History of Architecture Reviewer P3

Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P.
Luna, uap
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Ancient Chinese buildings traditionally stand on a

low stone platform. Timber columns support a
heavy tiled roof. The space between the supporting
columns is filled with thick outer walls or light lattice
screens. Their roofs were decorated with
ornamented crests and upturned corners and often
had colored tiles.
✓ A system of ritual called feng shui
influenced the design of a new building
✓ They use heavy tiles (pantiles) for their
roofs
✓ They use tou-kong, an elaborate system of
brackets on top of the posts to support the
heavy roofs
✓ A pagoda or ta’s is a many sided, multi
storey building with an odd number of
Diagram of corbel wood bracket supports ("Tou-
floors. Each storey has an ornamented ong") holding up a multi-inclined roof, from the
overhanging roof architectural treatise Yingzao Fashi (1103 AD)
✓ The first pagodas were wooden but most of

that survived are bricks
✓ The oldest existing pagoda is the Sung
Yueh Ssuhonan with 15 storey
✓ Emperors of China controlled vast
workforce and were able to build on a large
scale
✓ The Great Wall of China is a one grand
project of Emperor Shih Huang Ti to
protect his kingdom from Barbaric Tartars
Model of a Chinese Siheyuan in Beijing, which
✓ The Great Wall of china is the only shows off the symmetry, enclose heavy platform
structure seen from outer space. It and a large roof that floats over this base, with the
vertical walls not as well emphasized
stretches 1,500 miles from Kansu province
to east coast of Peking
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Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P. Luna, uap
✓ Qin dynasty marked the emergence of a

centralized government and the
construction of much of the Great Wall,
thus China as a sovereign was formalized
✓ Chinese houses were usually oriented on
the four cardinal points. Domestic spaces
are arranged around a common courtyard
✓ Pai-lou is the Chinese gateway made of
stone and wood
✓ The different parts of the Chinese Dwelling
are:
➢ Vestibule or Porter lodge on the street
➢ Audience Chamber and Family Room
➢ Kitchen and Servants Room
✓ Later Emperors (Ming Dynasty) built fine
A stone-carved pillar-gate, or que (闕), 6 m (20 ft)
capital cities like the Forbidden City, in total height, located at the tomb of Gao Yi in
Ya'an, Sichuan province, Eastern Han Dynasty (25-
Peking
220 AD); notice the stone-carved decorations of
✓ Forbidden City was the last and most roof tile eaves, despite the fact that Han Dynasty
stone que (part of the walled structures around
important of the imperial cities. The
tomb entrances) lacked wooden or ceramic
imperial court contained the emperor’s components (but often imitated wooden buildings
with ceramic roof tiles).
quarters, temples, workshops and military
barracks for the imperial army
✓ In Chinese architecture, the color of the
roof tile indicates the stature of the person
living in the building
➢ Yellow – Imperial Palace
➢ Red – House of the Mandarins
➢ Blue, Green, Purple – Common
Structures
Mortise and tenon work of tie beams and cross

beams, from Li Jie's building manual Yingzao
Fashi, printed in 1103
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Pai-lou (Chinese gateway)
The Nine Pinnacle Pagoda, built in the 8th century

during the Tang Dynasty
Great Wall of China
The Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595–605 during

the Sui Dynasty. It is the oldest fully stone open-
The Fogong Temple Pagoda, located in Ying spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world
county, Shanxi province, built in 1056 during the
Liao Dynasty, is the oldest existent fully wooden
pagoda in China
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The Great Red Gate at the Ming Tombs near

Beijing, built in the 15th century
The brick-constructed Giant Wild Goose Pagoda,

built by 652 and rebuilt in 704, during the Tang
Dynasty.
Hua Si Gongbei (the mausoleum of Ma Laichi) in

Linxia City, Gansu
The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD

during the Song Dynasty
Temple of Heaven
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The Forbidden City The Gate of Divine Might, the northern gate. The
lower tablet reads "The Palace Museum"
The Hall of Supreme Harmony The Palace of Heavenly Purity
Imperial roof decoration of highest status on the

roof ridge of the Hall of Supreme Harmony
The Hall of Central Harmony (foreground) and the

Hall of Preserving Harmony
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Plan of the Forbidden City
A. Meridian Gate H. Hall of Military Eminence

B. Gate of Divine Might J. Hall of Literary Glory
C. West Glorious Gate K. Southern Three Places
D. East Glorious Gate L. Palace of Heavenly Purity
E. Corner towers M. Imperial garden
F. Gate of Supreme Harmony N. Hall of Mental Cultivation
G. Hall of Supreme Harmony O. Palace of Tranquil Longevity
Chinese Architecture
Characteristics Grandeur, Harmonious
Materials Timber, Stones, Ceramic
System of Construction Tou-Kong System
Roof Pai-Lou of different shapes
Important Structures Pagoda, Temples, Palaces
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JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
Typical Japanese architecture developed slowly

and changed a little over the centuries. The style
influenced by climate, religion and locally available
materials such as wooed, paper clay and metals.
Wood framed buildings have overhanging roofs to
throw off the rain and to provide shade. Structures
are often raised on platforms and walls can be
opened to allow air to circulate.
✓ Shinto is the ancient religion in Japan Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto, originally built in 1397
✓ The main frame of their structures is made (Muromachi period)
of wood with the gaps between filled with
lightweight sliding screens, thin walls and
doors
✓ Gussho System is a system of construction
based on the principles of the rigidity of the
triangle. (resistance to earthquake)
✓ Narra Period introduced different roof
constructions:
➢ Kirizuma – gable roof
➢ Hogyo – pyramidal shaped roof
➢ Inmoya – hip and gable roof
➢ Yosemune – hip ridge roof
✓ Ornately carved, brightly painted wooden
brackets (Tokyo) support the overhanging
Reconstructed grain storehouse in Toro, Shizuoka
tiled roof. (derived from Chinese Tou-Kong
system)
✓ Hollowed bamboo was used to make
gutters and drainpipes
✓ Timber buildings were less vulnerable to
earthquakes
✓ In Japanese houses, walls are of
translucent paper to allow daylight get in
✓ Japanese pagodas vary from 3 to 15
Reconstructed dwellings in Yoshinogari
storeys and many as high as 34 meters
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✓ Momoyama – Yedo Period is the shift from

religious structures to secular buildings
✓ During the 16th century, local lords
(diamyos) became powerful in Japan. They
built strong castles
✓ Japanese castles are home to lords as well
as the samurai
✓ They usually had a multi storey keep
(donjon), made of wood that stood on a Kon-dō and pagoda at Hōryū-ji, Ikaruga, Nara
Built in 7th century
stone base surrounded by stone walls and
moats
✓ Fine roofs are a status symbol in Japan
✓ Torii is the Japanese gateway usually
located at the southern side of the temples
Pagoda at Hokki-ji, Ikaruga, Nara

Built in 706
Typical minka-style gasshō-zukuri farmhouse
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Himeji Castle in Himeji, Hyōgo,

