
For example: Stress, anger, deep emotions etc.
If someone is stressed they may be preoccupied by personal
concerns and not as receptive to the message as if they were not
stressed.
Stress management is an important personal skill that affects
our interpersonal relationships..
Anger is another example of a psychological barrier to
communication. When we are angry it is easy to say things that
we may later regret, and also to misinterpret what others are
saying.
See our pages: What is Anger? and Anger Management for more
information.
More generally people with low self-esteem may be less
assertive and therefore may not feel comfortable communicating
- they may feel shy or embarrassed about saying how they really
feel, or read unintended negative sub-texts in messages they hear.
Visit our pages on Improving Self-Esteem and Assertiveness for
more information.

Physiological Barriers
Physiological barriers to communication may result from the
receiver’s unstable physical state.
For example, a receiver with reduced hearing may not fully grasp
the content.

Physical Barriers
An example of a physical barrier to communication is
geographic distance between the sender and receiver(s).
Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as
more communication channels are available and less technology
is required.
The ideal communication is face-to-face.
Although modern technology often helps to reduce the impact of
physical barriers, the advantages and disadvantages of each
communication channel should be understood so that an
appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical
barriers.

Systematic Barriers
Systematic barriers to communication may exist in structures
and organisations where there are inefficient or inappropriate
information systems and communication channels, or where
there is a lack of understanding of the roles and responsibilities
for communication.
In such organisations, people may be unclear of their role in the
communication process and therefore not know what is expected
of them.
Attitudinal Barriers
Attitudinal barriers are behaviours or perceptions that prevent
people from communicating effectively.
Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from personality
conflicts, poor management, resistance to change or a lack of
motivation.
 To be an effective receiver of messages you should attempt to
overcome your own attitudinal barriers to help ensure more
effective communication.

Methods or Remedies to Remove Barriers of Communication

1. Have Clarity in Your Thoughts: You should be very clear about
your objective and what you want to convey. Arrange your thoughts in a proper
order and then communicate accordingly. Systematic communication and
clarity in thought get adequately received and appreciated. Aimless talks can
be misleading so you should always try to show that there is an aim or motive
behind your talk.
2. Understand the needs of your audience: You should be
emotional and sensitive towards the needs of your receiver. Understand his behavior,
nature, culture, and religion, however, it does not mean you cannot express your
feelings or thought, but it simply means that you are showing respect to his religious
beliefs or thoughts and then stating your point of view. Most importantly the
message should also be structured as per his level or ability. If you are conveying
the message to a layman then avoid using technical words and if you are addressing
corporate elite, the language should have professional sophistication and maturity.
 3. Seek the Advice of others before Communicating: If you
are going for a high prolific meeting, seek the advice from your seniors and
colleagues on the level and kind of talk that should be given. The main advantage of
this practice is simple, you can get many ideas which can build your motivation and
knowledge and you can then use the same to meet your purpose.
 4. Take adequate care of your Tone, Language and
way you are speaking: Messages should be framed in a simple and
polite tone which attracts the listeners. Care should be taken to keep the sentences
short and simple. Technical words should be used only where they are required the
most. The most important of all the interest of the receiver should be kept in mind
and the things that conveyed should attract the users else you might find your
audience or listening yawning while you are speaking.
 5. Have a Feedback from the receiver: Avoid asking listener, “Have
you understood,” ask them instead their views about what you have said and the
aspects they had grasped from your message. This is a most polite and best way to
 have your listener involve in a conversation. This would help you to have a better
understanding of their aptitude and the interest he or she is showing towards the
subject.
 6. Retain Consistency about the Message: The message
conveyed should conjure with the organizational goals and policies. Whenever you
are replacing any old message instead of the new one, you should clearly mention
about it and clear all the doubts.
 Keep a Routine check on the communication
7.
system: You should analyze the weaknesses in the communication system. All
the efforts should be made to know whether you should focus on the formal or
informal way to communicate. The situation needs to be analyzed to decide on the
appropriate way of communication and whether audience loves to talk informally or
in a formal way.
 8. Make accurate use of the body language: During the
process of communication make sure you make the most appropriate use of
your body language, Avoid showing too much of emotions as the receiver might
misapprehend the message. Try to always keep a smiling face while talking and
make eye to eye contact with the listener but make sure not to keep your eyes gazed
at the person for more than five seconds and avoid too much of fluttering of eyes
which indicate you are not confident. Sit in an upright position and feel relaxed.
 9. Avoid overloading too much of information: People
would get bored if they are bombarded with the unnecessary and too much of
information. So try to deliver the parts which are useful and informative and of value
to the listener in a most simple and straight forward way. There should not be any
confusion left in the mind of the listener.

 Reduce the level of noise as far as possible: Always

make sure to speak and interact with someone where there is no noise and least
disturbance. Find the source of noise, remove it and then start conversing.

 11. Communication chain should be short: You should avoid

using the mediocre or send the message through the third person unless it is very
urgent. Try to directly communicate with the person concerned. The risk of
distortion of the facts gets more if message is passed through the third party and
just imagine if there are more people in between the sender and receiver the
chances of filtering of the messages is doubled.
 12. Keep your Anger in Control: Do not be aggressive or show your
anger if you do not agree with any point of view or anything that is going against
your ideology. State your thoughts politely with facts if you have and reflect
positivity in your talk and nature.
 SELF LEARNING MODULE 1 CHAPTER 4

7 C’S

OR PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION

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INTRODUCTION
The message is said to be effective when the
receiver understands the same meaning that the sender
was intended to convey. For any communication in
business, in order to be effective, it must have seven
qualities. These seven attributes are called seven C’s of
effective business communication. (All these attribute
starts with the alphabet ‘C’ so are called 7 C’s)

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SEVEN C’S ARE….

 Clarity.

 Conciseness.

 Concreteness.

 Correctness.

 Coherent.

 Completeness.

