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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 views23 pagesDocScanner 23 Dec 2023 19-09
sawaasssssssssssssssssssssssssssss df dfvcc ddddddddddd
Uploaded by
y29846146Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 23
‘To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R = {(J, m) : 1.1 m) is symmetric but
neither reflexive nor transitive.
Topic: Types of Relations
PROCEDURE]
Fix the wires/threads randomly on the thermacol with the help of the nals such that some of them are parallel inclined and
intersecting as shown in fig 1.
gifiatbalcad,are perpendicular (1 lines.
el h. bil cll, bl dare parallel (|) lines.
In Fig. 1, no line is perpendicular to itself,
.. the relation R= {( 1, m) : 11m} reflexive, _(is/is not).
2 InFig. 1,ifaLb. bla? (Yes/No)
(a,b) eR1L(a) (ele)
Similarly, feLa.Isalet (Wes/No)
2 (a@eR = (a0). R (ele)
Also, iff.Lg-IsgLft (ies/No)
2. fgeR = (8h R (ele)
T7The relation R symmetric (islis not)
InFig.1,ifbLaandale.IsbLe (Yes/No)
(b,a)eRand(a,)eR = (60) R (ele)
‘The relation R transitive (islis not)
‘This activity can be used to check whether a given relation isan equivalence relation or not, -
1, The relation is not reflexive and not transitive.
2. Therelation is symmetric.
3. The relation is not equivalence.
Lab Manual Mathomaties-XII
Fig. 1 Tople: F
opic: Functions (One-One/Onto)-11
‘To demonstrate « function which Is one-one but not onto,
Candhoant , § drawing pins / push pins / nails, thread strings ,2 differe
8 nt coloured
Rea
1) Oatthe chart pepersto get 2 rectangular shaped strips ofthe same length and breath.
+ Paste thene two on the cardboard opposite to each other as shown in fig 1. Name
them strip A and B respectively
\ Fix2pins oa strip A , name them D, and D;, (fg)
4 Fix pinsoon strip b, name them E,.E, and E,. (fg 2) it
Join the pins on strip A and Strip B with the help of thread strings as shown in fig 3.
SERORSTEATION
1. Take the set X= {D,,D,}
2 Take the set ¥ = (EE 3,)
3. join cements of X to the elements of ¥ as shown in Fig. 3.
BESERVATION
1. Afer joining elements of A to B the set Cis obtained, where
C= {D,.E,). (DE).
“The image of D, of A in Bis
The image of D, of Ais Bls___-
Every dement in A bas 2 Image in B, So the function is
(one-one! oa one-one).
Pre-image of every element of B in A ______ (ests doesnot exist), So the
function fs ___—
v
(onto / not onto).
6. Thus, Figure 3 sepresents a function which is
so function is not onto whereas all ele-
but not onto.
As dement £, does not have any pre-mage in Ay
ments nA have 3 unigue image in B vo function is one-one, As function is not onto, i is
ot bijective
Lab Manual Mathornaticr Xl the concept of one-one but not onto function.
VIVA VOCE
votal Fine how many tines t
one to-one function crosses a hott
Ame One time
2 When de the nature ofan inverse of bijection func thon
Ane Riection.
Lat Abbe a tinite eet. Then each iniective function from A to itself will be onto or not?
Awa Yea function will be onto.
4 Write the damain of fal = 284
Ame 2 ESS
A fometion can have more than one inverse function” Is it true?
show Nats fale, Because there exists a unique inverse function for a given function.
feline # one-one function.
ow Atfunction f: A + Bis said to bea one-one function if different elements of have diferent images in
Define a many one function
ow Afunetion f:A + B is sad to be a many-one function iftwo or more elements of set A have the same image in B.
*
Ao A function f: A —+ B is said to be an onto function if the range of fis equal to B.
14
Lab Manual Mathomaties-X!! 6 Topic: Principal Vatue ,
of In
Trigonom Verse
ete Rati
trical Functions
emiecrive SON
‘To explore the principal value of the function sin-Ix using a unit circle,
jMATERIAL REQUIRED
Caniboard, white chart paper, rails, ruler, adhesive, steel wires and needle
{METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
© |, Takea canfboard ofa convenient size and paste a white chart
paper on it
> Drawa unit circle with centre O on it.
3. Through the centre ofthe circle, draw two perpendicular lines,
XOX and YOY" representing x-axis and y-axis, respectively
as shown in Fig. 1.
Mark the points A, C, Band D, where the circle cus the x-axis
and y-axis, respectively as shown in Fig. 1.
