Power Quality Issues Related To Variable-Frequency Drives
Power Quality Issues Related To Variable-Frequency Drives
1-1-2004
Repository Citation
Venkateswaran, Mahesh M, "Power quality issues related to variable-frequency drives" (2004). UNLV
Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/s4fi-jas6
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POWER QUALITY ISSUES RELATED TO VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
by
Mahesh M. Venkateswaran
Bachelor of Engineering
University o f Madras, India
2001
Graduate College
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
December 2004
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UMI Number: 1427434
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IINIV Thesis Approval
The Graduate College
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
November 18 .2004
Mahesh M. Venkateswaran
E n title d
xamincmdwCommittee Member
11
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ABSTRACT
by
Mahesh M. Venkateswaran
Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are widely used in industrial and commercial
applications due to their ability to reduce energy demand. A VFD, however, is not only
sensitive to poor power quality (e.g., voltage transients, sags, and swells), but is also
often blocked by passive shunt or series filters. The impact of line reactors on voltage
disturbances originating fi-om the utility side is not fully explored. Other issues like the
use o f output reactors with long motor leads and grounding of the power distribution
system are also important issues with regard to the use of VFD.
111
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c. impact of operating a VFD from an ungrounded distribution system
The study would be carried out using the computer simulation tool PSPICE.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ iii
U ST O FH G U R E S............................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1
Thesis Objective................................................................................................................. 1
Organization of the Thesis................................................................................................ 2
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................73
Task 1 ............................................................................................................................... 73
T a s k n .............................................................................................................................. 74
T a sk m ............................................................................................................................. 74
Impact o f VFDi .......................................................................................... 75
Impact o f VFD2 ................................................................................................... 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................. 79
VITA....................................................................................................................................... 79
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Vll
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Figure 3.27 Line-to-line voltage across motor terminals for cable of 500 ft. length -
without reactor.................................................................................................. 58
Figure 3.28 Line-to-line voltage across motor terminals for cable o f 500 ft. length - with
reactor.................................................................................................................. 59
Figure 3.29 Line-to-line voltage across motor terminals for all cables without reactor -
closer view............................................................................................... 60
Figure 3.30 Line-to-line voltage across motor terminals for all cables with reactors -
closer view....................................................................................................... 61
Figure 3.31 PSPICE circuit o f parallel arrangement of V F D s............................................ 63
Figure 3.32 Voltage across the electrolytic capacitors......................................................... 66
Figure 3.33 Voltage across capacitor Cyz o f unfaulted drive............................................. 67
Figure 3.34 Voltage across capacitor Cyi o f faulted drive.................................................. 68
Figure 3.35 Voltage across Ci and C2 ............................................................................. 69
Figure 3.36 Voltage across C 3 and C 4 ............................................................................. 70
Figure 3.37 Voltageacross Cyi - closer v iew ...................................................................... 71
Figure 3.38 Voltageacross Cy2 - closer v iew ..................................................................... 72
Figure 4.1 Loop formation within VFDi during fau lt....................................................... 77
Figure 4.2 Loop formation within VFD2 during fault........................................................ 78
vni
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The need for energy savings in industrial applications is more important than before
with the rise in energy costs. Hence, there is a need for the use of energy saving devices.
The use of variable frequency drives in commercial applications results in energy savings
apart from enhanced operability. Moreover, the VFDs are well integrated within the
system (like HVAC, pumps, etc.) these days. The use of “VFD” and “ASD”
Several terms have been used to describe a system that permits a mechanical load to
be driven at user-selected speeds. Some of the terms include VSD, for variable speed
drive; VFD, for variable frequency drive; AFD, for adjustable frequency drive; and ASD,
The term "variable" infers a change that may or may not be under the control of the
user. "Adjustable" is the preferred term since this refers to a change under user control.
The term "frequency" should only be applied to drives with an ac output, while the term
"speed" is preferred since it includes both ac and dc drives. The most accepted term for
this type of system is adjustable speed drive. Hence, interchangeability in the use of these
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Consequent to the increasing use of VFDs, the interest and need to study these
devices has also risen. Since VFDs are very sensitive devices, the study of power quality
issues which arise due to VFDs is of utmost importance. Since VFDs are used in an
increasing number of applications under different circumstances, the need to mitigate any
possible power quality issues that arise is very important. One way to possibly understand
and study such issues is to simulate the problem using a computer simulation tool. Such a
study gives a lot of flexibility to alter the circuit to suit different scenarios, better
The objective of this thesis is to look at three important power quality issues
associated with the operation of a VFD, using the computer simulation tool PSPICE. The
basic circuit is modified to simulate the three different tasks, by altering power supply,
feeder (cable) parameters and supply side and load side reactors.
This thesis is organized into four chapters. Chapter 2 is a survey of existing literature
to highlight research carried out in the area of power quality related to VFDs with an
emphasis on issues like the effect of line and load filters, motor cable length and
grounding systems. It gives an idea as where to place the emphasis with regard to this
> Impact of AC line reactors on the quality of power under power system
disturbances
> Impact of output/load reactors on the quality of power with long motor cables
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The simulation is carried out using a computer simulation tool and the results are
presented. Chapter 4 analyzes the results and draws conclusions accordingly. Overall,
this study.
• Main considerations leading to altering of the basic VFD circuit to study the
relevant tasks.
• Setting up of the basic VFD circuit with load and altering of the circuit to suit
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Variable frequency drives are used for increased efficiency in most modem industrial
applications. However, this also translates into power quality concerns when the
equipment fails or malfunctions during power disturbances [1]. Many sensitive electronic
devices are susceptible to disturbances in the input power supplied to them. Some of the
common power disturbances are voltage sags created by faults on the power system,
transient over-voltages caused by the switching of the utility's capacitor banks and
voltage waveform distortion created by the injection of harmonic currents from nonlinear
loads into the electrical utility system. Other issues of concern with respect to the
installation of a VFD are fault protection, wiring, grounding, length of the motor leads
and as with all other electrical and electronic equipments, humidity and moisture. Since
the VFD is sensitive electronic equipment, it generates distorted voltage and current
waveforms when the ac source is converted to dc and then inverted using a fast switching
inverter, to vary the speed of the motor. Hence it is extensively studied and several of
these power quality problems that occur due to the installation of a VFD are extensively
studied.