 Courteous.
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CLARITY
 When writing or speaking to someone, be clear
about your goal or message.
 What is your purpose in communicating with this
person? If you're not sure, then your audience
won't be sure either.
 To be clear, try to minimize the number of ideas
in each sentence.
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 Make sure that it's easy for your reader to understand your
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BAD EXAMPLE
Hi John,
I wanted to write you a quick note about Daniel, who's
working in your department. He's a great asset, and
I'd like to talk to you more about him when you have
time.
Best,

Skip
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GOOD EXAMPLE
Hi John,
I wanted to write you a quick note about Daniel Kadar, who's
working in your department. In recent weeks, he's helped the IT
department through several pressing deadlines on his own
time.
We've got a tough upgrade project due to run over the next three
months, and his knowledge and skills would prove invaluable.
Could we please have his help with this work?
I'd appreciate speaking with you about this. When is it best to call
you to discuss this further?
Best wishes,
Skip
This second message is much clearer, because the
reader has the information he needs to take action. 6

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CONCISENESS
When you're concise in your
communication, you stick to the point and keep
it brief. Your audience doesn't want to read six
sentences when you could communicate your
message in three.

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BAD EXAMPLE
Hi Matt,
I wanted to touch base with you about the email marketing
campaign we kind of sketched out last Thursday. I really think
that our target market is def in itely going to want to see the
company's philanthropic efforts. I think that could make a big
impact, and it would stay in their minds longer than a sales pitch.
For instance, if we talk about the company's efforts to become
sustainable, as well as the charity work we're doing in local
schools, then the people that we want to attract are going to
remember our message longer. The impact will just be greater.
What do you think?
Jessica
This email is too long! There's repetition, and there's plenty
of "filler" taking up space.
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GOOD EXAMPLE
Watch what happens when we're concise and take out the
filler words:
Hi Matt,
I wanted to quickly discuss the email marketing campaign that we
analyzed last Thursday. Our target market will want to know about
the company's philanthropic efforts, especially our goals to
become sustainable and help local schools.
This would make a far greater impact, and it would stay in their
minds longer than a traditional sales pitch.
What do you think? Jessica 9

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CONCRETENESS
When your message is concrete, then your audience
has a clear picture of what you're telling them. There are
details (but not too many!) and vivid facts, f ig ures,
evidence, reference and there's laser-like focus. Your
message is solid.

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BAD EXAMPLE
Consider this advertising copy:
The Lunchbox Wizard will save you time every day.

A statement like this probably won't sell many of

these products. There's no passion, no vivid detail,
nothing that creates emotion, and nothing that tells
people in the audience why they should care. This
message isn't concrete enough to make a difference.

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GOOD EXAMPLE
How much time do you spend every day packing your kids'
lunches? No more! Just take a complete Lunchbox Wizard
from your refrigerator each day to give your kids a healthy
lunch and have more time to play or read with them!
This copy is better because there are vivid images. The
audience can picture spending quality time with their kids –
and what parent could argue with that? And mentioning that
the product is stored in the refrigerator explains how the idea
is practical. The message has come alive through these
details. 12

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CORRECTNESS
When your communication is correct, it f its your
audience. And correct communication is also error-
free communication. It connects with the reliability of
the communicator.

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BAD EXAMPLE
Hi Daniel,
Thanks so much for meeting me at lunch today! I enjoyed
our conservation, and I'm looking forward to moving
ahead on our project. I'm sure that the two-weak
deadline won't be an issue.
Thanks again, and I'll speak to you soon!

Best,
Jack Miller 14

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 If you read that example fast, then you might not have
caught any errors. But on closer inspection, you'll f ind
two.
 The f ir st error is that the writer accidentally typed
conservation instead of conversation. This common
error can happen when you're typing too fast.
 The other error is using weak instead of week.
 Again, spell checkers won't catch word errors like this,
which is why it's so important to proofread everything!
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COHERENT
When your communication is coherent, it's logical.
All points are connected and relevant to the main topic,
and the tone and flow of the text is consistent.

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BAD EXAMPLE
Traci,
I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you finished
last week. I gave it to Michelle to proof, and she wanted to
make sure you knew about the department meeting we're
having this Friday. We'll be creating an outline for the new
employee handbook.
Thanks,
Michelle
As you can see, this email doesn't communicate its
point very well. Where is Michelle's feedback on Traci's
report? She started to mention it, but then she changed the
topic to Friday's meeting.
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GOOD EXAMPLE
Hi Traci,
I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you f inished
last week. I gave it to Michelle to proof, and she let me know
that there are a few changes that you'll need to make. She'll
email you her detailed comments later this afternoon.
Thanks,
Michelle
Notice that in the good example, Michelle does not
mention Friday's meeting. This is because the meeting
reminder should be an entirely separate email. This way, Traci
can delete the report feedback email after she makes her
changes, but save the email about the meeting as her
reminder to attend. Each email has only one main topic.
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COMPLETENESS
In a complete message, the audience has
e v e rything the y ne e d to be info rme d and , if
applicable, take action.

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BAD EXAMPLE
Hi everyone,

I just wanted to send you all a reminder about the

meeting we're having tomorrow!

See you then,

Chris
This message is not complete, for obvious
reasons. What meeting? When is it? Where? Chris has
left his team without the necessary information.
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GOOD EXAMPLE
Hi everyone,
I just wanted to remind you about tomorrow's
meeting on the new telecommuting policies. The
meeting will be at 10:00 a.m. in the second-level
conference room. Please let me know if you can't
attend.

See you then,

Chris 21

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COURTEOUS
Courteous communication is friendly, open, and
honest. There are no hidden insults or passive-
aggressive tones. You keep your reader's viewpoint in
mind, and you're empathetic to their needs.

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BAD EXAMPLE
Jeff,
I wanted to let you know that I don't appreciate how your team
always monopolizes the discussion at our weekly meetings. I
have a lot of projects, and I really need time to get my team's
progress discussed as well. So far, thanks to your department, I
haven't been able to do that. Can you make sure they make time
for me and my team next week?
Thanks,
Phil
Well, that's hardly courteous! Messages like this can
potentially start of fic e-wide f ights. And this email does nothing
but create bad feelings, and lower productivity and morale. A
little bit of courtesy, even in difficult situations, can go a long way.
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GOOD EXAMPLE
Hi Jeff,
I wanted to write you a quick note to ask a favor. During our
w eekly meetings, yo ur team do es an exc ellent jo b o f
highlighting their progress. But this uses some of the time
available for my team to highlight theirs. I'd really appreciate it
if you could give my team a little extra time each week to fully
cover their progress reports.
Thanks so much, and please let me know if there's anything I
can do for you!
Best,
Phil
What a difference! This email is courteous and friendly,
and it has little chance of spreading bad feelings around the
office. 24

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FEW VARIATIONS OF 7 C’S

 Credible– Does your message improve or highlight your
c r e d i bi l i t y ? Thi s i s e spe c i a l l y i m po r t a nt w he n
communicating with an audience that doesn't know
much about you.