Completed in 1618 Typical machiya in Nara
Matsumoto Castle in Matsumoto, Nagano,

Completed in 1600
Pagoda of Negoro-ji in Iwade, Wakayama

Built in 1547
Ninomaru Palace within Nijo Castle, Kyoto
Garden of Tenryū-ji in Kyoto
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The famous "floating" torii at Itsukushima Shrine, a

Ryōbu-style torii
The following is a diagram illustrating the most

A shrine at Ise important parts of a Shinto shrine.
1. Torii - Shinto gate
2. Stone stairs
3. Sandō - the approach to the shrine
4. Chōzuya or temizuya - purification font to
cleanse one's hands and mouth
5. Tōrō - decorative stone lanterns
6. Kagura-den - building dedicated to Noh or
the sacred kagura dance
7. Shamusho - the shrine's administrative
office
8. Ema - wooden plaques bearing prayers or
wishes
9. Sessha/massha - small auxiliary shrines
10. Komainu - the so-called "lion dogs",
guardians of the shrine
11. Haiden - oratory or hall of worship
12. Tamagaki - fence surrounding the honden
13. Honden - main hall, enshrining the kami
Taisha-zukuri, Izumo Taishaof the most ancient 14. On the roof of the haiden and honden are
and important Shinto shrines in Japan visible chigi (forked roof finials) and
katsuogi (short horizontal logs), both
common shrine ornamentations.
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KOREAN ARCHITECTURE
Korean architecture has a long history of 5,000

years. It has its own cultural identity different from
Chinese or Japanese architecture. The basic
construction form is more or less similar to Eastern
Asian building system. From a technical point of
view, buildings are structured vertically and
horizontally. A construction usually rises from a
stone sub foundation to a curved roof covered with
tiles, held by a console structure and supported on
posts; walls are made of earth (adobe) or are
sometimes totally composed of movable wooden Gyeongbokgung, also known as Gyeongbokgung
Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, is a royal palace
doors. Architecture is built according to the k'an located in northern Seoul, South Korea.
unit, the distance between two posts (about 3.7
meters), and is designed so that there is always a
transitional space between the "inside" and the
"outside."
✓ In the Paleolithic the first inhabitants of the
Korean peninsula used caves,
rockshelters, and portable shelters. The
remains of a portable shelter dating to c.
30,000 BC were excavated at the
Sungyang Seowon, an academic institute dating to
Seokjang-ri site in South Chungcheong the Joseon dynasty
Province
✓ Log houses were built by laying logs
horizontally one on top of one another. The
interstices between the logs were filled with
clay to keep the wind out. Similar houses
are still found in mountainous areas as like
Gangwon-do province
✓ In the Three Kingdoms Period, some
people lived in pit-houses while others lived
in raised-floor buildings. For example, the
Hanseong Baekje settlement of Reconstructed Neolithic-period huts in Amsa-dong,
Gangdong-gu, Seoul
Seongdong-ri in Gyeonggi Province
contained only pit-houses
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✓ Goguryeo, the largest of the Three

Kingdoms of Korea, is renowned for its
mountain fortresses built horizontally and
vertically along the incline of slopes. One of
the well-preserved Goguryeo fortresses is
Baekam fortress constructed before 6th
century in present-day South-West
Manchuria.
✓ The site of Miruksa temple, the largest in
Baekje, was excavated in 1980 at Iksan of Model of a pre historic Korean structure
Chollabuk-do province. It is also the largest
as well as being the oldest of all Korean
pagodas
✓ United Silla architecture is defined as from
the 7th century to the 10th century. After
the unification of the Korean peninsula into
the kingdom of United Silla, Korean
institutions were radically transformed
✓ Architecture flourished in the royal capital
of Gyeongju Ruins of Hwando Mountain Fortress, a major
✓ Goryeo architecture is defined as the Goguryeo fortification, Ji'an, China. A UNESCO
World Heritage Site dated to circa fifthy century
period between the 10th century and the
14th century. Many buildings such as
magnificent Buddhist temples and pagodas
were developed based on the religious
needs as Buddhism played an important
role in the culture and society at the time
✓ Joseon architecture is defined as from the
14th century to the 19th century.
Throughout the early dynasty, the impetus
to reform society along Neo-Confucian
lines led to the construction of hyanggyo
Reconstruction of the eastern stone pagoda that
(local schools) in Seoul and numerous was built during the Baekje Kingdom era in the
provincial cities. Temple Mireuksa
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✓ Hanok is a Korean Traditional house

✓ Northern Korea Hanoks are square in plan,
in central region, houses are “L” in shape,
in southern Korea, houses are “I” in shape
✓ Hanoks are classified according to the
social status of the person living in it.
✓ Materials for building Hanoks are usually
stone, timber and rock
✓ Typical Yangban (upper-class) Hanoks has Hanok, Korean Tradional House
“giwa” tiled roof while common Korean
Hanoks has “choga” or roofs made of rice
straws
✓ Daedulbo, a Korean post of Hanok is not
inserted underground but are fitted into the
corner stones to keep Hanok safe from
earthquakes.
✓ Ondol (Gudeul) is a Korean under floor
heating system for Hanoks
Daecheong, Hanok
✓ Daecheong, a wooden style sliding door to
keep the interior protected from severe
sunlight during the summer
✓ Cheoma is the edge of Hanok’s curvy roofs
✓ Windows and doors were made of Hanji, a
Korean traditional paper
Ondol, under floor heating
Giwa, tiled roof
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Cheomseongdae is an astronomical observatory in

Gyeongju, South Korea. Cheomseongdae means
Bunhwang Temple pagoda. It is thought this star-gazing tower in Korean. Cheomseongdae is
pagoda once stood seven or nine stories based on the oldest surviving observatory in East Asia
historical records
Tomb of the General, presumed to be the tomb of a

great Goguryeo king or military official. Located in
Typical Confucian scholar's residence Jian, China
Details of wooden construction reconstructed from Bulguksa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of
archaeological remains recoved from a dredging of Korean Buddhism in the North Gyeongsang
Anapji pond province in South Korea. It is home to seven
National treasures of South Korea, including
Dabotap and Seokgatap stone pagodas
114
HINDU/INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
India is home to a host of different cultures and

religious influences. Hinduism with its many Gods
and Buddhism with its emphasis on the individual’s
search for enlightenment have produced a variety
of religious buildings. These range from dome
shaped Buddhist shrines (Stupas) to Jain and
Hindu temples with pointed roofs.
Buddhism Excavated ruins, Mohenjo-daro, modern-day