Voltage sag or dip is a short duration (0.5 to 30 cycles) reduction in rms voltage
caused by faults on the power system, starting of large loads and fast re-closing of circuit
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breakers. Power quality surveys mention voltage sags as the main cause of disturbances
in the system, with a certain survey reporting a percentage of 68% as voltage sags during
the analysis. Some of the equipment that protects the load in such a scenario is Ferro
devices, fly wheel and UPS. There are other methods that have been proposed too, like
[2], where the authors propose an integrated boost converter to provide a ride-through to
critical ASD load during voltage sags without any energy storage device. Similarly, a
voltage sag ride-through using active filters is shown in [3]. The same technique with the
interruptions.
Utilities are overcoming reactive power shortages by the addition of capacitors to the
inductance in the system. A VFD is more sensitive to such surges due to the lower
voltage tolerance in the modem PWM drives and hence there is a necessity to protect the
inverter transistors from over voltage. During a capacitor switching event (CST) event,
the DC link voltage of the ASD can rise to greater than 1.3 p.u. resulting in nuisance
tripping. In [4], the authors propose a method to mitigate such tripping by the
introduction of a soft-charge resistor momentarily in the series path of the power flow,
which effectively dampens out the CST. Moreover, the damping effect is electronically
controlled and hence can be used in several utility resonance conditions. Most commonly
and practically used methods to suppress the over voltage surges is the use of a choke or
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inductance in series with the load or a low pass filter combination to block the high
frequency transients.
Harmonic related problems affect the end user more than the utility as they constitute
a small percent of power disturbances in a utility, compared to voltage sags and over
voltages. The use of VFDs and other nonlinear loads has been blamed for excessive
harmonic injection into the utility supply system. These problems can be solved by the
use of active and passive filters in the electrical system, phase multiplication, active
harmonic compensation or by rating the system components to handle the high harmonic
levels [5]. ANSI/IEEE 519-1992, ‘IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control In Electric Power Systems’ lists recommended limits for total current
common coupling (PCC). The PCC is usually the point where the non-linear load feeder
leaves a bus energized by a power source. Since harmonics was the first power quality
problem encountered, a lot of research has been carried in this area and many effective
techniques to mitigate problems due to harmonics have been proposed [6, 7, 8].
external fuse relative to the load of the motor. Motor overload protection is provided by
the use of a motor over-current relay system that protects the three phases. The drives are
marked by the manufacturer of the drive. The sizing and installation of VFD line and load
conductors should confirm to the NEC and other appropriate codes (like TEER Standard
100, IEEE Standard 142). Since grounding and the motor lead length are analyzed
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2.2 Line and Load Reactors
In situations where the drives are located close to the power source, they may be
susceptible to any incoming disturbances like spikes, sags or transients. This is because
there is not enough impedance on the source side (in the form of transformers, feeder
cables, etc.). Hence a line reactor, which is nothing but an inductance, is added to the DC
side of the VFD to increase the source impedance. Apart from acting as additional source
impedance, it also acts as a current limiting device, attenuates electrical noise and
transients associated with the system. Hence it helps to extend the life of the VFD and the
motor [9]. Due to the capacitor in the DC bus taking in energy from the power system
four times per cycle, a highly distorted double hump discontinuous current waveform is
formed. Line reactors or chokes when placed in the three phases on the AC side reduce
the rate at which the capacitor charges and hence result in a less distorted and continuous
current waveform. The value of the inductance of the reactor can be obtained using
simple mathematical calculation and is between 3%-5% impedance of the drive rating.
There are many papers which point out mitigation techniques to power quality problems
associated with the VFD due to power system disturbances [10, 11, 4]; however, there is
very little mention on the specific role these line reactors have on the VFD due to power
system disturbances like voltage sag, swell, transient, etc. It is also to be noted that line
reactors are not used if the source has high impedance as excessive impedance may shift
the input voltage out of the tolerance of the input controller rating.
Load reactors are placed on the output side, between the drive and the motor, for
many purposes. They are primarily placed to compensate for the high rate of voltage rise
in inverter output, due to fast switching, thus acting as a dv/dt filter. The over voltage at
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the motor terminal is analyzed using reflection theory for the cable end which explains
that the voltage overshoot depends on the inverter output voltage rise-time, cable length,
and the reflection coefficient of the cable length [12]. Several papers propose the use and
design of an output reactor to reduce dv/dt of inverter voltage [13, 14]. The paper [15]
talks about the design considerations for an output filter to reduce the motor terminal over
voltages arising due to the use of ASDs to AC motors, when cables of different lengths
are used (50 ft., 100 ft., 200 ft.). Even though the design of filters has been widely
discussed in a lot of papers, the use of output reactors used in such arrangement is hardly
discussed. The study of load reactors is important as most practical applications use load
A study of various companies manufacturing such reactors, the utilities and other
commercial establishments using such reactors will show an extensive use of line/load
which offers power quality products offers a wide range of line/load reactors which serve
the requirements for a range of applications. Tables are provided that help to pick the
Motor cable represents the section of cable (or feeder) between the drive and the
motor. The paper [16] first pointed that the very steep PWM inverter output voltage
pulses sent out on the motor cable must be individually studied rather than just
considering the effect of the RMS voltage and current values. Persson observes that the
motor cable acts as a transmission line to the voltage pulses and explains the reflection
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theory in the drive-cable-motor arrangement, which might arise due to a mismatch in the
characteristic impedance and the cable end impedance. A special feature paper by
Persson in 2000 [17] concludes that the output pulse voltage rises with increasing cable
length quoting study by other researchers, and hence reiterates the fact that motor cable
length is an important issue with regard to the use of a drive-motor arrangement. Paper
[18] outlines the research carried out in the design of output filters for PWM drives
considering the effect of motor cable length. The authors conclude the use of a dv/dt filter
when the cable is not long and the use of a sinusoidal output filter otherwise. Paper [19]
studies the effect of long cables on IGBT PWM inverter (a 460V AC inverter is used)
drives and concludes that the effect of long cables is significant with the operation of
lesser horsepower drives (less than lOHP). Another white paper [20] concludes that the
effect of reflected voltage wave is not a problem when the cable length is less than 15 ft.