 Creative – Does your message communicate creatively?

Creative communication helps keep your audience
engaged.
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KEY LEARNINGS
 All of us communicate every day. The better we
communicate, the more credibility we'll have with our
clients, our boss, and our colleagues.
 Use the 7 Cs of Communication as a checklist for all
of your communication. By doing this, you'll stay clear,
concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, and
courteous.

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Importance and Role of
Communication

1. Basis of Decision-Making and Planning:

Communication is essential for decision-making and planning. It enables the
management to secure information without which it may not be possible to take any
decision. The quality of managerial decisions depends upon the quality of
communication. Further, the decisions and plans of the management need to be
communicated to the subordinates. Without effective communication, it may not be
possible to issue instructions to others. Effective communication helps in proper
implementation of plans and policies of the management.

2. Smooth and Efficient Working of an Organisation:

In the words of George R. Terry, “It serves as the lubricant, fostering for the smooth
operations of management process.” Communication makes possible the smooth and
efficient working of an enterprise. It is only through communication that the
management changes and regulates the actions of the subordinates in the desired
direction.

3. Facilitates Co-Ordination:
Management is the art of getting things done through others and this objective of
management cannot be achieved unless there is unity of purpose and harmony of effort.
Communication through exchange of ideas and information helps to bring about unity
of action in the pursuit of common purpose. It binds the people together and facilitates
co-ordination.

4. Increases Managerial Efficiency:

Effective communication increases managerial efficiency. It is rightly said that nothing
happens in management until communication takes place. The efficiency of manager
depends upon his ability to communicate effectively with the members of his
organisation. It is only through communication that management conveys its goals and
desires, issues instructions and orders, allocates jobs and responsibility and evaluates
performance of subordinates.

5. Promotes Co-operation and Industrial Peace:

Effective communication creates mutual understanding and trust among the members
of the organisation. It promotes co-operation between the employer and the employees.
Without communication, there cannot be sound industrial relations and industrial peace.
It is only through communication that workers can put in their grievances, problems and
suggestions to the management.
6. Helps in Establishing Effective Leadership:
Communication is the basis of effective leadership. There cannot be any leadership
action without the effective communication between the leader and the led.
Communication is absolutely necessary for maintaining man to man relationship in
leadership. It brings the manager (leader) and the subordinates (led) in close contact
with each other and helps in establishing effective leadership.

7. Motivation and Morale:

Communication is the means by which the behaviour of the subordinates is modified
and change is effected in their actions. Through communication workers are motivated
to achieve the goals of the enterprise and their morale is boosted. Although motivation
comes from within yet the manager can also motivate people by effective
communication, e.g., proper drafting of message, proper timing of communication and
the way of communication, etc.

8. Increases Managerial Capacity:

Effective communication increases managerial capacity too. A manager is a human
being and has limitations as to time and energy that he can devote to his activities. He
has to assign duties and responsibilities to his subordinates. Through communication, a
manager can effectively delegate his authority and responsibility to others and thus,
increases his managerial capacity.

9. Effective Control:
Managerial function of control implies the measurement of actual performance,
comparing it with standards set by plans and taking corrective actions of deviations, if
any, to ensure attainment of enterprise objectives according to preconceived and
planned acts. Communication acts as a tool of effective control. The plans have to be
communicated to the subordinates, the actual performance has to be measured and
communicated to the top management and a corrective action has to be taken or
communicated so as to achieve the desired goals. All this may not be possible without
an efficient system of communication.

10. Job Satisfaction:

Effective communication creates job satisfaction among employees as it increases
mutual trust and confidence between management and the employees. The gap
between management and the employees is reduced through the efficient means of
communication and a sense of belongingness is created among employees. They work
with zeal and enthusiasm.

11. Democratic Management:

Communication is also essential for democratic management. It helps to achieve
workers participation in management by involving workers in the process of decision-
making. In the absence of an efficient system of communication, there cannot be any
delegation and decentralization of authority.
 12. Increases Productivity and Reduces Cost:
Effective communication saves time and effort. It increases productivity and reduces
cost. Large- scale production involves a large number of people in the organisation.
Without communication, it may not be possible to work together in a group and achieve
the benefits of large-scale production.

13. Public Relations:

In the present business world, every business enterprise has to create and maintain a
good corporate image in the society. It is only through communication that
management can present a good corporate image to the outside world. Effective
communication helps management in maintaining good relations with workers,
customers, suppliers, shareholders, government and community at large.

5 Keys to Effective Communication

 Choose your words wisely.
 Listen to what others say.
 Consider your tone, inflection and body language.
 Write less, say more.
 Know when to stop!
 TYPES AND LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
Types & Levels of Communication

We communicate with one another on many different levels.

Because we do not have direct access to the thoughts and feelings of other people, we must rely on
communication to convey messages to one another. There is more to communication than simply using
language to speak to one another. Communication exists on a number of levels and in a variety of forms.

Verbal Communication
Verbal communication refers to the use of symbols in the form of spoken words to transmit messages.
Verbal communication is complicated by the fact that language is arbitrary, meaning that words change
over time; ambiguous, meaning that many words lack clear-cut meanings; and abstract, meaning that
words are not the phenomena to which they refer. Thus, miscommunication occurs when the meaning
we attach to a word changes with time, when a word lacks a clear-cut, precise meaning or when words
are used that are too general. For example, the word "love" is a very imprecise term; one person's
definition of love may differ substantially from another person's.

Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication refers to the use of symbols
other than words to transmit messages. It includes
gestures, body language, how we utter words, aspects
of our environment that influence meaning and objects
such as jewelry, furniture and clothing that send people
messages about ourselves. Research suggests that nonverbal communication
constitutes anywhere between 65 and 93 percent of all human communication. Just like words,
nonverbal symbols are ambiguous. What is a polite gesture to one person may be considered rude by
another person. Certain forms of nonverbal communication may also have different meanings in
different cultures. For example, direct eye contact is appropriate in U.S. society but considered
disrespectful in many Asian countries.