5. Fix two rails on opposite sides of the cardboard which are
parallel to y-axis Fix one stel wire between the rails such that
the wire can be moved parallel to x-axis as shown in Fig. 2.
6. Takea needle of unit length. Fix one end ofit atthe centre of
the circle and the other end to move freely along the circle
Fig 2
1. Keep the needle atan arbitrary angle, say x, with the positive
direction of x-axis. Measure of angle in radian is equal to
the length of intercepted arc of the unit circle.
2. Slide the steel wire between the rails, parallel to x-axis such
thatthe wire meets with free end of the needle (say P,) (Fig.
2. .
3. Denote the y-coordinate of the point P, as y,, where y, is x
the perpendicular distance of steel wire from the x-axis of
the unit circle giving y, = sin x,.
4. Rotate the needle further anticlockwise and keep it at the
angle x - x,. Find the value of y-coordinate of intersecting
point P, with the help of sliding steel wire, Value of y-coordi-
nate or the points P, and P, are same for the different value
ofangles, y, = sinx, and y,= sin (n ~ x,), This demonstrates
that sine function is not one-to-one for angles considered
In first and second quadrants.
5. Keep the needle at angles ~ x, and (~ 1 + x,), respectively. By sliding down the steel wire parallel to x-axis, demonstrat
Lab Manual Mathomaties-Xll function is [-1, 1] and range is |~3"
principal value of are sine function (or sin"? function).
OBSERVATION,
and —____—
3
APPLICATION
4. Theother domains of ine functi
quadrants as shown in Fig. 2.
ime
6H pyandP aredfeent Movelne
©
cele inantilockwise direct
thebehaviour of)-coondinatesofpolnts
pee aire parallel to x-axis according)
re different (see Fit 3)-
nay yah a8
Zia 5) and
oan [2
ce, sine function Is one-to-one in th
= Hand 1.
rary angle say Olyingin the interval +
int Py
Hen
its range lies between
Keep the needle at any abit
£] snd denote the y-coordinate of the intersect Ps
asy. (sce Fig. 4)
Then y= sin 0 oF @= sin" sas sine fanction is one-one and onto
inthe domain |-2,| and range [-1 1
exist. The domain of arcsine
“Therefore its inverseare sine function
3]. “This range is called the
‘sine function is non-negative in
quadrants.
For the quadrants 3rd and 4th, sine function is. -
@where -2 <0s__-
on on which itis one-one and onto
for arc sine function.
@=arcsinyOy=
provides
{for nding the principal value of arc cosine function (cosy).
This activity can be used
VIVA VOCE
What is radian?
A radian is ef 3° equi ince by
a eer a et acere ee ofangles ‘equal to about 57.3° equivalent to the angle subtended at the centre ofa cies
What isthe domain of sine and cosine function?
me ino in and code fotos the set ofall real numbers.
Describe unit circle?
oa eee isa circle of radius one unit centred at the origin (0, 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system
isa symbol
ich s used to detcrbe the relation between the diameter ofa circle and ts circumference. The PPFO°™ a
value of xis 3.14159 or 22
7
Lab Manus atone OBJECTIVE
‘To shetch the graphs of a" and log, > 0,a# 1 and to examine thats
at they are mitzon
Img of acy
thee,
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Candboand(40cm x 40cm) , white chart paper graph paper. geometry box th
+ geometey bor. thin wires
PROCEDURE
1. On the cardboard paste the white chart paper.
>. Paste the graph paper in the center of the white paper.
3. Find some ordered pairs satisfying y = a and y= log.x. (for this demonstration et 2-2 )
For a’, take a = 2 (say), and find ordered pairs satisfying it as
0 1 -1 | 2 -2 3 | 3
2 1 2) 05 4 eo 8 | L
4 8
snd plot these ordered pairs on the squared paper and fix a drawing pin at each poist
5. Join the bases of drawing pins with a thin wire. This will represent the graph of 2
Now take ordered pair to trace graph of log, x with the help of scientific calculator
\
colene pens
Met
“A 8 te
4
2), (3,3) to trace the graph of the line y = sectnvoni
Take ordered pairs (1, 1), (2,
n that the two graphs ofthe give
Place a mirror along the wire representing y = x: It can be seen
of each other in the line y= x8 Fig.1
It ies on the graph of y =
1. Image of ordered pair (1, 2) on the graph of y= 2"in y=
which lies on the graph of y =
2. Image of the point (4,2) on the graph y= log, in y= xis
Repeat this process for some more points lying on the two graphs
“Tis activity is useful in understanding the concept of (exponential and logarithmic functions) which are mirror i
each other in y= x.