However, with increasing cable length, it results in a voltage overshoot (or voltage ring-
up) condition that results in stress on the motor’s insulation, lesser efficiency, increased
The aspect of operating VFDs with a grounded or ungrounded system has not been
actively discussed since it is assumed that most power distribution systems are Wye
grounded. However, older industrial plants in the United States and shipboard systems in
the U.S. Navy [21] still operate on ungrounded electric power distribution system. This
arrangement is still popular in older plants due to the fact that a phase-to-ground fault
need not be cleared immediately and hence avoids a shutdown of critical plant operation.
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Hence the need to study the impact of grounding systems on VFD applications needs to
be understood clearly.
In the case of existing Delta ungrounded systems used with VFDs, it is suggested to
install a Delta to wye transformer with a wye grounded, with an individual grounding
rod. Most VFD manufacturers these days suggest the removal of the Y-capacitor with the
placement of a jumper, when used with an ungrounded power source due to the
grounding loop caused by the same when a line fault occurs, which otherwise results in
the breakdown of the drive. Paper [22] discusses the theory behind one such catastrophic
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CHAPTER 3
This chapter is organized into three parts, where the ASD is its basic form is analyzed
in the first part, followed by an explanation of the external components of a VFD and
finally the presentation of the specific PSPICE model of the VFD used for this study.
This drive is modified later to study the different tasks involved. The following sub
chapter explains the basic theory of an ASD in its most general form, with brief
explanation about the three major sections - the input bus section, the DC bus filters and
the inverter section, which is followed by an explanation of the external sections like the
power source, reactors, etc. that are key to the operation of a VFD smoothly. Fig. 1 is a
A VFD has three basic sections - the input bus section, the DC bus filters and the
inverter section. The AC supply is usually Wye grounded, and sometimes an ungrounded
delta transformer. The three phase AC input is rectified using a six bridge diode rectifier
to produce a DC bus. Motors usually have high starting current and hence a resistor in
parallel with a switch acts as the current limiting circuit. This helps to differentiate
between the high inrush current and a fault. The DC is smoothened with the use of filter
11
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Mowr
ocaut
12
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capacitors, used to attenuate the common mode and differential mode interference. This
filter arrangement contains ‘X’ and ‘Y’ capacitors to reduce symmetric and asymmetric
EMI and RFI interference in the system. The smoothened DC is fed to the inverter
The IGBTs are capable of very high switching frequencies in the range of 1 KHz - 20
KHz, with rise time up to 0.1 jas. The IGBT is switched on and off by a microprocessor
connected to the inverter arrangement. All the IGBTs are switched at the same frequency
and thus help to produce a pulse-width modulated sine waveform, whose frequency can
be controlled with the switching arrangement. Output filters/reactors are used to reduce
the high frequency leakage currents. The motor terminals are fed with a 3-phase
controlled AC supply with variable frequency, resulting in the variable speed range of the
motor. A knob is provided to adjust the speed of the motor and accordingly the switching
frequency adjusted by the microprocessor. The VFD helps reduce the stress on the motor
The 3-phase AC input is rectified using a 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier to produce a
DC voltage. With an increase in the need to meet clean input power requirements, many
ASD manufacturers are replacing diode bridge rectifiers by PWM rectifiers [23]. Other
advantages that are observed with the use of such an arrangement include power flow in
two directions, regenerative braking and immunity to voltage sags and other utility
disturbances. Also, diode rectifiers produce harmonic pollution and hence replaced by
active filters as presented in [3], providing voltage sag ride through capability.
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In industrial applications, three phase rectifiers are preferred, compared to single phase
rectifiers, due to their lower ripple content and higher power-handling capability. The
three-phase full bridge diode rectifier shown in Fig. 2 is the most commonly used setup in
a VFD.
The average value of the output DC voltage (considering large c^acitance) can be
calculated by obtaining the average over a 60° or n/3 interval, and given by
2 2j
Vj = — \42Vr, coscûtJœt — zr <CDt <—n
“ n jJt A A
where,
The DC bus section between the rectifier arrangement and the inverter section carries
the constant-voltage DC fi’om the rectifier. The rectifier powered bus may be connected
to several inverters, with the inverters being regenerative between the motors and the dc
bus. This allows regeneration firom one load to be returned to the bus, and used by other
inverters. The voltage across the DC bus follows the peak of rectified input phase-to-
phase voltage while the DC-bus capacitors are charging, then decreases until the next
phase-to-phase voltage exceeds the DC-bus voltage. The capacitors are placed in a
parallel arrangement and the number of capacitors in each bank depends on the
There are different types of drives used for different applications and the inverter
section of a VFD impacts power quality, power factor and harmonic content as a function
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o f the source inductances. Three major inverter types used in VFDs are Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI), Current Source Inverter (CSI) and Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) drives.
However, PWM units are the state-of-the-art drive option due to the high energy
kHz range, which sometimes caused annoying audible problems. Most manufacturers
now offer drives with a higher carrier frequency in the 15 kHz to 20 kHz range that use
insulated gate bi-polar transistors in the output circuit. Even though this has resulted in
power quality problems on the motor side, including insulation and bearing failures, the
advantages o f using a PWM inverter outweighs these problems. Hence, the selection of
an ASD with a desirable inverter section is a very important decision to be made, based
on discussions with the drive vendor. A wonderful guide to the selection and application
of an ASD has been released by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association [24]
that assists the user to communicate critical information and requirements to the vendor,
Apart from the above three basic sections that make the heart of the VFD, there are
some external components that are of importance to install a VFD between the utility and
the load. Some o f these components like line/load reactors are optional. These external
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3.2.1 Power Source
The power for a VFD, in most cases, is derived from the utility and hence the power
necessity. Most power quality issues like sags, swells, transients, etc. arise due to power
system disturbances and hence a steady power source is necessary. The grounding of the
in any industrial application. Even though most power distribution systems are wye
grounded, there are still older plants in the United States that are powered by an
Line and load reactors are optional inductances added to the input side and motor side
of the VFD respectively for different purposes. Line reactors, on the input side, stabilize
the current waveform, reducing the harmonic distortion and burden on the electrical
equipment. They absorb the spikes and fill-in the sags, and hence prevent over-voltage
and under-voltage tripping problems. They also minimize interference with other
electronic equipment. The value of line reactors vary between 3%-5% impedance of the
drive rating.