Intrapersonal Communication-
Intrapersonal communication is also known as self-talk or
thinking, and refers to the ways we communicate with
ourselves. We use intrapersonal communication to plan our
lives, rehearse scenarios before we act them out, and tell
ourselves what to do or not do. The way we communicate with ourselves greatly
affects our self-esteem. A person who tells himself, "I'm so stupid" when he fails an exam will likely have
poorer self-esteem than someone who thinks, "I did really well on the previous four exams. I must have
just been having an off day, and I'll do better next time."

Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the communication we have with other
people. This type of communication varies from highly impersonal to
extremely personal. The degree to which we communicate, or fail to communicate, with others
influences how our relationships with them develop, continue or come to an end.
Public Communication
Public communication refers to public speeches that we deliver in front
of audiences. Public communication serves three main purposes: to
entertain, to persuade and/or to inform. It is different from other forms of interaction in
that it requires greater levels of planning and preparation on the part of the speaker and involves less
direct interaction. Audience members still interact with the speaker via mostly nonverbal symbols, but
there is a lesser degree of give and take than there is in one-on-one conversations.

Mass Communication
Mass communication refers to any type of media that is used to
communicate with mass audiences. Examples of mass media include
books, television, radios, films, computer technologies, magazines and
newspapers. Although mass communication does include certain computer technologies, it does
not include technologies like email that are used to communicate one-on-one with someone. Mass
communication is responsible for giving us views of events, issues and people from cultures that differ
from ours. It enables us to learn what is going on in distant places in the world and lets us learn the
viewpoints of people and cultures with whom we do not have direct contact.

The levels of communication are the following.. 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language

use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal
involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her
own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an ongoing internal process. It can be
useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which
contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. Although successful communication is generally
defined as being between two or more individuals, issues concerning the useful nature of
communicating with oneself and problems concerning communication with non-sentient entities such
as computers have made some argue that this definition is too narrow. In Communication: The Social
Matrix of Psychiatry, Jurgen Ruesch and Gregory Bateson argue that intrapersonal communication is
indeed a special case of interpersonal communication, as "dialogue is the foundation for all
discourse." Intrapersonal communication can encompass:
Day-dreaming
Nocturnal dreaming, including and especially lucid dreaming
Speaking aloud (talking to oneself), reading aloud, repeating what one hears; the additional activities of
speaking and hearing (in the third case of hearing again) what one thinks, reads or hears may increase
concentration and retention. This is considered normal, and the extent to which it occurs varies from
person to person. The time when there should be concern is when talking to oneself occurs outside of
socially acceptable situations.[1]
Writing (by hand, or with a wordprocessor, etc.) one's thoughts or observations: the additional activities,
on top of thinking, of writing and reading back may again increase self-understanding ("How do I know
what I mean until I see what I say?") and concentration. It aids ordering one's thoughts; in addition it
produces a record that can be used later again. Copying text to aid memorizing also falls in this category.
Making gestures while thinking: the additional activity, on top of thinking, of body motions, may again
increase concentration, assist in problem solving, and assist memory.
Sense-making (see Karl Weick) e.g. interpreting maps, texts, signs, and symbols
Interpreting non-verbal communication (see Albert Mehrabian) e.g. gestures, eye contact
Communication between body parts; e.g. "My stomach is telling me it's time for lunch."

2.) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication is defined by communication

scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one
another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the
message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main
categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels are those that are obvious
and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this
category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication. Verbal communication channels are
those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-
verbal communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial
expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an
intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc.). Indirect channels
are those channels that are usually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not
under direct control of the sender. This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner
emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms
as "gut feeling", "hunches" or "premonitions". Channels means mode of communicating the
messages. Participants is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context refers to the
interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as: physical Milieu