✓ The dome of a Buddhist Stupa symbolized Pakistan
the universe
✓ Stupas or Topes are sacred mounds that
usually contains the sacred statue or a
dagoba
✓ Dagoba is often raised on a platform
surrounded by railings or a monumental
structure containing relics of Buddha
✓ Chaitya is an assembly hall or sanctuary
which were excavated out of a solid rock
✓ Vihara is a monastery
The Great Stupa at Sanchi (4th-1st century BCE).
✓ Stambas or Laths are columns with The dome shaped stupa was used in India as a
commemorative monument associated with storing
carvings inscribed with a Wheel of Law
sacred relics
(Chakra)
✓ Torana is a richly decorated gateway in the
enclosure of a Buddhist Stupa
Jain
✓ Jain Architecture is characterized as light
and more elegant
✓ The important structures are temples and
Viharas (monasteries)
Jetavanaramaya stupa is an example of brick-clad

Buddhist architecture in Sri Lanka
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Hindu
✓ Virmana is a sanctuary
✓ There are 34 rock cut temples at Ellura
alone
✓ Decorative details were used for
emphasizing structures and most of the
structures are designed for congregational
use
✓ Garbha Griha is an inlet shrine with spire
✓ Mandapas is a porch like hall used for
religious music and dancing
✓ Gopuram is a pyramidal gateway tower to
an Indian Temple. Carved decoration of the Northern gateway to the
Great Stupa of Sanchi (Torana)
Great Stupa Plan
Detail on the Sanchi stupa
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Devi Jagadambi Temple
The temple complex at Khajuraho—adhering to the

shikhara temple style architecture—is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site.
Dulhadeo Temple
Lakshmana temple at Khajuraho, a panchayatana

temple. Two of the four secondary shrines can be
seen.
Lakshman temple
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Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura in

Karnataka, India
Gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi
The Hall of Private Audience at Fatehpur Sikri in

Uttar Pradesh, India, an early example of the
architecture of the Mughal Empire
Mahabodhi Temple, a Buddhist Temple/ monastery

(Viharas)
Vijayanagar Raya Gopura at Hampi, Karnataka
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ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Mosques and tombs are usually the most important

buildings in Islamic countries. They are decorated
with abstract patterns and foliage motifs and
exquisite calligraphy from the Islamic book, the
Quran.
✓ Other names of Islamic are:
➢ Arabic
➢ Muhammedan
➢ Muslim
➢ Saracenic
➢ Moorish
➢ Seljuk
➢ Mogul
✓ A Mosque is the center of a Muslim
community and sometimes contains a
school in its plan
✓ Enclosed courtyards are an important
feature of Mosques and other Islamic
buildings Dome of the mihrab in the Great Mosque of
Kairouan also known as the Mosque of Uqba, in
✓ Stalactites columns that hang from the Kairouan, Tunisia
ceiling are used in many Islamic buildings.
“Muqarnas”
✓ Three (3) kinds of Mosque:
➢ Famimasjid (Friday Mosque) – public
worship
• Minaret (tower)
• Sahn (atrium)
• Fawwara (fountain)/(meda)
• Liwanat (colonnade)
The Shah Mosque, constructed in 1629, in Isfahan,
• Mihrab (niche facing Mecca) Iran
• Mimbar (pulpit)
• Dikka (reading desk)
• Maqsura (scree)
➢ Madrase (Collegiate Mosque)
➢ Tomb Mosque
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✓ Other Islamic structures are the khans or

caravansaries (inns for travelers) and the
harems (dwelling structures)
✓ They developed the pointed horseshoe
arches, the round horseshoe arch and the
ogee arch
✓ They developed bulbous shaped domes,
saucer shaped and slightly pointed domes
✓ Three (3) types of ornaments are:
➢ Mnemonic inscriptions extracted from
the Quran Muqarnas in the Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain
➢ Superimposed Ornaments (of plant
origin)
➢ Muqarnas (stalactite ornaments) honey
comb work
✓ Spain was also ruled by the Moors for
several centuries during the medieval
period
✓ Islamic Spain have their Mosques with
shady courtyards, forest of pillars,
scalloped arches (horseshoe) and ornate
ceiling details The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
✓ Alhambra was the last stronghold of the
Moors in southern Spain and was
considered one of the most beautiful
palaces in the world.
✓ Alhambra has 2 courtyards: Court of the
Lions and the Court of the Myrtles.
✓ In India, the emperor Shah Jehan built a
beautifully symmetrical building, The Taj
Mahal
✓ Made of marble, Taj Mahal is a tomb for
Shah Jehan’s wife Mumtaz Mahal Ogee Arch
✓ The marble walls of the Taj Mahal are
delicately carved with floral motifs and
inlaid with semi-precious stones
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Taj Mahal, Agra, India Alhambra, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
A room of the palace and a view of the Court of the

Lions
View of the walls and towers of the Castle of the

Moors, Portugal
West side of Palacio de Carlos V in the Alhambra
121
Parts of a Mosque
122
SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
Two Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia, the

Sailendra of Java (Indonesia) and the Khmers of
Cambodia have left impressive evidence of their
architecture dating from the 9th to the 13th
centuries.
Khmer Architecture
✓ In Cambodia, Hindu temples – cities
were built to glorify the God kings of the
The 12th century temple of Angkor Wat is the
Khmer empire masterpiece of Angkorian architecture. Constructed
under the direction of the Khmer king Suryavarman
✓ The Khmers built the largest temple in
II, it was to serve as the monarch's personal
the world, the Angkor Wat mausoleum and as a temple to the Hindu god
Vishnu. It was designed as a pyramid representing
✓ Angkor Wat is famous for its tall conical
the structure of the universe: the highest level at the
towers inspired by lotus bud center of the temple represented Mount Meru, the
home of the Hindu gods, with the five towers on the
✓ Angkor was only discovered is 4km in
highest level representing the five peaks of the
length mountain. The broad moat around the complex
represented the oceans that surround the world
✓ The walls of Angkor Wat gallery stretch
for 800m around courtyards
✓ Gate guards wee set on the tall towers
which the Khmers believed protected the
shrine.
Unusually, the libraries at Angkor Wat open to both

the East and the West
123
A cruciform gallery separates the courtyards at A gopura leads into the 12th century temple
Angkor Wat compound at Ta Prohm
124
Javanese Architecture
✓ Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple,
it rests on a square base 121m on each
side
✓ This 19th century Javanese stupa is built
with grey volcanic stone. Statues of
Buddha are present to encourage people
to follow his path towards enlightenment
Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 8th-century Mahayana
✓ Borobudur is a great mound with nine Buddhist monument near Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia
terraces. The lower terraces are
decorated with relief carvings of the life of
Buddha.
Borobudur stupas overlooking a mountain. For

centuries, it was deserted
Half cross-section with 4:6:9 height ratio for foot,

body and head, respectively
125
Thai Architecture
The architecture of a Wat has seen many
changes in Thailand in the course of history.
Although there are many differences in lay-out
and style, they all adhere to the same principals.
✓ The Phutthawat is the area which is
dedicated to Buddha
✓ The Sanghawat contains the living
quarters of the monks. It also lies within
the wall surrounding the whole temple
Roof and gable of the main viharn of Wat Phra Singh
compound.
in Chang Mai
✓ During the 10th century, Thai Theravada
Buddhism and Hindu cultures merged,
and Hindu elements were introduced into
Thai iconography. Popular figures include
the four-armed figure of Vishnu; the
garuda (half man, half bird); the eight-
armed Shiva; elephant-headed Ganesh;
the nāga, which appears as a snake,
dragon or cobra; and the ghost-banishing
Wat Chiang Man, from left to right: Ubosot, Ho Trai
giant Yaksha. and Chedi
✓ The use of multiple roof tiers is more
aesthetic than functional. Because
temple halls are large, their roof areas
are massive. To lighten up the roof's
appearance, the lowest tier is the largest,
with a smaller middle layer and the
smallest roof on top.
Chedi also known as a stupa it is mostly seen in the

