City University - Day 1 Afternoon - Final
City University - Day 1 Afternoon - Final
City University - Day 1 Afternoon - Final
Sustainable Development
City University
30th January – 2nd February 2023
Hooman Farnejad
Key Historical Events & Oil Price Volatility
1968 – 2022 (real 2010 prices)
2
The Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
3
OPEC (2)
Cartel Group / Producer’s Alliance
Member countries decide on production quotas. Oil prices are set by market depending
on global situation…Uncertainty in Global Demand is a challenge..
Saudi Arabia the “swing producer” has large influence on global oil market due to
substantial production capability – centeralised by one company (Saudi Aramco) – and
being one of the lowest cost producers in the world
4
OPEC versus IEA
Both OPEC and the IEA share two virtually common objectives;
Reduce the fluctuation in the oil prices
Unification of petroleum policies for member countries
The IEA member nations (mainly OECD countries) tend to prefer lower oil prices
to boost growth of “diversified” economies
5
Proven Oil Reserves
(~1.5 Trillion Barrels at end of 2021)
6
Global Oil Supplies (OPEC & Non-OPEC)
“Call on OPEC”
“the difference between global oil demand
and supply from non-OPEC countries”
7
OPEC Cartel Enforcement Challenge
Cohesion and quota discipline
Exceeding quota limit / cheating by members
OPEC members produce around 35- 40% of world crude oil, however their
export is more than 50% of global crude oil trade
8
Energy Prices & Macroeconomic Impacts
9
High Oil Prices & Economic Downturn
10
OPEC Oil Restrictions on Prices
Initial Supply Restriction
13
Petroleum History / Timeline
14
Petroleum History Timeline
500 B.C. 1781
First man-made oil well dug in Voynovich, chief of the Caspian
Mesopotamia during the reign of Darius expedition, finds the signs of oil & gas in
the Great Absheron peninsula and charts a detailed
map.
347 A.D.
Oil wells are drilled in China up to 800 ft 1803
deep using drill bits attached to bamboo Offshore oil extraction reported in Bibi-
poles Heybat Bay of the Caspian Sea
(Azerbaijan) from two hand-dug wells 30
600 A.D. meters away from the shoreline.
Confucius wrote about wells drilled for
salt in China that encountered oil & gas 1855
First oil well in Indonesia at Toenggal
1273 A.D.
Marco Polo recorded visiting the Persian 1857
city of Baku (Caspian Sea), where oil was First drilling of oil wells at Bend on the
being collected from seeps for use in Romanian side of the Carpathians
medicine and lighting and viewed the
“Eternal Fires” 1859
1725 Colonel Drake drills his discovery
Peter the Great of Russia issues
well (69 feet) at Titusville,
regulations to control the shipping of oil on Pennsylvania
the Volga River
15
Petroleum History Timeline (2)
1870 1896
John D. Rockefeller enters the oil Daimler and Benz invention of car resurrect
the market for petroleum
refining business; forms Standard
Oil of (Cleveland, OH) to produce First offshore oil production – from a pier at
kerosene for lighting purposes Summerland, California
1873 1901
Nobel family (excluding Alfred, the dynamite Spindletop gusher near Baumont, TX
inventor, who established the Nobel Prizes) Knox D’Arcy signs concession agreement with
drills for oil in Baku area in Russia (modern Iran to explore for oil
day Azerbaijan)
1903
1882 Wright Brothers first aircraft
Thomas Edison invests electric light bulb , Petroleum boom in California (Unocal)
endangering the future of petroleum markets
1907
1885
Merger of Shell and Royal Dutch
The Rothschilds develop petroleum in
Russia. Royal Dutch develops petrleum in 1908
Sumatra (Indonesia)
Oil discovered in Iran (by Anglo-
1892 Persian later become BP)
Marcus Samuel from Shell transport oil from Henry Ford begins mass production of the
Suez canal (had opened in 1869) Model “T” paving the way for car ownership
16
Petroleum History Timeline (3)
1911 1928
Dissolution of Rockefeller’s “Red-Line Agreement” allow a
Standard Oil cartel for violation of consortium of US, British, French,
“Sherman Antitrust Act” to form and Dutch companies to control
smaller oil companies which bulk of oil production from ex-
eventually became Exxon, Mobil, Ottoman territory, facilitated by
Amoco, Chevron etc. Calouste Gulbenkian (“Mr five
percent”)
1914 – 1918
During the WWI, USA provides oil to 1931
Britain and France. Use of oil becomes Oil price plummets to a few cents / barrel
vital in modern warfare
1933
1921
Standard Oil of California (Chevron) is
First experiment of using seismic waves to heavily involved in drilling in Saudi Arabia
image subsurface in Oklahoma
1938
1928 Petroleum boom in Kuwait and Saudi
“As-Is” (Achnacarry) Agreement – Arabia… ARAMCO participation by US
Britain attempt to stabilize oil Companies bound by Red-Line Agreement
prices through collusion “Basing- Nationalisation of the petroleum industry in
Point System” with mixed success Mexico
17
Petroleum History Timeline (4)
1939 – 1945 1969
Oil continues to play a vital role Petroleum discovered in the North Sea but
not produced until 1975
during the WW II with “Basing-
Point” system still in force 1971
1953 Tehran & Tripoli Agreement
Iran nationalise its oil industry (Mossadeq) 1973
and CIA’s overthrow the Iranian government
through organised military coup First “Energy Crisis”; Arab oil
embargo against USA in
1956-1958
retaliation for its support for Israel
Petroleum boom in Algeria, Angola, Nigeria – Syria / Egypt attack Israel in the
and Libya Yom Kippur war
First offshore drill rig and jack-up rig
1979
1960
Second “Energy Crisis”; Iranian
Formation of OPEC
revolution causes major
1968 disruptions in oil supplies from
Petroleum discovered in Alaska (Prudhoe Persian Gulf
Bay) but not exploited until 1977
1980
OPEC troubles begin. Iran / Iraq war
18
Petroleum History Timeline (5)
1982 1998 - 2001
OPEC establishes production quotas The Baku region and Caspian Sea in
general becomes the focus of interest for
and has occasional difficulties
IOCs, but the key issue is transportation to
ensuring adherence by member open sea and world markets
countries
2005
1989
Renewable fuel support
Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
2010
1990 BP Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
Third “Energy Crisis”. Iraq invades
2011
Kuwait causing another major oil
disruption in supplies from Persian Libya uprising
Gulf US releases oil from Strategic Reserves
1997 2016
Kyoto Protocol Paris Climate Agreement
19
History of US Oil Production
1850 – 2019
Source :- BP
20
Review of the
Group Work Cases
21