Load reactors, however, are used to reduce the high frequency currents of the motor
and to protect the motor from long lead lengths. They also reduce the stress on the motor
due to high PWM voltage pulses from the inverter, reduce motor temperature and act as
current-limiting devices to protect the motor under short circuit conditions. The inductors
when installed require an additional volume of 10% to 25% of the inverter and hence, the
sizing of the inductor is very important. Manufacturers provide detailed tables with motor
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rating, voltage/frequency and percentage impedance so that users can buy the desired
inductors to frame sizes as a function of the length of cable. For higher powered motors,
the vendors can be contacted to provide reactors based on the specific need.
Even though output reactors are used to reduce the rate o f change of rise o f voltage at
the motor in most applications, they do not effectively reduce the peak voltage. In such
cases, an output filter arrangement is used to reduce the over-voltages due to reflections,
mostly for long cable lengths. Replacing line reactors with filters involve significant cost
increase and collateral power loss proportional to cable length depending on the
optimization procedures used in the design o f such filters. Different types of output filters
in use are L-R-C filter, L-C-D filter (combination o f a rectifier in addition to inductor and
capacitor) and L-C filters. Many techniques have been proposed in the placement of these
midpoint is proposed and [25], where a common-mode sinusoidal filter in tandem with
Even though motor load is not a part of the ASD, it remains an important parameter
in the selection o f an ASD. The application guide for the selection o f ASD published by
NEMA [24] has a part dedicated to the selection of motors. It suggests that various motor
and deceleration requirements, and duty cycle need to be acquired at the initial planning
phases o f an ASD application. Also, external parameters like motor enclosure need to be
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M otor loads in general can be classified into three categories: constant torque,
constant hp and variable torque, w ith applications varying from c o n v ey o r belts that
require the sam e torque at both low and high speeds, m etal-cutting tools operating over
w ide range o f speeds and centrifugal pum ps, w here in theory the hp varies as a cube o f
the speed. O ther types o f loads include transient loads and im pact loads.
M otor and control speed characteristics are an integral part o f m otor selection fo r any
requirem ents, m otor term inal voltage transients, shaft voltages and bearing currents and
noise and tem perature considerations. A lthough there are m any control techniques that
m otors w ithin the scope o f N E M A are: volts/hertz control and vector control. In
volts/hertz control, the voltage supplied to the m otor by the control at various frequencies
resistance (IR ) com pensation is activated or the frequency is increased beyond a value for
which the system voltage is sufficient to m aintain it. A vector control decouples the
m agnetizing flux producing and torque producing currents supplied to the m o to r and
controls them separately, thus providing a very good steady-state and dynam ic
Cable lengths betw een the drive and the m otor affect the selection o f an A S D as
m uch as the m otor loads. W hen the m otor is a long distance from the inverter, the
conductors connecting the m o to r to the inverter act like a transm ission line, w here the
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inductance is the phase inductance p er unit length, and the capacitance is the line-to-
ground capacitance p er unit length. F rom transm ission line theory, w hen there is a
m ism atch in the characteristic im pedance o f the line and the im pedance at the m otor end,
voltage and current w aves are reflected back. T he voltage adds up to the incident voltage
at the inverter end and hence alm ost doubles the voltage at the m otor. A lthough the
m ism atch betw een cable and m otor im pedance is highest for sm all m otors, in all cases,
voltage is greatest at the m otor, resulting in m o to r insulation dam ages and bearing
Z _ -Z _
P
z_ +z_
w here, Z^ is the m otor im pedance, Z^ is the characteristic im pedance o f the line and P
the reflection coefficient. The value o f ‘P ’ is clo ser to 1.0 for sm aller m otors and keeps
PW M rise tim e is the tim e (in ps) fo r the inverter output pulse to travel from the
inverter term inals to the m otor term inals and can be expressed as,
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1
V = •
w here,
- cable length;
A fter t i m e t ,, the forw ard-traveling inverter output pulse will be reflected at the m otor
term inals, and the resulting backw ard-traveling w ave, m oving tow ard the inverter, will
have am plitude of
f * V * T
= ^ fort, <t,
K
and
= fort, > L
where,
- D C bus voltage
A nother im portant param eter that needs to be understood w ith respect to m o to r cables
is ‘critical cable length, w hich is the m axim um cable length at w hich voltage
am plification d o esn ’t occur. If the propagation speed (the voltage w ave) is S and the rise
tim e o f the P W M w ave front (defined as the tim e taken for the output to go from 10% to
90% o f its peak value) is T , then the distance traveled by the w ave front during its rise
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tim e is S X T. If the m otor is at a position w here the incident w ave has ju st reached 50%
o f its full value and if the reflection coefficient is 1.0, then the sum o f the reflected and
incident w aves will yield 100% o f the peak value o f the incident w ave. A ny distance
greater than this critical lead length w ould result in a voltage greater than 1.00 p er unit.