VIVA VOCE
1. Write the validity of the logarithmic expansion(s).
‘Ans. The logarithmic expansion(s) are valid, ifand only if |x] <1.
2. Who is domain of log, x?
Ans. x>0,
3. Whatis log 1?
Ans. 0.
4. What is log of a negative number?
‘Ans. Not defined,
5. Whatis the inverse of y = a?
Ans. ‘The inverse function of y= a¥is log, x.
6. What is the base of a common logarit
‘Ans. The common logarithm is the logarithm to the base 10. Topic: Continuity
Ax)-. arbitrarily small provi
ro veri to be continuous at given point x» Ay =[f (+ 4x) SF (%,)| is arbitrarily Provided a,
To verify that for a function f to be cont
sufficiently small.
1. Paste a white sheet on the cardboard.
2. Draw the curve of given continuous function,
3. Take any point (xy 0) on the postive side of x-axis and corresponding to this point, mark the point P (,, ¥p) on the cue
4. Take one more point M, (x, + Ax, 0) tothe right of A, where Ax, is an increment in x.
5. Draw the perpendicular from M, to meet the curve at N,- Let the eordinats OFN, be (x + Axy, y+ Ay,)
6
2.
8
Draw a perpendicular from the point P (x,y) to meet N,M, at Ty.
Now measure AM, = Ax, (Say) and record it and also measure NT. ‘Ay, and record it,
Reduce the increment tox to Ax; (ie, Ax, < Ax) to get another point M; (#9 + Axy 0). Get the corresponding point Nc
the curve.
9. Again measure AM, = Ax, and record it.
10. Repeat the above steps for some more points so that Ax becomes smaller and smaller,
24 This activity is helpful in
when Ax becomes smaller,
So, Ay becomes
Thus lim. 4y'=0 fora continuous function,
asso
explaining the concept of derivative (left hand or right hand) at
any Point onthe care
P cnprnting
toa function.
1
Ans.
2
Ans.
a
Ans.
4
Ans.
s
Ans.
6.
Ans.
VIVA VOCE
Define continuity ofa function.
‘The geometrical significance of continuity is that if the function i continuous, is graph does not bears bra
‘What are the three types of continuity?
(Continuity at a point, (ii) Continuity in open interval, ii) Continuity in closed inter
Write the condition for function to be continuous at point x=
lim f(x) =f(0-
Write formula for first principle of derivative?
jim LEAW=LO) _ ¢ (gy
moh
Define discontinuity of a function.
A function f is said to be discontinuous at a point a in its domain if there is a break in the graph of the! function at x= 2
Is product of two continuous functions is also continuous at += @
Yes,
2 jma and Minima
Topic: Local
jection.
OBIECTIVE
raaand point of ill
To understand the concepts of local focal mini
maxima,
MATERTAUREQUIREL
A piece of plywood, wires, adhesive,
Take a piece of plywood of a convenient
Take two pieces of wires each of length
‘Take another wire of suitable length and
plywood, as shown in Fig. 1.
Take five more wi
ve more wires each of length say 2em and fix them at the points A,B,C, D and Eas shown in figure.
white chart paper
paper on it.
1 em) and paste a white chart
er on plywood in the form of x-axis and y.
rats,
Fix this curved wire on the white paper ps
sted,
it size (40 cm x 41
+30 em and fix them on the paP*
pend it in the shape of Curve.
eee
Y
c
Fig. 4
EMORETARTION
nest
1 Inthe fi
figure, wires at th
tangents at fe points A,B,
tangent at thee point are aero, Le, Cand E represent tangents to th
the value of th 0
2. Atthe points A and ¢, he ist derivate senor ana ate parallel fo the x-axis THe
i these points is zero. The tangent nD ites
io?