Balance of interpersonal communication

The Johari window model focuses on the balance of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal
communication encompasses:
Speech communication
Nonverbal communication
Unconscious communication
summarizing
paraphrasing
listening
questioning
Initiating: Declaring one's conversational intent and inviting consent from one's prospective conversation
partner
Turn-taking: Managing the flow of information back and forth between partners in a conversation by
alternating roles of speaker and listener
 Having good interpersonal communication skills support such processes as:
parenting
intimate relationship
management
selling
counseling
coaching
mentoring and co-mentoring, which is mentoring in groups
conflict management
Interpersonal communication is the subject of a number of disciplines in the field of psychology, notably
Transactional analysis. 3.) GROUP COMMUNICATION- refers to the nature of communication that
occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals. Small group communication generally takes
place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4.)
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studios use it to
promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates
use it to promote social causes. It's a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information,
strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the right
audience in creative and innovative ways.
Communication
Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through
speech, signals, writing, or behavior. In communication process, asender(encoder) encodes a message
and then using a medium/channel sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message and
after processing information, sends back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.
Types of Communication
People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the message and its
context in which it is being sent. Choice of communication channel and your style of communicating
also affects communication. So, there are variety of types of communication.
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication refers to the the form of communication in which message is transmitted
verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every
communication is to have people understand what we are trying to convey. In verbal communication
remember the acronym KISS(keep it short and simple).
When we talk to others, we assume that others understand what we are saying because we know what
we are saying. But this is not the case. usually people bring their own attitude, perception, emotions and
thoughts about the topic and hence creates barrier in delivering the right meaning.
So in order to deliver the right message, you must put yourself on the other side of the table and think
from your receiver’s point of view. Would he understand the message? howit would sound on the other
side of the table?
Verbal Communication is further divided into:
Oral Communication
Written Communication
Oral Communication
In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech,
telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication,
communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.
Advantages of Oral communication are: It brings quick feedback. In a face-to-face conversation, by
reading facial expression and body language one can guess whether he/she should trust what’s being
said or not.
Disadvantage of oral communication In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to deeply think about
what he is delivering, so this can be counted as a
Written Communication
In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message may
be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report,
memo etc. Message, in written communication, is influenced by the vocabulary & grammar used, writing
style, precision and clarity of the language used.
Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in business. So, it is
considered core among business skills.
Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail are the types of
written communication used for internal communication. For communicating with external environment
in writing, electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes, postcards, contracts,
advertisements, brochures, and news releases are used.
Advantages of written communication includes: Messages can be edited and revised many time before
it is actually sent. Written communication provide record for every message sent and can be saved for
later study. A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages of written communication includes: Unlike oral communication, Written communication
doesn’t bring instant feedback. It take more time in composing a written message as compared to word-
of-mouth. and number of people struggles for writing ability.
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can say that
communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or
facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all about the body
language of speaker.
Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal signals
reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes nonverbal response
contradicts verbal communication and hence affect the effectiveness of message.
Nonverbal communication have the following three elements:
Appearance Speaker: clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics Surrounding: room size, lighting,
decorations, furnishings
Body Language facial expressions, gestures, postures
Sounds Voice Tone, Volume, Speech rate
Types of Communication Based on Purpose and Style
Based on style and purpose, there are two main categories of communication and they both bears their
own characteristics. Communication types based on style and purpose are:
Formal Communication
Informal Communication
Formal Communication
In formal communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are
followed while communicating message. Formal communication occurs
in formal and official style. Usually professional settings, corporate
meetings, conferences undergoes in formal pattern.
In formal communication, use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is
required. Authority lines are needed to be followed in formal communication.
Informal Communication
Informal communication is done using channels that are in contrast with
formal communication channels. It’s just a casual talk. It is established
for societal affiliations of members in an organization and face-to-face
discussions. It happens among friends and family. In informal
communication use of slang words, foul language is not
restricted. Usually. informal communication is done orally and using gestures.
Informal communication, Unlike formal communication, doesn’t follow authority lines. In an organization,
it helps in finding out staff grievances as people express more when talking informally. Informal
communication helps in building relationships.
Communication (from Latin "communis", meaning to share) is the activity of conveying information
through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or
behavior.
Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present
or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can
occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties
share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the
receiver has understood the message of the sender.
Human communication
Human spoken and pictoral languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as
lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also
refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during
human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for
symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages seem to share certain
properties although many of these include exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and
a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical
formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication
is the flow or exchange of information within people or group of people.
A variety of verbal and non-verbal means of communicating exists such as body language, eye contact,
sign language, haptic communication, chronemics, and media such as pictures, graphics, sound, and
writing.
Manipulative Communications was studied and reported by Bryenton in 2011. These are intentional and
unintentional ways of manipulating words, gestures, etc. to "get what we want", by demeaning,
discounting, attacking or ignoring instead of respectful interaction. Sarcasm, criticism, rudeness and
swearing are examples.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also defines the communication to include the
display of text, Braille, tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia, as well as written and
plain language, human-reader, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of
communication, including accessible information and communication technology.
Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word
messages. Research shows that the majority of our communication is non verbal, also known as body
language. In fact, 63-93% of communication is non-verbal.[citation needed] Some of non verbal
communication includes chronemics, haptics, gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and
eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles, architecture, symbols infographics, and
tone of voice as well as through an aggregate of the above.
Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice lesson quality,
emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise,
written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and
the use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.
Oral communication
Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, can also employ visual
aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of meaning. Oral communication includes
speeches, presentations, discussions, and aspects of interpersonal communication. As a type of face-to
-face communication, body language and choice tonality play a significant role, and may have a greater
impact upon the listener than informational content. This type of communication also garners
immediate feedback.
Business communication
A business can flourish when all objectives of the organization are achieved effectively. For efficiency in
an organization, all the people of the organization must be able to convey their message
properly.[citation needed]
Written communication and its historical development
Over time the forms of and ideas about communication have evolved through the continuing
progression of technology. Advances include communications psychology and media psychology; an
emerging field of study. Researchers divide the progression of written communication into three
revolutionary stages called "Information Communication Revolutions".[citation needed] During the first
stage, written communication first emerged through the use of pictographs. The pictograms were made
in stone, hence written communication was not yet mobile.
During the second stage, writing began to appear on paper, papyrus, clay, wax, etc. Common The third
stage is characterised by the transfer of information through controlled waves and electronic signals.
Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create
shared understanding. This process, which requires a vast repertoire of skills in interpersonal processing,
listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables collaboration and
cooperation.
Misunderstandings can be anticipated and solved through formulations, questions and answers,
paraphrasing, examples, and stories of strategic talk. Written communication can be clarified by
planning follow-up talks on critical written communication as part of the every-day way of doing
business. A few minutes spent talking in the present will save valuable time later by avoiding
misunderstandings in advance. A frequent method for this purpose is reiterating what one heard in one's
own words and asking the other person if that really was what was meant.
Effective Communication
Effective communication occurs when a desired effect is the result of intentional or unintentional
information sharing, which is interpreted between multiple entities and acted on in a desired way. This
effect also ensures the message is not distorted during the communication process. Effective
communication should generate the desired effect and maintain the effect, with the potential to increase
the effect of the message. Therefore, effective communication serves the purpose for which it was
planned or designed. Possible purposes might be to elicit change, generate action, create understanding,
inform or communicate a certain idea or point of view. When the desired effect is not achieved, factors
such as barriers to communication are explored, with the intention being to discover how the
communication has been ineffective.

Barriers to effective human communication

Barriers to effective communication can retard or distort the message and intention of the message
being conveyed which may result in failure of the communication process or an effect that is
undesirable. These include filtering, selective perception, information overload, emotions, language,
silence, communication apprehension, gender differences and political correctness
This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate" communication, which occurs when a
person uses ambiguous or complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a situation or
environment that is not understood by the recipient.

