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    Mitosis and The Cell Cycle

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    Justyna Dończyk
    The document discusses mitosis and the cell cycle. It defines key terms like somatic cells, homologs, diploid and haploid cells. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares to divide, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Mitosis is further broken down into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the daughter cells.

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    Mitosis and The Cell Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Justyna Dończyk
    81 views20 pages
    The document discusses mitosis and the cell cycle. It defines key terms like somatic cells, homologs, diploid and haploid cells. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares to divide, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Mitosis is further broken down into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the daughter cells.

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    Mitosis

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    The document discusses mitosis and the cell cycle. It defines key terms like somatic cells, homologs, diploid and haploid cells. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares to divide, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Mitosis is further broken down into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the daughter cells.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    81 views20 pages

    Mitosis and The Cell Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Justyna Dończyk
    The document discusses mitosis and the cell cycle. It defines key terms like somatic cells, homologs, diploid and haploid cells. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares to divide, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Mitosis is further broken down into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the daughter cells.

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    of 20

    Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

    Some Definitions
    Somatic

    Cells body cells

    Produced through mitosis Has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)


    Homolog

    each member of a chromosome pair Diploid (2n) total of 46 chromosomes in people zygote and somatic cells Haploid (n) total of 23 chromosomes in people, gametes (sperm and egg)

    The Cell Cycle


    The

    sequence of growth and division of a cell. 95% of cell cycle in interphase 5% of cell cycle in mitosis

    The Cell Cycle


    The cell cycle describes the behaviour of cells as they grow and divide. In most cases, the cell produces two cells that are genetically identical to the original.

    These are called daughter cells.

    The Cell Cycle

    Interphase
    Growth

    Stage 1 (G1) metabolic activity of the cell Synthesis Stage (S) metabolic activity of the cell, replication of DNA Growth Stage 2 (G2) metabolic activity of the cell, prepare for division

    Mitosis
    Happens

    in all cells Cell division process 4 stages


    prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase.

    Prophase

    The chromatin fibres become more tightly coiled to form chromosomes. The nuclear envelope disintegrates and nucleoli disappear. The mitotic spindle begins to form and is complete at the end of prophase. The centromere of each chromosome has a region called the kinetochore that attaches to the spindle. The centrosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell due to lengthening microtubules. centromere chromatid

    Prophase

    Metaphase

    The chromosomes are moved to the middle or equator of the cell. This is referred to as the metaphase plate. The chromosome's centromeres lie on the plate. The movement of chromosomes is due to the action of the spindle which is made of microtubules. The centrosomes are now at the opposite poles

    Metaphase

    Anaphase

    This is usually the shortest phase of mitosis. It begins when the two sister chromatids of each chromosome are split. These chromatids, now chromosomes, move toward the opposite poles of the cell. The chromatid movement is due to shortening of the microtubules of the spindle. Because the centromeres are attached to the microtubules, they move towards the poles first. At the end of this phase, each pole of the cell has a complete, identical set of chromosomes.

    Anaphase

    Telophase

    The chromosomes are at each pole. A nuclear membrane (envelope) begins to reform around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes start to elongate to form chromatin. Nucleoli reappear. The spindle apparatus disappears. The cell is elongated and ready for cytokinesis.

    Telophase

    Cytokinesis
    Cytoplasm

    divides Two new daughter cells are now separate

    Cytokinesis in animals

    Cytokinesis in plant cell

    Cytokinesis
    Animal

    - cell membrane pinches inward forming cleavage furrows that ultimately separate the two cells - cell plate forms from the inside producing the rigid cell walls that separate the two cells

    Plant

    References

    Damon A. et. al. Biology Standard Level Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma. Heinemann 2007 Allot A., Mindorff D., Biology Course Companion IB Diploma Programme. Oxford University Press 2007 Duszyski J. et. al., ,,Biologia tom 1 zakres rozszerzony 2008 WS PWN Kkol P.T. Biologia Kompendium., 2010, wiat Ksiki. http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://mail.watertown.k12.ma.us:81/~kboudreau/Study%20Guides/wmssg/Gr7H P/Gr7SCI/SG/mitosis.htm http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/cell_cycle.html http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/mitosis/section2.rhtml http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/cytokinesis-pictures

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