form of a bell-shaped tower, often accessible and
covered with gold leaf, containing a relic chamber.
126
INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE
As Industrialization spread, iron became more

widely available. Builders recognized that iron
made building quicker and easier. If standard
length columns and beams were used, any number
could be brought to the site and rapidly bolted
together.
✓ The steam engine by James Watt was a
major driving force behind Industrial
✓ Iron is a highly adaptable material allowing
new type of structures The Crystal Palace
✓ Steel is a modified form of iron with great
strength and flexibility
✓ People move to cities to work and they
lived in small apartments near their
workplaces
✓ New types of buildings such as factories,
warehouses, railway stations and exhibition
halls sprang up
✓ Brick or Stone walls with slim iron columns
are widely used materials for buildings
✓ Mills were industrial buildings that has
skeleton of cast iron and brick walls. Each
floor has brick wall vaulting to cut down the
risk of fire
✓ Built in less than a year (22 weeks),
London’s Crystal Palace had a staggering
3,300 iron columns
✓ Paxton’s Crystal Palace was built for the
Great Exhibition of 1851 and was taken
apart and moved to another site after the
exhibition.
✓ Eiffel Tower designed by Gustave Eiffel
was builtin 1889 and was the tallest
Eiffel Tower
building in the world. It remained and
became the symbol of Paris.
127
REVIVALISM ARCHITECTURE
In the 18th to 19th centuries, architects began to

revive ancient styles of architecture. First they
looked into ancient Greece and Rome producing
buildings that looked like classical temples. Later
they revived medieval Gothic style.
✓ The classical period results in a fashion for
buildings in the Greek style which lasted
into the 19th century US Capitol Building
✓ Buildings often featured imposing porticos
with massive columns
✓ French architects were influenced by the
style of the Romans while British architects
preferred the style of the Greeks
✓ Famous structures built in the classical
revivalism were:
➢ US Capitol Building
➢ Opera de Paris
➢ The Pantheon, Paris
➢ Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England
Opera de Paris
✓ In the US, the famous Capitol Building was
rebuilt several times between 1793 and
1867. Its dome is 30m wide and was made
mainly of cast iron
✓ The Pantheon de Paris contains the tombs
of many famous French people
✓ The Opera de Paris is one of the world’s
largest theatres. It has a large foyer, a
grand staircase and balconies from which
fashionable Parisians observed each other
✓ John Nash for the Price regent designed
The Pantheon, Paris
the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. Its design is
a mixture of Chinese and Indian styles
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GOTHIC REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE
Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England
GREEK REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE
Sir Christopher Wren's Tom Tower, at Christ

Church, Oxford
The Yorkshire Museum designed by architect

William Wilkins and officially opened in February
1830
Harkness Tower, Yale University
Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church

original sanctuary in Charleston, South Carolina by
Edward Brickell White (1842
129
ROMAN REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE
Roman brick Aula Palatina next to 17th century Mentmore Towers English Neo-Renaissance
residence of the bishop of Trier, Germany completed in 1854, was a copy of Wollaton Hall
completed in 1588
Paris Hôtel de Ville completed circa 1880 in an

Maison Carrée in Nîmes, France. unequivocal French Neo-Renaissance style
130
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Architects began to turn away from the old styles at

the end of the 19th century. They were influenced
by the availability of new materials such as
reinforced concrete and new technologies in
construction. A simple and more functional form
evolved and as it spread came to be known as the
International Style
Roots of Modern Architecture:
At the turn of the century, fresh approaches in
architecture began to emerge. The strong, simple
The AEG Turbinenfabrik ("turbine factory"), 1909,
work of the German Peter Behrens, the elegant designed by Peter Behrens, illustrating the
combination of industry and design.
buildings of Scotsman Charles Renee Mackintosh
and the later lavish of the Art Nouveau movement.
✓ AEG Turbinenfabrik by Peter Behrens
was built in Berlin. Its curving walls make
the factory both elegant and functional
✓ Behrens was also a teachers whose
pupils included Le Corbusier and Mies
Van der Rohe
✓ Arts and Crafts Movement developed the
arts to be applied directly to architecture.
This style also includes pointed arches
and sash windows “Red House” London
✓ The Red House was built by William
Morris and was the finest example of Arts
and Crafts Movement
✓ The Glasgow School of Art was a highly
original building by CR Mackintosh. It was
a combination of two styles: elements of a
traditional building are mixed with gentle
curves influenced by the Art Nouveau
Movement. Its most striking room was the
library where there are no curves in its
design Glasgow School of Arts
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ART NOUVEAU
With it flowing lines and curves, the style that

became known as Art Nouveau (new art) was
created by a group of architects and designers at
the end of the 19th century. Art Nouveau flourished
briefly in France, Scotland and Belgium. One of its
famous architects is Victor Horta
✓ Art Nouveau got its name from a French
Art Gallery opened in 1895
✓ Another name for the style was Style
Nouille (noodle style)
✓ Art Nouveau’s characteristics are the use
of organic and dynamic forms, curving and
whiplash lines.
✓ Versions of Art Nouveau around Europe
➢ Le Modern Style – French
➢ Jugenstil – Germany Staircase of the Maison & Atelier of Victor Horta.
This building is one of four Horta-designed town
➢ Sezessione – Austria houses in Brussels that are together recognised by
➢ Stile Liberty – Italy UNESCO as "representing the highest expression
of the influential Art Nouveau style in art and
➢ Modernismo – Spain architecture
✓ A less ornate version of Art Nouveau
developed in Scotland and Vienna called
Sezessione
✓ Antoni Gaudi designed many buildings in
his native Barcelona
✓ He designed Parc Guell, a park city
✓ Gaudi’s buildings are full of curves, in
some even the rooms have curved walls
and many are decorated with brilliant
mosaics
✓ Gaudi’s famous houses were Casa Mila
and Casa Batllo (balconies inspired by
bird’s nest)
✓ The Sagrada de Famillia Cathedral in Eliseyev Emporium (1903) in St. Petersburg,
Russia
Barcelona begun in 1883 and still being
constructed up to this date.
132
Sagrada Familia Cathedral, Barcelona
Casa Batllo, Barcelona
Casa Mila, Barcelona
Art Nouveau is rarely so fully in control of

architecture: doorway at place Etienne Pernet, 24
(Paris 15e), 1905 Alfred Wagon, architect
133
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
During the 1920’s, architects began to build in a