Physical barriers

Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment. An example of this is the natural barrier
which exists if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites. Likewise, poor or outdated
equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause
problems. Staff shortages are another factor which frequently causes communication difficulties for an
organization. Whilst distractions like background noise, poor lighting or an environment which is too hot
or cold can all affect people's morale and concentration, which in turn interfere with effective
communication.
Systematic design
System design faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organization.
Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to
know who to communicate with. Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information
systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can
lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them.
Attitudinal barriers
Attitudinal barriers come about as a result of problems with staff in an organization. These may be
brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees,
personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal
attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work,
brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks, or just resistance to
change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas.
Ambiguity of words/phrases
Words sounding the same but having different meaning can convey a different meaning altogether.
Hence the communicator must ensure that the receiver receives the same meaning. It is better if such
words are avoided by using alternatives whenever possible.
Individual linguistic ability
The use of jargon, difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent the recipients from
understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion.
However, research in communication has shown that confusion can lend legitimacy to research when
persuasion fails.
Physiological barriers
These may result from individuals' personal discomfort, caused—for example—by ill health, poor
eyesight or hearing difficulties.
Presentation of information
Presentation of information is important to aid understanding. Simply put, the communicator must
consider the audience before making the presentation itself and in cases where it is not possible the
presenter can at least try to simplify his/her vocabulary so that the majority can understand.
Nonhuman communication
Every information exchange between living organisms — i.e. transmission of signals that involve a living
sender and receiver can be considered a form of communication; and even primitive creatures such as
corals are competent to communicate. Nonhuman communication also include cell signaling, cellular
communication, and chemical transmissions between primitive organisms like bacteria and within the
plant and fungal kingdoms.
Animal communication
The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal
communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior
of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoosemiotics (distinguishable
from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the
development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and
indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st
century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic
name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be
well understood, has been revolutionized.
Plants and fungi
Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells,
between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially
in the root zone. Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizome bacteria, with fungi and with insects
in the soil. These parallel sign-mediated interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic
rules, and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of
the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of
the intraorganismic plant communication processes are neuronal-like. Plants also communicate via
volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they
produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can
overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-
grandparents.[citation needed]
Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of
mycelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as
with nonfungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular
eukaryotes, plants and insects through semiochemicals of biotic origin. The semiochemicals trigger the
fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of
biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms
can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being
irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate
different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral
coordination and production of signalling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that
enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, abiotic indicator, biotic message from similar,
related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.
Bacteria quorum sensing
Communication is not a tool used only by humans, plants and animals, but it is also used by
microorganisms like bacteria. The process is called quorum sensing. Through quorum sensing, bacteria
are able to sense the density of cells, and regulate gene expression accordingly. This can be seen in
both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. This was first observed by Fuqua et al. in marine
microorganisms like V. harveyi and V. fischeri.
Communication cycle
Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication
Communication major dimensions scheme
Communication code scheme
Linear Communication Model
 Interactional Model of Communication
Berlo's Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of Communication
Transactional Model of Communication
The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for
Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and
telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and
receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone
itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and
Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone
conversation, which they deemed noise.
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication,
information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language)
from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of
communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The
strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Social scientists Claude Shannon
and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:
An information source, which produces a message.
A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission
A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal.
A destination, where the message arrives.
Shannon and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication within this
theory.
The technical problem: how accurately can the message be transmitted?
The semantic problem: how precisely is the meaning 'conveyed'?
The effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received meaning affect behavior?
Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating:
It assumes communicators are isolated individuals.
No allowance for differing purposes.
No allowance for differing interpretations.
No allowance for unequal power relations.
No allowance for situational contexts.
In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver's (1949) linear model of communication and
created the SMCR Model of Communication. The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of
communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are
communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through
which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954)
also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired)
on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and
experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of
the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating.
Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The
target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of
semiotic rules:
Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and
Semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).
Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common
set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rule in some sense
ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk, both
secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within
social interactions.
In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (2008) proposed a transactional model of communication. The
basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously
engaging in the sending and receiving of messages.
In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of
communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an
individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted.
Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to
another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of
communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters
may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended
meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel
(air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not
achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the
processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that
functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical.
Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model,
which creates many conceptual difficulties.
Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather
than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that
people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer
different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous
example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with
very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible
the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military
campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction
of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media
they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).
Communication noise
In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel
by an encoder. There are many examples of noise:
Environmental noise
Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to loud speakers at a party, or the
noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it difficult to hear the professor.
Physiological-impairment noise
Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness
preventing messages from being received as they were intended.
Semantic noise
Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the word "weed" can be
interpreted as an undesirable plant in a yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana.
Syntactical noise
Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a