D c r itic a l 2
T he propagation speed over a co n d u cto r depends on its inductance and capacitance per
S = —j}. m /sec
4 lc
E m ploying output reactors, output filters and high frequency snubbers in the output
side are som e o f the w ays to protect inverter feed m otors, w hich operate from long leads,
consists o f tw o sets o f capacitor banks (Ci and C 2 ) connected in series w ith the m idpoint
prim arily store energy but they also perform the follow ing functions: filter the voltage
ripple from the rectifier output, act as a low im pedance path for ripple currents generated
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by the rectifier and PW M inverter stages and m aintain an adequate dc-link voltage level
for ride-through during a brief utility disturbance. T hese X- capacitors are used w here
failure could not lead to electrical shock. T he typical value o f the X -cap acito r lies
betw een 0.1 and 1.0, how ever higher values are required depending on the interference
frequencies (EM I). In this study, a value o f 2600/xF is required and is split betw een two
The Y -capacitor Cy, connected betw een the dc-link m idpoint o f the line and the
ground, is fo r applications w here dam age to the capacitor m ay involve the danger of
electrical shock if the ground connection w ere lost. Since a Y -capacitor shunts current to
ground, leakage-current lim itations lim it their size to a m axim um o f about 4 700pF in
m any com m ercial and industrial applications. L arger ones over 0.1/xF are available these
days due to the increasing dem and o f higher valued capacitors. In this study, a value of
signals for the sw itches m odeling the IG B T s, is fed by a 30 H z sine w ave and a 4 kHz
triangular w ave through a com parator, to produce the pulsed sine w aveform . T he control
A C voltage from the D C bus. A n adjustable knob is provided to generate drive signals
T o avoid convergence problem s in PSPIC E , som e extrem ely large or extrem ely small
resistors are placed alongside the E M I capacitors. In addition, a resistor o f 150 Q placed
22
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V 2
V 3 C2
Ü 1
23
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in parallel w ith a sw itch is connected in series w ith the electrolytic capacitors during
starting to lim it the inrush current. T he current in itially passes through the resistor until
the sw itch is turned on at 150ms, by w hich tim e the inrush current is negligible and hence
poses no serious dam age to the com ponents. T he o utput side o f the V F D consists o f a
cable w ith negligible im pedance and the m otor loads. A sw itch is placed before the m otor
one each in all the three phases and turned on a little into steady-state to pass the current
to the loads.
i.e., (2 5 )^ * R = 4.148 kW
=> R = 6.64 Q.
B y form ula,
Q = 1 % , w here X l = (377) * L
24
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
=> L = (2.18 kV A R ) / ( ( 2 5 f * 377) = 9.25m H
Thus the m otor is represented by the above calculated values o f R and L in each o f
25
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER 4
The main core of this thesis is divided into three tasks, with each task analyzing a
certain power quality problem in the installation and use of a VFD. A problem is framed
for each task followed by a modification of the basic circuit to suit that particular
problem. Then the circuit is simulated to obtain the results, which are later discussed. In
the following chapters, the three tasks are discussed and results presented.
4.1.1 Task I - Impact of Line Reactors on Power Quality of VFD under Power System
Disturbances
As previously explained, line reactors are optional in a VFD arrangement but most
applications use either line or load reactors or both. During early morning hours, most
utility systems turn their capacitor banks on and/or off at the utility substations, which
might result in capacitor switching transients (CSTs). Smaller VFDs (of less than 15hp)
are usually sensitive to these CSTs, while larger ones are less susceptible. A line reactor
is an effective and easy way to reduce the nuisance tripping that might occur due to
CSTs. Hence, line reactors play an important role in reducing the power quality problems
In Fig. 3 a power disturbance in the form of voltage sag is created by using additional
circuitry in the input side. A line reactor is placed in each of the three phases on the upper
26
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
150m
MOm “ ■'* ‘
—0 —W
i— —---r ^ " ‘’0 '
11-200
W--
200m
0.S01m0
r 1» -200 1^ : 200
È ZA
t 't e '
M o»r 2
150m 200m
4Wr
200m
200m
AZ A
27
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
$zz
3% °
•3
ISOm zoom ^
! ,
f]
200m
1 2s .200 0.561mH
K 200
-W r - -Wi----
200m
-0-^VVV— ---r ^ - ^ - 0
1( MO 12s .200 O.SOtmH
-Wr- -V A -------
tes*
*3
150m
-V A -
a»-6
200m
•3
-V A - _L ^_L j 00^ _ L _ * v w \ J _
■0 200m
-V A -
% -
'0
28
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
S &21 % ' is g ’
O.SfetmM
M 2m t \ 302.0Sl2m<
2Mm
M 2m s W ZW IAn#
p©-^vvv-^ i j: O.S61mH
12m#
*"<C AAA
—AW
—VW
r-^
—AW
if e * j £ g '
29
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
VFD circuit while none is placed on the lower VFD. Three low valued resistors are
placed in each o f the three phases of the lower VFD to place probes after circuit
simulation, to measure current values entering the lower VFD. The motor (50hp) is
placed right after the VFD, thus preventing the effect of long cables in such an
arrangement. A comparison of the currents and voltages at the lower and the upper VFDs
helps to study the effect line reactors on the quality of power, under power system
disturbances. The same procedure is repeated to study the system under voltage swells
and voltage transients at die supply side. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 represent the circuit setup for
The basic VFD circuit in Fig. 2 is modified to study the effect of line reactors on
power quality, under sag, swell and transient. A power system disturbance is created by
using a switch-voltage source setup in parallel with a low valued resistor, in series with
each o f the voltage sources in the three phases o f the line. Sag is created by adding a
series voltage o f negative 200 Volts at Is to the input line voltage o f 460 Volts, and then
increasing it back to 460 Volts at 1.2s. Fig. 3 represents such an arrangement while Fig. 4
represents the creation o f voltage swell by reversing the sag process. It can be observed
from Fig. 6 and Fig 12 how sag and swell are simulated in the system, respectively.
However, for transient study, a sine wave with a 1.2 x 50 ps 1000-V impulsive transient
rising from 0 to its peak value o f 1000 V in 1.2 ps and a decaying time o f 50 ps is created
by switching a sine and exponential source alternatively. This arrangement is shown for
30
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A 5% line reactor is placed in each of the three phases in all the three cases. The 5%
The circuit is then simulated for a certain time and the results obtained.
Fig. 6 shows the line-to-line voltage in the upper VFD with the line reactor and the
lower VFD without the line reactor, during the sag period. It can be seen that the voltage
dips towards the end, thus reaffirming voltage sag from the power supply side. Fig. 7
shows the currents in the upper and lower VFDs during the same period. It can be seen
that the reactor helps to compensate for the sag and retains a smooth and continuous
waveform in the upper VFD while the lower VFD, without the line reactor, has a more
discontinuous current waveform. The Total Harmonic Distortion is given by the formula.
h=2
THD =
M,
31
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
The rms value of the total waveform is given as,
rms= =Mi.Vr+7HD^
V/i=i
The THD of current of the upper and lower VFDs can be seen in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, where
the VFD with line reactor has less THD compared to the lower VFD without the reactor.
Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 show the DC bus voltage across the DC bus during the sag period and
it can be seen that due to the additional impedance (line reactor), the upper VFD has a
lesser and continuous voltage compared to the lower VFD with a slightly higher voltage.
Fig. 12 shows the line-to-line voltage in the upper VFD with the line reactor and the
lower VFD, during the swell process. Fig. 13 shows the respective currents entering the
VFD for the same time period. Similar to the sag process, with the use of a reactor, it can
be seen that the THD of current in the upper VFD is lesser than the lower VFD as shown
in Figures 14-15. The voltage across the DC bus is shown in Figures 16-17, with the
upper VFD having a lesser voltage due to the additional reactor impedance.
In the case of a voltage transient in the input side due to fast switching, voltages the
currents entering the upper and lower VFDs are shown in Figures 18-19. It is seen that
the magnitude of current in the lower VFD, without a reactor, increases rapidly for less
than a cycle, due to the transient in the supply side. However, in the same figure, it is
noted that the current waveform of the upper VFD, with the line reactor, is continuous
and doesn’t increase or decrease rapidly. Also the THD of the upper and lower VFD can
be observed in Figures 20-21 respectively, with the upper VFD having a lesser THD
overall. Figures 22-23 show the voltage across DC bus during transient.
32
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•SI-
with reactor
SIlH
-SM-
-7,3-1-------------- ------
1 .9 6 5 s 1 .9 7 1 s I .I M s 1 .9 2 1 s
Fig. 6: Line voltages entering the upper and lower VFDs during sag
33
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1 .9 8 1 s 8 998s 1.828s 1.888s
Timew)
Fig. 7: Currents entering the upper and lower VFDs during sag
34
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I.WHz
u 1.21Hz
Fr«qMncy(KHz)
35
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
•.M Hz 1.2Rlb
Fr«qMncy(KHz)
36
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
f.2 s t.ls 1.2s
Fig. 10: Voltage across DC bus in upper and lower VFDs during sag
37
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
c
I'
0 .9 9 1 s 1 .0 0 0 s
Tine (s)
Fig. 11 : Voltage across DC bus of upper and lower VFDs during sag - closer view
38
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2 . OKU
0 .9 6 5 s 0 .9 7 0 s 0 .9 8 0 s 0 .9 9 0 s 1 .0 2 0 s 1 .0 3 0 s
Tim* 0 )
Fig. 12: Line voltages entering the upper and lower VFDs during swell
39
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
10M -
0 .9 6 5 s 0 .9 7 0 s 0 .9 8 0 s 1 .0 0 0 s 1 .0 2 0 s
Tim* (0
Fig. 13: Currents entering the upper and lower VFDs during swell
40
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25.3 8
rii.M
41
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3
42
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1.2KU
0.8KU-
8 .2 s 8 .8 s 1 .8 s 1 .2 s I .H S
Tim*(s)
Fig. 16: Voltage across DC bus in upper and lower VFDs during swell
43
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1.ZKU
1.WU-
J a.BKV-
8.6KU-I------------1-----
8.9 6 5 s 8 .9 7 0 s 8 .9 9 8 s 1 .8 8 8 s 1 .8 1 8 s 1 .8 2 8 s 1.8H8S
Time (0
Fig. 17: Voltage across DC bus of upper and lower VFDs during swell - closer view
44
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1.MU
OU-
45
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1.8KU
298KS 31 ta s 330ns
Tin« (Bs)
Fig 18b: Line voltages entering upper and lower VFDs during transient
46
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
68Mi
Wüh«it rnctir
With reactor
H
-38M -
298ns 295ns 388ns 385ns 318ns 315ns 328
Tine (nt)
Fig 19: Currents entering upper and lower VFDs during transient
47
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
839U
.W irhM t r f t r t e r
88N -
700U-
Fig 20: Voltage across DC bus for upper and lower VFDs during transient
48
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4.2.1 Task II - Impact of Output Reactors on Power Quality supplied to Motors, when
An output reactor is placed on the output side, between the drive and the motor. It is
increasingly used these days due to the fast switching IGBT inverters, thus making the
VFDs more susceptible to power quality problems. However, due to the increasing use of
IGBT inverters that outweigh its disadvantages, the use of other compensating devices
has become a necessity. Output reactors are used as current limiting devices and filter the
PWM waveform from the inverter output, thus reducing the effect of fast rise in dv/dt.
Apart from this, they also help to reduce electrical noise and protect the controller from
short circuit in the load or a surge in the output current by limiting the short circuit
current.
Another important aspect that is considered is the length of the feeder connecting the
drive to the motor. As explained earlier, increasing cable length contributes to damped
high frequency ringing at the motor terminals resulting in over-voltages resulting that the
motor insulation.
Fig. 24 shows a PSICE schematic that is used to study the quality of power supplied
to the motor when cables of different lengths are used, in the presence of 5% load
reactors. A VFD with 5% load reactors over varying cable lengths is connected to the
same load. The output reactor is modeled the same way the 5% line reactor is modeled
while the motor cable is modeled based on values obtained from [15], for lengths of 100
ft. and 500 ft. The bottom-most arrangement represents a cable of negligible length
(where the motor is placed right next to the drive), the top-most arrangement represents
the cable of 500 ft. and the middle arrangement represents the 100 ft. cable.
49
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Mm
± CS
Fig. 21 : PSPICE circuit o f VFD with output reactors for different Cable Lengths
without reactors
50
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
= C4
T Ca3
Fig. 22: PSPICE circuit of VFD with output reactors for different cable lengths - with
reactors
51
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4.2.2 PSPICE Simulation and Results
The basic setup is shown in Fig. II, in which the basic VFD circuit is altered to add
load reactors in each of the three phases on the output side. Also, since cables of different
lengths are used for the study, a three-layer arrangement is used on the output side to
model cables of 500 ft., 100 ft. and of negligible length. Lumpedcircuitparameters are
used to represent the cable. From [15], the impedance value per foot of the most
Accordingly, the values for cables of 250 ft. and 500 ft. are calculated as below:
The circuit is simulated for a specific time period and results obtained.