‘Shgn of the first der
ative chi
anges from ny
legative to posi i
ive. So, they are the oints of
poit
32
a
Lab Manuel aio 3. Atthe point Band E, sign of the frst derieny, \
4, Atthe point D, sign of first derivative does nan 0% pon, as
BBSERVATION) nS Wa pt :
Sas "OF teen
= Sign of the slope of the tangent (fret dein
2 Sign of the slope of the tangent (fra derivative} at 4
3. Sign of the fret derivative ata point on the curve ee
4. Sign ofthe frst derivative ata point on the evive twine
S._ Sign ofthe frst derivative at a point on the curve totimmeige en Biting
6 Sign of the firs derivative ata point on the curve toimmetion fat Fis py
7. Sign ofthe frst derieaive ata point on the curve ta immedine a oe titeerve
® Sg ofthe first devieative ata point on the curve to immediate righ ae itive
8. Sign ofthe first derivative ata point immediate left of Dts positive sod ime _
20 Aand C are points of local minima, a
11. Band Bare points of local maxima
12. Diva point of inflection
REPLICATION
1. This actrety may help in explaining the concepts of points of local maxima, local minim and ne
inflection
2 The concepts of maxima/minima are useful in problems of daily life such as making of pace
minimum cost, 18 of packages of maximam pact a
8 § Fon om the ng
Perot Om the cary 5 ne tne
Immediate ben fC sv
DOF 1 sa
VIVA VOCE
1. Define local maxima.
Ams A function f ts said to have local maxima at point x= c if there exist h > O such that f(c) fle) ¥ 2 ¢ (¢-/n.c+y
2 Define boca! minima.
‘A function f is said to have local minima at point x = cif there exist h > 0 such that fle) Ss) ¥ < ¢ (¢~ hoe
An acoand derivatives test if the sign of double derivative is positive at a critical point then the function is maximam ¢
minimum af that point?
Acs Minimum.
4 What is « critical point?
Ane Fount where f(x) = 0 or does not exist.
5 What is point of inflection?
‘+e Pout of neither maximum nor minimum, itis point of change of concavity of a function.
‘
Ams
Aas.
What isthe sign of f (2) for local maxima and local minimat
For local maxims f(x) is negative and local minima f“(x) is positive.
Ishonal mesins is always aboulute maxima or local minima is always absolute minima?
No tion of Derivatives
tae ica’
Topic: APP ae Minima) — II
(Maxima an
OBJECTIVE”
maximum, if the length js .
fo find the time when the area ofa rectangle of given dimensions become th Is decreasing,
breadth is increasing at given rates.
RIAU REQUIRED |
Cardboard, chart paper, paper cutter, scale, pencil, eraser.
1, Take a rectangle R, of dimensions 16 cm x 8 cm. a
2 Letthelength ofthe rectanglets decreasing at the rat of lem/second and the breadth is increasing at the rat of 2emn
3. Cut other rectangle Ry Ry Ry Rey Ry Rye Ry Ry te. of dimensions 15 cm x 10 em, 14 ¢m x 12 em, 13 em x 146m, 12¢q
16 cm, 11 cm x 18 cm,10 em x 20cm, 9 cm x 22 cm, 8 em x 24 cm (see Fig.1). :
4. Paste these rectangles on card board.
(i) Area of rectangle
(ii) Area ofrecange
(i) Area of rectangle R
38 (v) Area of rectangle R, = 12 x 16 = 192 em? (after 4 sec).
(vi) Area of rectangle Ry 198 cin? (after 5 sec).
(vii) Area of rectangle R, 100 cm? (after 6 sec).
(viii) Area of rectangle Ry = 9 x 22 = 198 em? (after 7 sec),
(ix) Area of rectangle R, ~ 8 x 24 = 192 cm? (afier & sec) and so on.
“Thus, the area of the rectangle is maximum after 6 sec,
OBSERVATION
L
Area ofthe rectangle R, (after 1 sec) =
‘Area of the rectangle R, (afer 3 sec) =
Arca of the rectangle R, (after 5 sec)
‘Area of the rectangle R, (afler 6 see) =
Area of the rectangle R, (after 7 sec) =
‘Area of the rectangle R, (after 8 see) = ;
Rectangle of Maximum area (after .... seconds)
‘Area of the rectangle is maximum after sec.
Maximum area of the rectangle is
APPLICATION
NOTE
“This activity can be used in explaining the concept of rate of change and improvisation of a function.
Let the length and breadth of rectangle be a and b.
‘The length of rectangle after t seconds = a - t.
‘The breadth of rectangle after t seconds = b + 2t.
‘Area of the rectangle (after f sec) = A (t) = (a - t) (b+ 2t) = ab bt + 2at - 2
A’ (t)=-b+2a-4t
For maxima or minima, A’ (|
2a-b
A'(t)=0, t=
4
when t< 2#=b
slightly A’ (f)>0
4
and
whent> 24=8 tightly
A’ (<0
A’ (1) changes sign from +e to -ve
2a-b
‘Thus, A (t) is maximum at = seconds,
Here, a= 16cm, b= 8 cm.