style that owed a little to the past. They created tall
glass and steel towers, white concrete houses with
flat roofs and long strips of windows and buildings
with no additional and unnecessary decoration.
These features are typical of the International Style
of Architecture, which began in Europe and spread
to become the dominant style in cities of the United
States.
✓ The Bauhaus was the most influential Bauhaus, Dessau
school of design of the early 20th century
✓ The school director, Walter Gropius,
designed the Bauhaus building in Dessau
✓ Bauhaus students learned crafts as well as
architecture
✓ The Bauhaus closed in 1932 and many
teachers went to America
✓ A “New Bauhaus” was created in Chicago,
USA in 1937
✓ Sometimes architects used in expressionist
style. Example of which is the Einstein
Tower in Potsdam, Germany designed by
Erich Mendelssohn
✓ Alvar Aalto became a prominent architect
in Finland, designing Sanatorium, City
Halls and Concert Halls Einstein Tower in Potsdam-Berlin by Erich
Mendelsohn 1919-22
✓ The Dutch, on the other hand, developed
“De Stijl” meaning “the style”. The group
was influenced by abstract and cubist art
✓ De Stijl group produced buildings with plain
white walls, carefully arranged windows
and details such as colored tiles
✓ Buckminster Fuller created the Geodesic
Dome
134
The Aalto-Theater opera house in Essen, Germany

The Glass Palace, a celebration of transparency, in by Alvar Aalto
Heerlen, Netherlands (1935)
The Labworth Café is a pioneering modernist

International style reinforced concrete building
overlooking the Thames estuary at Labworth beach
The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club was founded at
on Canvey Island, Essex. Built in 1932-33 by Ove
Erith, Kent in 1872. Over the years, it has operated
Arup to resemble the bridge of the Queen Mary
from a number of locations but now exists with a
northern and southern branch at Burnham-on-
Crouch, Essex, and at Cowes, Isle of Wight
respectively
135
ART DECO
A richly decorated style of architecture emerged in

Europe and the United States during the 1920’s. It
was launched in France and became known as Art
Deco (Art Decoratifs). The style had a look of sleek
elegance. Art Deco buildings often have rounded
streamlined edges, sunbursts and Egyptian motifs.
✓ The chrome plated interiors of some Art
Deco buildings were influenced by sleek
stylish cars of the time
✓ Many cinemas were built in the Art Deco
style of the times
✓ In the United States, Art Deco diners were
built with streamlined stainless steel
exteriors.
✓ The discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb in
1922 inspired much Egyptian decoration
✓ Marble and metal inlays were a popular
The Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New
part in Art Deco style York, built 1928–1930
✓ Art Deco style revolutionized Industrial
Architecture. With the use of more
unusual window shapes like quarter circle
corner windows
✓ The famous and tallest Art Deco
skyscraper in New York is the Chrysler
Building by William Van Alen
✓ The most striking feature of the Chrysler
building is its Spire Sunburst.
✓ The Chrysler Building interior lavish
details such as lift doors elegantly inlaid
with wood and brass.
City Hall of Buffalo, New York, George Dietel with

John J. Wade, built 1929–1931
136
Bullocks Wilshire, Los Angeles, John and Donald New India Assurance Building, Mumbai, India:
Parkinson, 1929 Master, Sarhe and Bhuta, with N.G. Parsare, 1936
Phul Cinema in Patiala, India
Massive Du Cane Court, 1937 Art Deco landmark

in Balham, south-west London
137
SKYSCRAPER ARCHITECTURE
Tall, metal framed buildings soaring to the clouds

are usually called skyscrapers. Safe passenger lifts
and better steel structures allowed architects to
build higher and higher.
✓ The first skyscrapers were built in Chicago
✓ Chicago expanded quickly after 1852 when
the railway first reached the city form the
east.
✓ Elisha Otis developed and Dankmar Adler
pioneered new building styles. Frank Lloyd
Wright worked in Sullivan’s office and later
would design stunning buildings of his own
✓ Ludwig Mies van de Rohe designed the
845/860 Lakeshore Apartments and was
based on steel framework which is filled
860–880 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois by
with glass
Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe
✓ The Seagram building designed by Mies
van de Rohe is an elegant structure
heightened by the use of high quality
materials such as bronze, marble and grey
tinted glass
✓ Frank Lloyd Wright designed a skyscraper
1 mile high but it was never built
✓ The Flatiron Building in New York was
thought to fall down when it was built in
1902. It has 21 storeys and a narrow
corner that is only 6 feet wide.
✓ The Empire State Building was the tallest
in the world when it was erected in 1931. It
only took 15 months to complete
✓ Prominent skyscrapers in New York are:
➢ Woolworth Building (1913) has
cathedral like spire
.
➢ General Electric Building (1930) Art Seagram Building, Manhattan
Deco Crown
138
➢ World Trade Center (1971) less ornate

detailing
✓ 50,000 people work in the World Trade
Center (Minoru Yamasaki)
✓ Daniel Libeskind won the design
competition for the new World Trade
Center in Manhattan. The feature of the
design is the Wedge of Light.
✓ Chicago’s Sears Tower built in 1974 is the
highest skyscraper in the United States.
✓ The Petronas Towers is the highest in
Malaysia designed by Cesar Pelli
✓ Taipei 101 is the highest skyscraper in the
world as of 2005
Empire State Building, New York
The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in

March 2001. On the far left is the original 7 World
The Petronas Towers, Malaysia Trade Center buliding. 1 WTC, the North Tower,
Cesar Pelli with antenna, is on the left; 2 WTC, the South
Tower, is on the right. All 3 buildings collapsed on
9/11.
139
Woolworth Building, New York
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Sears Tower, Chicago
Tapei 101, Taiwan
140
GREAT MODERN HOMES
Some of the most famous modern buildings are

one of the houses which give an architect the
chance to create something new. The best
examples of the 20th century show striking use of
materials (especially concrete and glass), dramatic
placement use of the house in its surroundings and
unusual interior plans.
✓ Le Corbusier is quoted as saying “a house
is a machine for living in”
✓ Villa Savoye in Poissy France was built by
Villa Savoye, France
Le Corbusier, constructed of lightweight
concrete slabs and rendered brickwork.
The white walls and columns reflect the
elegance of Classical Greece.
✓ The famous Falling water (Kaufmann
House) is perched above a waterfall in
Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Lloyd
Wright
✓ Frank Lloyd Wright believed that a building
should “grow” out of the earth like a natural
organism
✓ A flat roof is a common feature of
modernism
✓ Large expanse of clear glass allow clear
views of the outside
Falling water or Kaufmann House
141
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Modern buildings reflect the freedom of design that

new materials and better technology bring. Some
architects continue to design in the International
style, building tall steel and glass office blocks and
apartment houses.
✓ Many have explored the sculptural qualities
of concrete and others have turned
buildings inside out, placing utilities and
services outside like the Centre Georges
Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou, France
✓ A building that reflects its use on the
outside is known a “functionalist”
✓ Post modernism is a colorful, imaginative
style of architecture that reflects simple
modernist ideals
✓ Philip Johnson’s AT&T Headquarters in
New York was the first famous postmodern
building. (high rise building with a
Chippendale pediment on top)
✓ The Danish architect Jorn Utzon designed
the Sydney Opera House. It has a stunning
shell like roofs made of concrete ribs Sydney Opera House
covered with gleaming ceramic tiles
✓ Notre Dame du Haut, a French church was
designed by Le Corbusier
✓ Brasilia is a modern capital of Brazil master
planned by Lucio Costa
✓ Brasilia features buildings done by Oscar
Niemeyer
Notre Dame du Haut
142
London City Hall