A look at the line voltages at the motor terminal helps to understand the effect of
output reactors on the quality of power supplied. Also, the effect of varying motor cable
lengths has an effect on the power supplied. Fig. 23 and Fig. 24 show the line voltage
across the motor terminals for a cable of negligible length, without and with a reactor
respectively.
The results for a cable of 100 ft. and 500 ft. are also presented as shown in Figures
25-28. With cable of negligible length, the effect of output reactors on the quality of
power is rather small. However, with increasing cable lengths, it can be observed that the
output reactors help to minimize the over-voltage transients, thus helping to deliver a
better quality of power to the motor. A closer view of the line voltages for the different
cable lengths is shown in Fig. 29 without the reactors and in Fig. 30 with the reactors. It
52
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can be seen that with the reactors, the waveforms do not rise as much and hence help to
53
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Fig. 23: Line voltage across motor terminals for cable of negligible length - without
reactor
54
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MSas
Fig. 24: Line voltage across motor terminals for cable of negligible length - with reactor
55
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1.WV-
Fig. 25: Line voltage across motor terminals for cable of 100 ft. - without reactor
56
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4 2 ln s 4251» 48 1 n s 485ns 4 48ns 445ns 45#
um Oh )
Fig. 26: Line voltage across motor terminals for cable o f of 100 ft. - with reactor
57
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I.NU
Fig. 27: Line voltage across motor terminals for cable of 500 ft. - without reactor
58
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1 .W V -
1.3KU
445H5 450K
ItaMdM)
Fig. 28: Line voltage across motor terminals for cable o f o f 500 ft. - with reactor
59
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
«itkcaU«af$00ft. Vick caMeaflOOft.
0.5KV
-8.5KU-I------
%37.1#ms W 7 .1 5 # s W 7.2#m s ft37.25ns W 7.30m s # 3 7 .35ms li37.40iis %37.45iis %37.5#ms 4 3 7 .55ms
Tüna (Ms)
Fig. 29: Line voltage across motor terminals for all cables without reactors - closer view
60
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. KU
1 8
W itbcaUtofSOOft.
Fig. 30: Voltage across motor terminals for all cables with reactors- closer view
61
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4.3.1 Task m - Impact o f Operating a VFD from an Ungrounded Distribution System
steep change in voltage and/or current, causing numerous problems including conducted
and radiated EMI. Conducted EMI is controlled by installing filters, both common-mode
and differential mode. Unlike the previous tasks, an ungrounded distribution system
(delta) is used at the supply end. Even though the usage of an ungrounded source is not
and old industrial plants in the US. In such a scenario, the need to understand the
operation o f a VFD is important and key to the smooth operation o f the plant.
Fig. 31 represents the PSPICE schematic used to study the operation of a VFD with
an ungrounded supply. A set o f VFDs are connected in parallel and a fault is simulated in
the top arrangement. VFDi (top) feeds an induction motor, represented by a balanced Y-
resistance Rf.) The parallel VFDz (bottom) is energized and unloaded; it is represented
rectifier to produce a DC voltage. The upper DC link consists o f two sets o f capacitor
banks (Ci and C2 ) connected in series between positive and negative terminals, while
another capacitor Cyi is connected between the midpoint of C 1-C2 and ground. A similar
arrangement is used in the lower VFD, with the two capacitors in series being C 3 and C 4 ,
and Cy2 being the capacitor connected to the ground. The capacitor bank is made of more
than one capacitor. For example, here each bank consists o f a parallel connection of a
62
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ZZA
200m
200m
CYI
üf^JOOm
vn> 2
"0
CY2
1
Fig. 31: PSPICE circuit of parallel arrangement o f VFDs
63
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
number o f capacitors, each rated at 430 V. The number of capacitors in each bank
depends on the horsepower rating of the drive. Capacitors Cyi and Cv2 are called ‘Y-
c^acitors’ and are placed to reduce the common-mode EMI within either one o f the two
The actual electrolytic capacitor banks Ci through C4 are each sized to 1.32 mF since
each bank consists o f four 330 pF capacitors connected in parallel. The ‘Y’ capacitors
C yi and C y 2 are sized to 0.22 pF. The PWM circuitry, that generates drive signals for the
switches modeling the IGBTs, is fed by a 30 Hz sine wave and a 4 kHz triangular wave.
During the simulations, some extremely large or extremely small resistors are placed to
series with the electrolytic capacitors during starting to limit the inrush current.
fault (with R f = 0.0001 Q) is induced at t = 0.3 seconds. The faulted circuit is let to
continue operation for 8 seconds. Fig. 32 shows the resulting voltages across the
electrolytic capacitors in both drives. Note that the voltage across these capacitors
remains at nearly 340 V in the faulted drive, while it nearly doubles in the un-faulted
drive. Fig. 33 shows the corresponding voltage across the “Y” capacitor Cy2 of the un
faulted VFD2 . This voltage switches between ± 340 V immediately after the fault occurs,
then decays as the voltage builds across C 3 and C 4 beyond operating levels. Fig. 34 shows
the voltage across the capacitor C yi and there is no effect due to the occurrence o f the
fault.
Fig. 35 and Fig. 36 show a closer look at the variation in voltage across the
electrolytic capacitors o f the faulted drive and the un-faulted drive at 0 .8 seconds.
64
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
respectively. The voltage across Ci and C2 is periodic and fluctuates between 320 V and
340 V due to motor loading, while the slight distortion within each pulse is due to the
charge and discharge o f the “Y” c^acitor through the fault resistance. On the other hand,
the voltage across C3 and C4 exhibits a step increase at each alternate inverter switching.