sentence.
Organizational noise
Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example,
unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost.
Cultural noise
Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-
Christian person by wishing them a "Merry Christmas".
Psychological noise
Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may
cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as Autism may also severely
hamper effective communication.
Design and Organization of the Communication Matrix
Seven Levels of Communication
Level I. Pre-Intentional Behavior
Level II. Intentional Behavior
Level III. Unconventional Communication
Level IV. Conventional Communication
Level V. Concrete Symbols
Level VI. Abstract Symbols
Level VII. Language
Level I. Pre-Intentional Behavior
 Behavior is not under the individual's own control, but it reflects his general state (such as comfortable,
uncomfortable, hungry or sleepy). Caregivers interpret the individual's state from behaviors such as body
movements, facial expressions and sounds. In typically developing children, this stage occurs between 0
and 3 months of age.
Level II. Intentional Behavior Behavior is under the individual's control, but it is not yet used to
communicate intentionally. Caregivers interpret the individual's needs and desires from behaviors such
as body movements, facial expressions, vocalizations and eye gaze. In typically developing children, this
stage occurs between 3 and 8 months of age.
Level III. Unconventional Communication
INTENTIONAL COMMUNICATION BEGINS HERE, AT LEVEL III
Unconventional pre-symbolic behaviors are used intentionally to communicate. Communicative
behaviors are pre-symbolic because they do not involve any sort of symbol; they are unconventional
because they are not socially acceptable for us to use as we grow older. Communicative behaviors
include body movements, vocalizations, facial expressions and simple gestures (such as tugging on
people). In typically developing children, this stage occurs between 6 and 12 months of age.
Level IV. Conventional Communication Conventional pre-symbolic behaviors are used intentionally to
communicate. Communicative behaviors are pre-symbolic because they do not involve any sort of
symbol; they are conventional because they are socially acceptable and we continue to use them to
accompany our language as we mature. The meanings of some gestures may be unique to the culture in
which they are used. Communicative behaviors include pointing, nodding or shaking the head, waving,
hugging, and looking from a person to a desired object. Note that many of these gestures (and
especially pointing) require good visual skills and may not be useful for individuals with severe vision
impairment. Some vocal intonations may also be used at this stage. In typically developing children, this
stage occurs between 12 and 18 months of age.
Level V. Concrete Symbols
SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION STARTS HERE, AT LEVEL V (symbols represent, or stand for, something
else)
Concrete symbols that physically resemble what they represent, are used to communicate. Concrete
symbols look like, feel like, move like or sound like what they represent. Concrete symbols include
pictures, objects (such as a shoelace to represent shoe), iconic gestures (such as patting a chair to say
sit down) and sounds (such as making a buzzing sound to mean bee). Most individuals skip this stage
and go directly to Level VI. For some individuals concrete symbols may be the only type of symbol that
makes sense to them; for others they may serve as a bridge to using abstract symbols. Typically
developing children use concrete symbols in conjunction with gestures and words, generally between 12
and 24 months of age, but not as a separate stage.
Level VI. Abstract Symbols Abstract symbols such as speech, manual signs, Brailled or printed words
are used to communicate. These symbols are abstract because they are NOT physically similar to what
they represent. They are used one at a time. In typically developing children, this stage occurs between
12 and 24 months of age.
Level VII. Language Symbols (concrete or abstract) are combined into two- or three-symbol
combinations ('want juice', 'me go out'), according to grammatical rules. The individual understands that
the meaning of symbol combinations may differ depending upon how the symbols are ordered. In
typically developing children, this stage begins around 24 months of age.
Different Types of Communication Systems
A thought kept in the brain is of no use unless and until it is shared with other individuals and rest of the
world. The idea, no matter however brilliant it is, must come out for its successful implementation for it
to benefit one and all. It is the prime responsibility of the individual to share his thoughts and ideas with
others.
How is it possible? How can one share his ideas and thoughts?
The communication system enables the successful transmission of idea or any other important
information among individuals. The person from whom the thought originates carefully encodes his
ideas into a sensible content which is now ready to be shared with everyone. He is commonly referred to
as the sender and the other party who receives the information from him is called the receiver or the
recipient. The free flow of information between the sender and the receiver takes place because of the
communication system.
The flow of information can be between two individuals. The information can flow from the individual to
a machine, from the machine to the individual and even between two machines. Machines coupled
together through networks also provide signals for the individuals to respond, thus a type of
communication system. In the above cases all the machines must work on similar lines and patterns,
must be technically compatible and has to provide the same information, so that the individuals can
decode the information well.
Let us study the various types of communication system for the smooth flow of information between
two parties.
Optical Communication System
The word “Optical” stands for light. As the name itself suggests, optical communication system depends
on light as the medium for communication. In an optical communication system the transmitter
converts the information into an optical signal (signal in the form of light) and finally the signal then
reaches the recipient. The recipient then decodes the signal and responds accordingly. In optical
communication system, light helps in the transmission of information. The safe landing of helicopters
and aeroplanes work on the above principle. The pilots receive light signals from the base and decide
their next movements. On the roads, red light communicates the individual to immediately stop while the
individual moves on seeing the green light.
In this mode of communication light travels through the optical fibre.
Radio Communication System
In the radio communication system the information flows with the help of a radio. Radio communication
system works with the aid of a transmitter and a receiver both equipped with an antenna.
The transmitter with the help of an antenna produces signals which are carried through radio carrier
wave. The receiver also with the help of an antenna receives the signal. Some information is unwanted
and must be discarded and hence the electronic filters help in the separation of radio signals from other
unwanted signals which are further amplified to an optimum level Finally the signals are decoded in an
information which can be easily understood by the individuals for them to respond accordingly.
Duplex communications system
In Duplex communications system two equipments can communicate with each other in both the
directions simultaneously and hence the name Duplex. When you interact with your friend over the
telephone, both of you can listen to each other at the same time. The sender sends the signals to the
receiver who receives it then and there and also give his valuable feedback to the speaker for him to
respond. Hence the communication actually takes place between the speaker and the receiver
simultaneously.
In the Duplex communication system, two devices can communicate with each other at the same time.
A type of communication system involves the sender and the receiver where the sender is in charge of
sending signals and the recipients only listen to it and respond accordingly. Such communication is also
called Simplex communication system.
Half Duplex Communication System
In half Duplex communication system, both the two parties can’t communicate simultaneously. The
sender has to stop sending the signals to the recipient and then only the recipient can respond.
A walkie talkie works on the half duplex communication system. The military personnel while interacting
has to say “Over” for the other person to respond. He needs to speak the security code correctly for the
other person to speak. The other party will never communicate unless and until the code is correct and
complete.
Tactical Communication System
Another mode of communication is the tactical mode of communication. In this mode of
communication, communication varies according to the changes in the environmental conditions and
other situations.
Group DISCUSSION
 Topics
• Definition of Group Discussion
• Group Discussion
• Prerequisites of a Group Discussion
• Benefits in Group Discussion
• Salient features
• Do’s and Don’ts in Group Discussion
• Important points in Group Discussion
• Accept criticism
• Suggestion
• Topics of importance frequently discussed
 Definition of Group Discussion
• Group Discussion is a modern method of
assessing students personality.
• It is both a technique and an art and a
comprehensive tool to judge the
worthiness of the candidate and his
appropriateness for the job.
 Group Discussion
• The term suggests a discussion among
a group of persons.
• The group will have 8 & 12 members who
will express their views freely, frankly in a
friendly manner, on a topic of current issue.
• Within a time limit of 20 to 30 minutes, the
abilities of the members of the group is
measured.
 Prerequisites of a Group Discussion
• Topics given by panelists
• Planning and preparation
• Knowledge with self-confidence
• Communication skills/ power of speech
• Presentation
• Body Language and personal appearance
• Being calm and cool
 Prerequisites of a Group Discussion
• Extensive knowledge base related to state,
country and globe.
• Areas are politics, sports, science &trade
commerce, Industry and Technology, MNC,
etc.
• Analyze the social, economical issues
logistically .
• Listening skills
• Co-operation.
 Benefits in Group discussion
• Stimulation of thinking in a new way.
• Expansion of knowledge
• Understanding of your strength and
weakness.
• Your true personality is revealed and
qualities of leadership crystallized.
 Benefits of group discussion
• provides chance to Expose
• Language skills
• Academic knowledge
• Leadership skills
• people handling skills
• Team work
• General knowledge.
 Salient features of G.D