32-8 24 6 seconds
a4
Hence, after 6 second, the area will become maximum,
‘Thus, Topic: Definite Integrals
: é
Toevaluate the definite integral {° [(1—x7) deas the limit ofa sum and verify iby actual integration.
MATERIAL REQUIRED |
Cardboard, white paper, scale, pencil, graph paper.
1. Takea cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Draw two perpendicular lines to represent coordinate axes XOX’ and YOY’
Draw a quadrant ofa circle with O as centre and radius 1 unit (10 em) as shown in Fig. 1.
‘The curve in the Ist quadrant represents the graph of the function V1—x7 in the interval (0,1).
Fig. 1
origin O be denoted by P, and the points where the curve meets the x-axis and y-axis be denoted by Po and Qy,respec-
tively.
2. Divide P,P,» into 10 equal parts with points of division as, P,, Py, Py... Py.
3. From each of the points, Pi, #= 1,2, .» 9 draw perpendiculars on the x-axis to meet the curve atthe points, Q,, Qy, Q,
{4b Manual Mathomaties-XIl 43 whereas width Of€3ch par py.»
P,Q, and call them as yori" Pog
Qy- Measure the lengths of PyQy» Py Qrr~™ Fo pa, = 099units
snits Mi Fla, = o.95units
4. yy=PiQ, = Lunits ny = PQ en
Y,=P,Q, = 097 units y =P 7 on ae
W=PQ, = OMNIS yy, = P/Q = O7Lenl
ae eetoa aT 3 1 n,Q, = 04dunits
Ye=P.Q, = 0 units = P,Q
Ya=PyQy = OGunits
Yio= PyoQq = which is very small near 10 0 = sum of the areas of traperim,
vr ajd by the curve and the #0 2x)
ou
5. Arca of the quadrant of the circle (area
(1099 «(099+-097)1(097+095)+(0954 00%
0.1 ++(0.92+0.87)+(0.87 +0.8)+(0.8+0.71)+( .
+(0.6+0.43)+(0.43)
+060+043)
1 [0.5 +0.99 + 0.97 + 095+ 092 + 0.87 + 0.80 + 0.71 + 0.60
17.74 =0.774 59 unitsapprox) ;
3 1-314 es
: hx’ stow] 0.785 sq. units
n
“2°20 4
1
6 Definite integral= ff Vi=2? r=
ed by actual integration,
‘Thus, the area of the quadrant as a limit of a sum is nearly the same as area obtains
Ans, (x-4)? + (y-5)
44
Function representing the arc of the quadrant of the circle is y= _
1x? de=__.
2. Area of the quadrant of circle with radius 1 unit =
3. Area of the quadrant as a limit of a sum = sq. units.
The two areas ae nearly
“his activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of area bounded by a curve, This activity can also be applied to fal
approximate value of x,
Demonstrate the same activity by drawing the circle 22+»? = 9 and find the area between x= 1 and x=2.
VIVA VOCE
1. Write the first fundamental property of definite integral
‘Ans. The value ofthe definite integral does not change with the change of variable of int.
integration,
2. Does interchanging the limits ofa definite integral changes the integral?
‘gral?
‘Ans. Interchanging the limits of definite inte
gral does not chan,
Be the absolute value but i
change the sign of the integral
3+ What is the equation ofa circle having centre (0,0) and radius 6 units?
units?
Ans, 324 y2=36,
4. What is the equation ofa circle havin,
1B centre (4, 7) and radi
ius 8 units?
Lab Manual ato F
Topic: Vectors (Distributive Property)
OBJECTIVE
‘Toverify geometrically that 2x (a+b )=exa+exd.
1, Fixa white paper on the cardboard,
2, Drawalline segment OA (= 6 cm, say) and let it represent ¢
5, Draw another line segment OB (= 4 cm, say) at an angle (say 60") with OA. Let OB =a
Fig.1
4. Draw BC (= 3 cm, say) making an angle (say 30°) with OA. Let BC =
5. Draw perpendiculars BM, CL and BN.
6. Complete parallelograms OAPC, OAQB and BQPC.
1. OC =OB+ BC =a+D ,andlet ZCOA 0.
2. [24(a+B)l= |e] a+b] sina.= (OA) (OC) sin = OA x LC= area of parallelogram OAPC.
3. lex @|=|¢]]a| sin 60° = (OA) (OB) sin 60° = (OA) (BM) = area of parallelogram OAQB.