AT & T Headquarters
Norman Foster
Philip Johnson
Solomon Guggenheim Museum, New York

Frank Lloyd Wright
HSBC Building in Hong Kong

Norman Foster
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain

Frank Gehry
The Turning Torso, Spain

Santiago Calatrava
143
PHILLIPINE ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection

how our country is rich in culture and heritage.
From the pre-Hispanic era to contemporary period.
Architecture played an important role in shaping
our society.
✓ The pre-colonial architecture of the
Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made
from natural materials but there are some
traces of large-scale construction before
the Spanish colonizers came but not well
Badjaw,BadJao
documented. Coastal Water of Tawi Tawi
✓ Earliest Pre Hispanic structures:
➢ Cave
➢ Lean-To
➢ Tree-House
➢ Nipa Huts
✓ For almost three hundred years of Spanish
colonialization the philippine architecture
was dominated by the Spanish culture.
During this period Intramuros, the walled
city, of Manila, was built with its walls,
Bahay Kubo, Nipa Hut
houses, churches and fortresses. The Lowlands all over the Philippines
Augustinian friars built a large number of
grand churches all over the Philippine
Islands.
✓ During this period the traditional Filipino
"Bahay na Bato" style for the large
mansion emerged. These were large
houses built of stone and wood combining
Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style
elements. The best preserved examples of
these houses can be found in Vigan, Ilocos
Bontoc House
Sur and Taal, Batangas. Mountain area of the Cordillera
144
✓ At the start of the American era, our

country was dominated with American style
of architecture. In this period the plan for
the modern city of Manila was designed,
with a large number of art deco buildings,
by famous American and Filipino
architects. During the liberation of Manila
by the Americans in 1945 large portions of
Isneg or Apayao House
Intramuros and Manila were destroyed. In
Mountain of Apayao at the Northern end of the
the period after the Second World War Cordilleria
many of the destroyed buildings were
rebuilt.
✓ After World War II to contemporary era,
modern architecture with straight lines and
functional aspects was introduced. During
this period many of the older structures fell
into decay. Early in the 21st Century a
revival of the respect for the traditional
Filipino elements in the architecture Ivatan House
Batanes Island
returned.
Kalinga House
Steep mountain slope of the Cordilleria
145
Kankanay House, Benguet

Maranaw House
Hills along the river of Mindanao
Magahat House Samal House, Coastal Waters of Jolo

Steep hillsides, on top of hills or along creeks and
rivers in deep valleys of Southern Negros Island
Subanun House
Mountainous areas in Mindanao
Mangyan House
Hillside of Mindoro
146
Tausug House
Coastal waters of Basilan, Malaysian Borneo, Tawi Yakan House
Tawi, Zamboanga del Sur and Cotabato Mountainous areas of Basilan
Cross Section of a Binangiyan House
Parts of an Ifugao House
Ceiling detail of a Nipa Hut
147
PHILIPPINE CHURCHES
Manaoag Church
San Augustine church Paoay, Ilocos Norte, July

2005 “Paoay Church”
Malate Church
Quiapo Church
San Agustin Church, Intramuros
San Sebastian Church, Manila
148
SOME SPANISH ERA STRUCTURES
Cape Bojeador Lighthouse

Fort Santiago, Manila
Ayuntamiento Building.-Manila
Rizal House, Calamba, Laguna
Calle Crisologo, Vigan City
149
BAHAY NA BATO (1800s)
150
151
Bahay ng Bato Intramuros – Cuidad Murada

✓ Zaguan – carriages and Saint’s float (andas) ✓ Volcanic tufa & earth filled bricks
✓ Cuadra – horse stable ✓ High class city
✓ Bodega – storage room for old furnitures or ✓ Extramuros (Arrabales)– districts outside
palay bins Intramuros (Quiapo, Paco, Malate, Binondo,
✓ Entresuelo – mezzanine for the master of the Sulucan)
house ✓ Parian – Chinese settlers beside Intramuros
✓ Patio – open space adjacent to the zaguan
✓ Caida – immediate room after the stairs, all Philippine Churches
purpose room ✓ Quiapo Church – baroque
✓ Sala – formal living ✓ Baguio Cathedral – Romanesque
✓ Comedor – dining room ✓ San Agustin Church (oldest church in the
✓ Cocina – kitchen country) – high renaissance
✓ Dispensa – pantry or food storage ✓ Taal Basilica (largest church in Asia) –
✓ Comun or Latrina – toilet renaissance
✓ Bano or paliguan - bathroom ✓ Bacolor Church – renaissance
✓ Azotea – service area ✓ Betis Church – baroque
✓ Balcon – balcony ✓ Paoay Church – gothic, baroque and Buddhist
✓ Aljibe – cistern or water storage ✓ Bantay Church – Romanesque and Gothic
✓ Volada – balcony in the front ✓ San Sebastian Church (all steel church) – neo
✓ Stairs – 2 meters wide gothic
✓ Windows – 1.80 meters height and 5.4 meters ✓ Malate Church – baroque
wide ✓ Morong Church – baroque
✓ Window sliding panels – persianas ✓ Tumauini Church – renaissance
✓ Wooden balusters – barandillas ✓ Santo Domingo Church – contemporary
✓ Smaller windows – ventanillas ✓ Paete Church – renaissance
✓ Interior tracery – calado ✓ Santo Nino Cathedral – Romanesque
✓ Barasoain Church – Romanesque
✓ Obando Church – baroque
✓ Manila Cathedral – Neo renaissance
✓ Paco Church – neo-classical
• Retablo – back of the altar

• Iglesia Ni Cristo – neo-Gothic
• Golden Mosque in Manila
152
AMERICAN PERIOD
Legislative Building
Metropolitan Theater Manila (now National Museum of the Philippines)
Architect: Juan Arellano Architects: Ralph Harrington Doane, Antonio
Toledo, Juan M. Arellano
UST Main Building

Architect: Fr. Roque Ruano
Luneta Hotel, Manila

Architect: Salvador Farre
Manila Central Post Office Manila City Hall

Architect: Juan Arellano Architect: Antonio Toledo
153
St. La Salle Hall

De La Salle University, Manila
Architect: Tomas Mapua
Centro Escolar University Main Building

Architect: Tomas Mapua
Philippine General Hospital

Architect: William Parsons
Jai-Alai Building, Manila
Far Eastern University, Manila