Fig. 37 and Fig. 38 show the corresponding voltage across the “Y” capacitors of both
drives during the same 4-millisecond time window. These graphs clearly indicate that the
voltage across Cyi in VFDi is periodic and stable, while the voltage across Cyz in VFD2
65
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I .ts t . 9S S .tf #.#5 5 #5
66
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Fig. 33: Voltage across capacitor Cy2 of un-faulted drive
67
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Fig. 34: Voltage across capacitor Cyi of faulted drive
68
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•• 2 .
69
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
sas sti.M s tti.s in .S K
70
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Fig. 37; Voltage across Cyi - closer view
71
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«#*
72
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
The results that are obtained from simulations, explained in chapter 4, are discussed
in this chapter.
5.1 Task I
Due to the capacitor in the DC bus taking in energy from the power system four times
per cycle, a highly distorted double hump discontinuous current waveform is formed.
Line reactors or chokes when placed in the three phases on the AC side reduce the rate at
which the capacitor charges and hence result in a less distorted and continuous current
waveform.
Fig.7, Fig. 13 and Fig. 19 show the current waveforms before it enters the VFD under
power system disturbances like sag, swell and transient respectively. It can be commonly
observed that the current waveform is smooth and continuous in the presence of line
reactors compared to the distorted current waveform, in the absence of line reactors.
Looking at the THD of current entering the VFD, there is an overall decrease with the use
o f line reactors. Thus, the quality of power that is supplied to the VFD from the supply
side with power system disturbances is much higher with line reactors than without line
reactors.
73
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
5.2 Task ü
With an increasing use of IGBT inverters in most VFDs, fast switching resulting in
rise of dv/dt is inevitable. An output reactor when placed helps to reduce the effect of
dv/dt, thus reducing the stress on motor insulation. Also, higher motor cable lengths
result in a higher reflected voltage from the motor side, resulting in doubling of voltage at
the motor terminal. The addition of an output reactor also helps to reduce the voltage
It is observed from Figures 25 - 27 that with increasing motor cable lengths, the
voltage overshoot for each cycle is higher at the motor terminals. However, due to the
considerably. Further, Fig. 28 gives a closer view of cables of different lengths over a
period of a few milliseconds. It can be clearly seen that the waveform is smooth for cable
of negligible length with an increase for the 100 ft. and 500 ft. cables.
5.3 Task IE
the presence of a fault. One might expect that the VFD supplying the faulted motor will
be damaged while the other VFD seemingly isolated from the faulted motor circuit will
not be affected. However, on simulating the problem, the results showed the opposite.
The switches of the three-phase inverter conduct at any given instant of time, when
each output terminal is connected to either the (+) DC bus or (-) DC bus. Therefore, the
inverter switches the fault resistance Rf from the (+) DC bus to the (-) DC bus at the
74
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
inverter switching frequency. The impact on the VFDi (top) and VFD 2 (bottom) is
explained below;
Since both Rf and C yi are connected to ground, the inverter shunts the series Cyi-Rf
circuit back and forth across the electrolytic capacitors Ci and C2 . The resulting basic
circuit is shown in Fig. 4.1 where the inverter is represented by switches Swi and Sw2 -
terminals imposed a PWM voltage of ± 340 V across Cyi with a charge and discharge
time constant can be approximated by RfCyi since the size o f Cyi is three orders of
magnitude smaller than the size o f Ci and C2 . The fault causes a minimal distortion in the
for the parallel drive VFD2 . In here, the series Cy2 -Rf circuit forms a loop with either C3
or C 4 (as the inverter o f the faulted drives switches the faulted phase between the (+) and
(-) DC bus) and the rectified three-phase source o f nearly 650 V. A simplified equivalent
circuit is depicted in Fig. 4.2 where the “Y” capacitor C y2 discharges through C4 (when
Swi is closed), and charges through C3 (when Swz is closed). Hence, each switching
action adds charge to one o f the electrolytic capacitors, till each reaches a steady voltage
of 650 V, which is nearly 60% higher than their rated value of 430 V. This is clearly a
case o f severe over-voltage that led to an internal flashover, and hence VFD failure.
The failure is traced to the presence of a common mode capacitor filter that is
connected between the DC link midpoint and ground (i.e., the “Y” capacitor). This
75
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
particular capacitor forms a circuit loop through the fault impedance, and results in severe
over-voltage (in excess o f 60% above rated value) across each o f the electrolytic
capacitor banks o f adjacent drives. This over-voltage leads to tank rupture or explosion
that can cause complete VFD failure. To avoid such a serious problem, these “Y”
capacitors must be disconnected from the VFD circuitry when applying them in
76
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(N
340 V SW1
680 V CY1
CN
340 V SW2
77
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
SW 1
Rf
680 V
C3
C 4 CY2
78
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Philip K. S. Lim, Thomas .E. Wyatt and Clarence W. Wooddell, Power Quality
Considerations fo r Installing Sensitive Electronics Equipment-A utility's
Perspective, Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1997.
[10] S. Lee, J. Choi., H. Hong., Power Quality Enhancement in Distribution Line using
Series Compensator, Proceedings of Power System Technology, 2000.
79
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
[12] R. Kerkman, D. Leggate, G. Skibinski, Interaction o f Drive Modulation and
Cable Parameters on AC Motor Transients, IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, 1997.
[13] Kim Han-Jong, Lee Geun-Ho; Jang Cheol-Ho; Lee Jea-Pil, Seo Jong-Ho, Cost-
effective Design o f an Inverter Output Reactor in ASD applications. Industrial
Electronics Society, 1999.
[14] L. Palma, P. Enjeti, An Inverter Output Filter to Mitigate dv/dt Effects in PWM
Drive Systems, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2002.
[15] A. von Jouanne., P.N. Enjeti, Design considerations fo r an inverter output filter to
mitigate the effects o f long motor leads in ASD applications, IEEE Transactions
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[25] M a H ongfei, X u D ianguo, C hen X iyou, Ciu Bo, A N ew C om m on-M ode
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VITA
Graduate College
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Mahesh M. Venkateswaran
Home Address:
4214 Grove Circle, Apt#l
Las Vegas, NV 89119
Degrees:
Bachelor of Engineering, Electronics and Communication, 2001
University of Madras, India
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