• Topic may be given to judge your public

speaking talent.
• Discussion revolves around a specific
subject.
• The examiner does not interfere once he
announced the topic.
• Maintain cordiality and free expression
of thought and opinion.
 Do`s in group discussion
• Appropriate to the issue .
• Make original points & support them by
substantial reasoning.
• Listen to the other participants actively
&carefully.
• Whatever you say must be with a logical
flow & validate it with an example as far as
possible.
• Make only accurate statements.
 Do`s in group discussion

• Modulate the volume, pitch and tone.

• Be considerate to the feelings of the
others.
• Try to get your turn.
• Be an active and dynamic participant by
listening.
• Talk with confidence and self-
assurance.
 Don’ts during group
discussion
• Don’t be shy /nervous / keeping isolated from
G.D
• Don’t Interrupt another participant before his
arguments are over.
• Speak in favor. eg: Establish your position and
stand by it stubbornly
• Don’t Change your opinions
• Don’t make fun of any participant even if his
arguments are funny.
 Don`ts during group discussion

• Don’t engage yourself in sub-group

conversation.
• Don’t repeat and use irrelevant materials.
• Don’t Addressing yourself to the examiner.
• Don’t Worrying about making some
grammatical mistakes, for your interest the
matter you put across are important.
 Important points in group
discussion
• Be assertive: An assertive person is direct , honest
careful about not hurting others ‘self-respect’.
• A patient listener: listening to another person is
one way of showing appreciation.
• Right language : Words can make friends & right
words at the right time make the best results.
• Be analytical and fact-oriented : It is necessary to
make relevant points which can be supported with
facts and analyzed logically.
 Accept criticism

• If any member of the group criticizes or
disapproves a point, it is unwise to get upset
or react sharply.
• In case the criticism is flimsy,the same can be
pointed out politely.
• Maximize participation ; one must try to
contribute fully, vigorously & steadily
throughout the discussion.
• Show leadership ability: A group discussion
also evaluates your leadership qualities.
• Accept someone's point of view
• Praise the argument
Example: Remedial English communication is
necessary for college students because they
fail in communication skill test.
Status of literacy of women , is increased from
30% to 70% when compared to past years, in
employment sectors organized ,in the IT &
ITES field.
• Accept the contradicts view
• Express your argument with few facts, cases,
%,
Newspapers publications etc.
• Express without hurting others feelings.
• Suggestions
• Never try to bluff.

• Practice group discussion with friends on

different subjects.

• Remember !speech is a powerful weapon.

 Topics of Importance frequently
discussed
• Is India Shining
• Mobile phones / Internet – a boon or nuisance
• Students focusing on software industry-good or
bad
• Child marriage
• India 2022
• Daughters are more caring than sons
• Influence of western culture in Indian Universities
• Influence of computers in medical sciences
Thank you
 FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS -I
 Commercial Banking
Commercial banking is a big deal in the money world. It’s all about banks helping
businesses with their money stuff. They take care of things like accepting money from
businesses, giving out loans, and helping with transactions. Commercial banks also offer
services like checking accounts, savings accounts, and credit cards to businesses. They help
businesses manage their finances and keep track of their money. One important thing that
commercial banks do is lend money to business. Commercial banks also play a role in
facilitating transactions. They provide services like wire transfers, online banking, and
mobile banking, making it easier for businesses to send and receive money.Another
important aspect of commercial banking is keeping money safe. When businesses deposit
their money in a bank, they trust that it will be secure. Banks have security measures in
place to protect against fraud and theft, so businesses can have peace of mind knowing their
money is safe.Overall, commercial banking is all about helping businesses with their money
needs. Whether it’s accepting deposits, granting loans, or facilitating transactions,
commercial banks play a crucial role in supporting businesses and the economy as a whole.
 Classification
• Retail Banks
• Corporate Banks
• Investment Banks
• Community Banks
• Private Banks
• Central Banks
• Universal Banks
• Online Banks
 Role of financial Institution in-:

Commercial sector –
Financial institutions play a vital role in the commercial sector. They provide various
services that help businesses manage their finances and support their growth. For example,
financial institutions offer loans and credit facilities to businesses, allowing them to invest in
new projects, expand their operations, or purchase equipment. They also provide businesses
with tools for managing cash flow, such as business accounts, payment processing services,
and cash management solutions. Additionally, financial institutions offer advice and
expertise on financial matters, helping businesses make informed decisions and navigate
complex financial landscapes. Overall, financial institutions are essential partners for
businesses, providing the necessary financial resources and expertise to drive growth and
success in the commercial sector.
Consumer sector-

In the consumer sector, financial institutions play a crucial role in providing various services
that help individuals manage their money and achieve their financial goals. They offer
products like savings accounts, checking accounts, and credit cards, which allow consumers
to securely store and access their funds. Financial institutions also provide loans, such as
mortgages and personal loans, to help consumers make big purchases or cover unexpected
expenses. Additionally, they offer investment services, like mutual funds and retirement
accounts, to help individuals grow their wealth over time. Overall, financial institutions in
the consumer sector serve as trusted partners, offering a range of financial products and
services to meet the diverse needs of individuals and help them achieve financial well-being.
MUDRA financing
MUDRA financing stands for Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency financing. It
is a scheme by the Government of India to provide financial support to small and micro
enterprises. MUDRA financing offers loans to individuals, small businesses, and
entrepreneurs, especially those in the informal sector, who may not have access to traditional
banking services. It is a vital Indian government program that provides accessible and
affordable loans to small businesses. It offers loans under three categories, support skill
development, specially for women entrepreneurs and collaborate with financial institutions
to extend credit. By aiding the growth of small businesses MUDRA contributes in job
creation and poverty alleviation fastering inclusive economic development.
NPA’s
Non-performing assets (NPAs) are loans or advances that have stopped generating income
for the lender. They are typically classified as NPAs when the borrower fails to make
interest or principal payments for a certain period of time. NPAs can have a negative impact
on the financial health of banks and financial institutions. Efforts are made to recover the
outstanding dues, but sometimes it may result in write-offs or provisions by the lender. It is
important for financial institutions to manage and minimize NPAs to maintain a healthy loan
portfolio.
Bankruptcy and insolvency act
The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act is a federal law in Canada that governs bankruptcy and
insolvency proceedings. It provides a legal framework for individuals and businesses facing
financial difficulties to seek relief and restructure their debts. The act outlines the process for
filing for bankruptcy, the responsibilities of debtors and creditors, and the distribution of
assets. It also includes provisions for consumer proposals, which allow individuals to make
a formal arrangement with their creditors to repay a portion of their debts. The goal of the
act is to provide a fair and orderly process for resolving financial distress and giving
individuals and businesses a fresh start.
Financial inclusion
Financial inclusion refers to the accessibility and availability of financial services to all
individuals, regardless of their income level or location. It aims to provide access to banking
services, credit, insurance, and other financial products to underserved populations, such as
those in rural areas or with low incomes. Financial inclusion can empower individuals to
save, invest, and manage their finances, leading to economic growth and poverty reduction.
Initiatives like mobile banking, microfinance, and digital payment systems have played a
significant role in promoting financial inclusion globally.