Architect: Pablo Antonio Sr.
Philippine Normal University
154
POST WAR TO CONTEMPORARY
Cultural Center of the Philippines

Iglesia Ni Cristo Church Architect: Leandro Locsin
Architect: Carlos Santos Viola
Benguet Center Building, Ortigas

Architect: Leandro Locsin
Santo Domingo Church, Quezon City

Architect: Jose Zaragoza
Coconut Palace, Pasay City

Architect: Bobby Manosa
Araneta Coliseum, Cubao

Architect: Dominador Lugtu
155
Structures and their Architects: • De La Salle College of Saint Benilde Main

• Aglipayan Church – Carlos Arguelles Campus – Rogelio Villarosa
• Alabang Golf and Country Club – Gabriel • Concepcion Theater, Malabon – Pablo Antonio
Formoso • Corregidor Island Landscaping – Francisco
• Alabang 400 – William Coscolluela Manosa
• Ali Mall, Cubao – Sindoing & Ocampo • Court of Appeals, Manila – Juan Arellano /
• Army Navy Club, Roxas Boulevard – William William Parsons
Parsons • Cultural Center of the Philippines – Leandro
• Asian Development Bank, EDSA – Engracio Locsin
Manano/ SOM • De La Salle University’s St. La Salle Hall –
• Asian Institute of Management – Gabriel Tomas Mapua
Formoso • Department of Finance, Manila - Antonio
• Assumption Convent, Manila – Juan Hervas Toledo
• Ateneo de Manila University, Katipunan – • Department of Foreign Affairs, Roxas
Felipe Mendoza Boulevard – Cresencio Castro
• Atrium of Makati – William Coscolluela • Department of Health, Tayuman – Andres Luna
• Avenue Theater, Manila – Juan Nakpil de San Pedro
• Ayala Triangle Tower 1 – Leandro Locsin / • Development Bank of the Philippines, Buendia,
SOM Makati – Carlos Arguelles
• Baclaran Church – Cesar Concio • Don Bosco Chapel, Makati – Jose Zaragoza
• Bataan Power Plant – Jose Zaragoza • EDSA Plaza Hotel – Rogelio Villarosa
• Batasan Pambansa – Felipe Mendoza • EDSA Shrine – Francisco Manosa
• Benguet Center – Leandro Locsin • Equitable Bank Tower, Makati – PRSP
• Carmen Apartments – Carlos Arguelles • Far Easter University Main Building – Pablo
• Cebu Plaza Hotel – Antonio Sindiong Antonio
• Central Bank of the Philippines, East Avenue – • Far Eastern University Hospital, Manila – Felipe
Gabriel Formoso Mendoza
• Central Bank of the Philippines, Roxas • Far East Bank Center, Makati – Gabriel
Boulevard – Gabriel Formoso Formoso
• Centro Escolar University Main Building – • Manila Film Center – Froilan Hong
Tomas Mapua • Folk’s Arts Theater, CCP Complex – Leandro
• Club Filipino, Greenhills – Gabriel Formoso Locsin
• Coconut Palace – Francisco Manosa • Forbes Tower, Makati – Palafox
• Colegio de San Agustin, Makati – Manosa • Forum Theater, Manila – Pablo Antonio
Brothers • Galaxy Theater, Manila – Pablo Antonio
156
• Galeria de Magallanes, Makati – William • Makati Sports Club – Rogelio Villarosa

Coscolluela • Makati Stock Exchange – Leandro Locsin
• GF & Partners Building, Makati – Gabriel • Malacanang Palace renovation – Leandro
Formoso Locsin
• Glorrietta Mall Makati – Gabriel Formoso / • Manila Bulletin Building, Intramuros – Pablo
SOM Antonio
• Grand Boulevard Hotel, Manila – Rogelio • Manila Cathedral – Fernando Ocampo
Villarosa • Manila City Hall – Antonio Toledo
• Greenbelt Chapel - Leandro Locsin • Manila Doctor’s Hospital, Manila – Luis Araneta
• Greenbelt 3 (2002) – GF & Partners / SOM • Manila Golden Mosque – Jorge Ramos
• Greenhills Theater – Antonio Heredia • Manila Hotel – William Parsons, Andres de
• GSIS Building, Arroceros, Manila – Frederico Luna de San Pedro (restoration), Leandro
Ilustre Locsin (extension)
• GSIS Building, Pasay – Jorge Ramos • Manila International Airport (NAIA) – Leandro
• Heritage Hotel, Pasay – GF & Partners Locsin
• Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard – Carlos • Manila Jockey Club – Juan Nakpil
Arguelles • Manila Peninsula Hotel, Makati – GF &
• Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard – Partners
Leandro Locsin • Manila Polo Club, Makati – Pablo Antonio
• Ideal Theater, Manila – Pablo Antonio • Manila Railroad Station (Tutuban) – Juan
• Iglesia Ni Cristo, Commonwealth – Carlos Hervas
Santos Viola • Mapua Residence, Taft Avenue – Tomas
• Insular Life Building, Makati – Cesar Concio Mapua
• Jai-Alai Building, Taft Avenue – Duane & • Melchor Hall, UP Diliman – Cesar Concio
Welton Beckett • Meralco Building, Pasig – Jose Zaragoza
• JAKA Tower, Makati – William Coscolluela • Metropolitan Museum, Manila – Gabriel
• Kingswood Condominium, Makati – Recio- Formoso
Casas • Metropolitan Theater, Manila – Juan Arellano
• Land Bank Head Office, Manila – Jorge Yulo • LRT1 Stations, Taft Avenue – Francisco
• Legarda Elementary School, Sampaloc, Manila Manosa
– Andres Luna de San Pedro • National Arts Center, Laguna – Leandro Locsin
• Leyte Capitol Building – Antonio Toledo • National Library – Pentagon Group
• Lopez Museum – Angel Nakpil • National Press Club, Manila – Angel Nakpil
• Lyric Theater, Manila – Antonio Toledo • New World Hotel, Makati – Engracio Mariano
• Makati Medical Center – Luis Araneta • NBI Building, Taft Avenue – Otilio Arellano
157
• Philippine Normal University, Manila – William • Philippine Veterans Bank, Manila – Felipe
Parsons & Antonio Toledo Mendoza
• Nurse Building (PGH) – Tomas Mapua • Philippine Women’s University, Manila –
• Oakwood Tower, Makati – GF & Partners / Fernando Ocampo
SOM • PLDT Building, Makati – Angel Nakpil
• Our Lady of Lourdes Church, QC – Carlos • PLDT Building, Espana, Manila – GF &
Santo Viola Partners
• Pacific Plaza, Makati – Antonio Sindiong • PLDT Tower, Makati – PRSP
• PAGASA Bliss Housing, QC – PROS • Philippine National Building, Escolta, Manila –
• Palma Hall, UP Diliman – Cesar Concio Carlos Arguelles
• Paragon Plaza, EDSA – PRSP • PNB Financial Center, Pasay – GF & Partners
• Park Square 1, Makati – Carlos Arguelles • Pope Pius XII Center, UN Avenue, Manila –
• Park Square 2, Makati – Engracio Mariano Jose Zaragoza
• PBCom Tower, Makati – GF & Partners / SOM • Manila Post Office – Juan Arellano
• Petron Mega Plaza, Makati – Recio- Casas / • Quezon City Hall – Juan Nakpil
SOM • Quezon City Sports Club, E Rodriguez, QC –
• Phil-Am Homes Quezon City Master Plan – William Coscolluela
Carlos Arguelles • Quiapo Church – Juan Nakpil, Jose Zaragoza
• Phil-Am Life Building, UN Avenue, Manila – (extensión)
Carlos Arguelles • Rizal Monument – Richard Kissling
• Phil-Am Life Tower, Makati – William • Rizal Theater, Makati – Juan Nakpil
Coscolluela & SOM • Robinson’s Galleria, QC – William Coscolluela
• PHILCITE, CCP Complex – Leandro Locsin • Rockwell Center, Makati – Palafox / SOM
• Philippine Airlines Building – Jose Zaragoza • San Juan City Hall – Otilio Arellano
• Philippine Banking Corporation, Manila – Jose • San Lazaro Hippodrome, Manila – Juan Nakpil
Zaragoza • San Miguel Corporation Center, Ortigas –
• Philippine General Hospital – William Parsons, Francisco Manosa
Leandro Locsin (extension) • Shangri-La Hotel, Makati – GF & Partners
• Philippine Heart Center – Jorge Ramos • SSS Building, QC – Juan Nakpil
• Philippine International Convention Center • Supreme Court of the Philippines, Manila –
(PICC), Pasay – Leandro Locsin Juan Arellano
• Philippine Westin Plaza (presently Sofitel), • UP Chapel “Holy Sacrifice” – Leandro Locsin
Pasay – Leandro Locsin • UP Diliman Main Library – Juan Nakpil
• Philippine Stock Exchange, Makati – Leandro • UP Manila – William Parsons & Antonio Toledo
Locsin / SOM
158
A GLIMPSE OF THE FUTURE OF ARCHITECTURE
With the advent of construction technology and In the World:

wide resources for building materials, Architects,
Civil Engineers as well as developers continues to
develop and create architectural wonders in the
coming years.
In the Philippines:
One World Trade Center, New York

November 2013
Shangri-La at the Fort, Taguig City

2014
Dream Hub, Seoul, South Korea

2016
159
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE TOPIC GUIDE SCOPE

1. Introduction 5. Architecture in Asia and the Pacific Region
a) History a) Chinese Architecture
b) History of architecture b) Japanese Architecture
c) Historic styles of architecture c) Korean Architecture
d) Origin of architecture d) Hindu Architecture
e) Factors affecting the style of e) Islam Architecture
architecture f) South East Asian Architecture
2. Pre-Historic Architecture 1. Khmer Architecture
a) Centers of development 2. Jain Architecture
b) Dolmen, Menhir, Cromlech 3. Thai Architecture
3. Historic Styles of Architecture 6. Architecture in the Philippines
a) Period/extent and centers of a) Architectural legacies
development 4. Vernacular, Folk and Pre-Hispanic
b) Factors that affect the development of Architecture
the architectural style (historical, 5. Spanish Colonial Architecture
environmental and socio-cultural) 6. American Colonial Architecture
c) General characteristics (architectural, 7. Architecture of the
structural, decorative) Commonwealth and Post WWII
d) General contributions period
e) Notable examples 8. 21st Century Philippine
Architectural Topics: Architecture
4. Ancient architecture and the Western b) Architectural preservation,
succession conservation and restoration
a) Egyptian c) Pillars of Philippine Architecture
b) West Asiatic 1. Philosophies of Famous Filipino
c) Greek Architects
d) Roman 2. Examples of their great works
e) Early Christian
f) Byzantine
g) Romanesque Architecture in Europe
h) Gothic architecture in Europe
i) Renaissance architecture in Europe
j) Nineteenth and Twentieth Century in
Great Britain
k) Architecture of Africa, Australia and
New Zealand
l) Nineteenth and Twentieth Century
architecture in Continental Europe
m) Architecture of the Americas
n) International Style and Modernism
o) Contemporary Architecture
160

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Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P.

Ancient Chinese buildings traditionally stand on a

✓ The first pagodas were wooden but most of

✓ Qin dynasty marked the emergence of a

Mortise and tenon work of tie beams and cross

Pai-lou (Chinese gateway)

The Nine Pinnacle Pagoda, built in the 8th century

Great Wall of China

The Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595–605 during

The Great Red Gate at the Ming Tombs near

The brick-constructed Giant Wild Goose Pagoda,

Hua Si Gongbei (the mausoleum of Ma Laichi) in

The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD

The Hall of Supreme Harmony The Palace of Heavenly Purity

Imperial roof decoration of highest status on the

The Hall of Central Harmony (foreground) and the

Plan of the Forbidden City

A. Meridian Gate H. Hall of Military Eminence

Typical Japanese architecture developed slowly

✓ Momoyama – Yedo Period is the shift from

Pagoda at Hokki-ji, Ikaruga, Nara

Typical minka-style gasshō-zukuri farmhouse

Himeji Castle in Himeji, Hyōgo,

Matsumoto Castle in Matsumoto, Nagano,

Pagoda of Negoro-ji in Iwade, Wakayama

Ninomaru Palace within Nijo Castle, Kyoto

Garden of Tenryū-ji in Kyoto

The famous "floating" torii at Itsukushima Shrine, a

The following is a diagram illustrating the most

Korean architecture has a long history of 5,000

✓ Goguryeo, the largest of the Three

✓ Hanok is a Korean Traditional house

Ondol, under floor heating

Giwa, tiled roof

Cheomseongdae is an astronomical observatory in

Tomb of the General, presumed to be the tomb of a

India is home to a host of different cultures and

Buddhism Excavated ruins, Mohenjo-daro, modern-day

Jetavanaramaya stupa is an example of brick-clad

Great Stupa Plan

Detail on the Sanchi stupa

Devi Jagadambi Temple

The temple complex at Khajuraho—adhering to the

Lakshmana temple at Khajuraho, a panchayatana

Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura in

Gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi

The Hall of Private Audience at Fatehpur Sikri in

Mahabodhi Temple, a Buddhist Temple/ monastery

Vijayanagar Raya Gopura at Hampi, Karnataka

Mosques and tombs are usually the most important

✓ Other Islamic structures are the khans or

Taj Mahal, Agra, India Alhambra, Granada, Andalusia, Spain

A room of the palace and a view of the Court of the

View of the walls and towers of the Castle of the

West side of Palacio de Carlos V in the Alhambra

SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

Two Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia, the

Unusually, the libraries at Angkor Wat open to both

Borobudur stupas overlooking a mountain. For

Half cross-section with 4:6:9 height ratio for foot,