4. [2x Ble[eI [B] _sin30*= (OA) (BC) sin 30" = area of parallelogram BQPC = (BQ) (CS)
Area of parallelogram OAPC = (OA) (CL)
= (OA) (LN + NC) = (OA) (BM + NC)
1A) (BM) + (OA) (NC)
Lab Manual Mathomatics-XIl 45 = Atea of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BOPC
=.7,.7 2
= let al+fexd]
Thus, (7. 2.7, 2 49
Slex(a+b)|={exal+fexb| eee ane
dicular to ;
7 3 3577 a7, en
Direction ofeach ofthese vectors ¢ x (a+), cx a and 6%) Is PEP
So, ¢x(a+b)=exa+exd
OBSERVATION!
1. |eKIOA|=OA=
| a+b |s|OC| =oc=
cL=
ao = sq. units
| ex(a+B)| = Area of parallelogram OAPC = (OA) (CL) = __——— 4
x ——
| ¢x 2B | = Area of parallelogram BQPC = (OA) (CN) =
From (i), (ii) and (iii),
‘Area of parallelogram OAPC = Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram ___.
Thus | ¢x| a+b |=|c+a|+[cxb]
xa, exb and ¢x(a+b) are all in the direction of. to the plane of paper.
Therefore, €x(a+ B)= ex at
APPLICATION
‘Through the activity distributive property of vector multiplication over addition can be explained.
This activity can also be performed by taking rectangles instead of parallelograms,
VIVA VOCE
1. Write formula for a - 5.
Ans. @.b =|a||b|cos®
2. Write formula for a xb.
Ans. 2.b=|a| |b |sinon
3. Write formula for scalar triple product of a,b,
4(2 9) [oor
Ans. @ (ee) a,b,c
What is condition for collinear vectors?
477
Ans. gxb=0°
46 co Topic: Vectors
OBJECTIVE
‘Yo verify that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Cardboard, white paper, adhesive, pens, geometry box, eraser, wires, paper arrow heads.
PROCEDURE
|. Take a thick cardboard of size 30. cm x 30cm.
1
2 Onthe cardboard, paste a white paper of the same size using an adhesive.
3
le, with centre O and radius 10cm.
Pp
Za
On this paper drawa
B
Fig. 1
4, Fixnails at the points O, A, B, P and Q. Join OP, OA, OB, AP, AQ, BQ, OQ and BP using wires.
5. Putarrows on OA, OB, OP, AP, BP, OQ, AQ and BQ to show them as vectors, using paper arrow heads, as shown in the figure.
DEMONSTRATION
1. Using a protractor, measure the angle between the vectors AP and BP, ie, ZAPB= 90°.
2. Similarly, the angle between the vectors AQ and BQ, ie, Z AQB= 90°.
3. Repeat the above process by taking some more points R, S,, ...on the semi-circles, forming vectors AR, BR; AS, BS; AT, BT;
angle formed between two vectors in a semi-circle is a right angle.
OBSERVATION!
By actual measurement.
| OP |=|0A =| 08|=|0Q|
=a=p=
| AP|= » |BP|
» |AB|
Lab Manual Mathomatice-XIl So,
Similarly, for points R, $, T, ZAR =
Qh = iy
LAPP a DPR = {AQP 4] 8Q2 =
+ ZAQB = and AQ.BP =
CASI ZATB =
_—_—
ZAPB = and AP.BP
angle in a semi-circle isa right angle
TION?
us activity can be used to explain the concepts of
(i
(iti)
(iv)
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
opposite vectors
vectors of equal magnitude
Perpendicular vectors
Dot product of two vectors.
Let OA = OB=a=OP=p
OA =a. OB=a, Ob=p
AP = -OA+OP=a+p
BP = p-a
AP. BP =(pta)(p-a)
=IpP-lap =0
(since FP = aly
‘So, the angle APB between the vectors |AP| and |BP| isa right angle.
Similarly, AQ.BQ=0.
So, ZAQB = 90° and so on.
VIVA VOCE
is i i alar product.
Write the geometrical interpretation of scalar p . .
Geometrically, the scalar product of two vectors isthe product of modulus of ether vector and the projstio the oes
its direction. .
If a b = Othen itis necessary that a bt
1B isa null vector then also b= 0.
such that a 1B whatis ab
No, ifeither @ 0
If a and 6 are two non-null
0. -
What is aoa?
S
2
lal. a and bt
. ct of vectors 4 7 aD
What is dot produc between vectors a and P o
Lab Manual Mathers”
7B = abcos® 0.<0
