Module 1.

1
Introduction to
computers
Contents 2
 What is a computer?
 Hardware and software
 The information processing cycle
 Introduction to Windows
 Start-up time
 The desktop
 Common features of programs
 Saving our work
 Introduction to the keyboard
 The keyboard (input)
 Keyboard skills
 Test and improve
What is a computer? 3

• Laptop • Desktop
• Smartphone
• Tablet
 Multi-purpose
 Electronic devices
 Portable/mobile (left picture)
Hardware and software 4

Hardware

Physical parts of a
computer that we
can touch and see

Mouse, monitor, keyboard, printer

and the parts inside the computer box
Hardware and software 5

Software
• Specific instructions we give the computer to
get it to do something useful
• Multi-purpose tool: ability to run different types
of programs
Hardware and software 6

Software
Why a smartphone can also be regarded as a ‘computer’

Apps enable it do much

more than just make
phone calls
The information processing 7

cycle

Output

Input Processing of data

Storage
The information processing 8
cycle
Example: adding a contact to your smartphone
The information processing 9
cycle
Computers process data into information
 10

Activity 1
Introduction to Windows 11

Start-up time

• Booting process: the operating system automatically

loads when the computer is switched on

• Log on with a username and password to get access

to your own files and data
 Introduction to Windows 12

The desktop

Icons

Desktop

Tiles
Start
button Notification area
Quick launch
Taskbar
Introduction to Windows 13

GUI – Graphical User Interface

Common mouse actions:

• Clicking
• Double-clicking
• Right-clicking
• Dragging
• Scrolling
 14

Activity 2
Introduction to Windows 15

Common features of programs

o Title bar
o Active window
o Taskbar
o Resizing or moving a window
o Window control icons at top right
 16

Activity 3
 17

Activity 4
Saving our work 18

• Current work done on a computer is kept

temporarily in memory
• To keep that work you have to save it to
storage
• Save work in files – organize files in folders
• Give files and folders meaningful names
 19

Activity 5
Introduction to the 20

keyboard
Used to input data
Introduction to the 21

keyboard
Input on smartphone

Keyboard is displayed by
software on screen –

can display letters

alphabetically rather
than in qwerty layout
Introduction to the 22

keyboard
Keyboard skills

Touch typing
 Test and improve 23

Summary – concepts, terms and tips

What is a computer?

Introduction to Windows

Saving your work

Introduction to the keyboard

 24

Written module activity

 CONTENTS

• Application versus system software

• The operating system
• Application software
• Test and improve

2
 APPLIC ATION VERSUS SYSTEM
SOFTWARE

Application software
Group of programs that perform specific tasks for
us as users

Word processing programs

Typing Tutor software

Gaming software
3
 APPLIC ATION VERSUS SYSTEM
SOFTWARE

System software
Software that is intended to control, support or
operate the computer

Operating system

Utility software

4
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Software which controls all activities that

take place inside the computer

Windows 8, Windows 10

Apple’s macOS Sierra

Apple’s IOS
Linux (Ubuntu)
Android
Windows for smartphones

5
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Functions of the operating system

 Managing all the hardware and software on the computer

 Maintaining security (with the use of passwords, etc.)

 Providing a user interface

6
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Graphical User Interface

desktop

menus

Shortcut
keys

7
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Other Windows components

Textbox
dialogue
Spinner
box
Radio button

Command button

8
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Other Windows components – continued

Tab in dialog

Combo and List box

dialogue
box
Check box

9
 THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Utilities

Snipping Tool Calculator

10
ACTIVITY 1

11
APPLIC ATION SOFTWARE

Office suite

Word processor

Spreadsheet

Database

Presentation software
12
APPLIC ATION SOFTWARE
(continued)

Communication software

Desktop publishing

Games

Web authoring software

13
APPLIC ATION SOFTWARE
(continued)

Web browser

Plug-ins

Financial applications

14
 TEST AND IMPROVE

Application vs. system The operating

Windows
software system

Desktop
Application software – Functions
performs a specific Icons, tiles, shortcuts
task
Windows range – Sub-menus and
Windows 8 / 10 shortcut keys
macOS, OS X Windows
System software –
controls, supports or components
operates the Mobile devices –
computer iOS, Android Useful programs

15
WRITTEN MODULE
ACTIVITY

16
MODULE 1.3
HARDWARE
Contents
• Introduction
• Input
• Output
• Storage
• Health and environmental issues
• Test and improve
• Written module activity

2
Introduction
Input – data and instructions
Instructions can be:

Set of instructions loaded into

Program memory when you run the
program

Given by user (e.g. you click

Commands on the Font Size command)

User To a question ‘asked’ by a

responses program
4
Input – the keyboard
Keyboard is the most commonly used input device.

Useful shortcuts:
F1 Help
Esc Cancel choices
Windows key (),<E> File Explorer
<><D> Desktop
5
Input – the keyboard
Useful shortcut: Print Screen
key
• To take a ‘photo’ of
everything that is Clipboard
displayed on the screen at an area in memory
that moment where text and other
• ‘Screen capture’ is copied objects that have been
as an image to the copied are temporarily
clipboard stored

6
 Input – the mouse

Mouse action Use

Click Select an option or an object.
Double-click Start a program or open a file or folder.
Right-click Open a pop-up menu that gives you options or actions.
Drag Select and drag an object.
Scroll Use the mouse wheel to scroll in lists, long documents or
web pages.
Keyboard and
Pressing and holding Shift, Alt and Ctrl can change the
mouse
meaning of a mouse click.
combinations
7
 Input – connecting devices

Ports: sockets used to

connect peripherals to the
computer

Plug-and-play: operating system automatically detects and

configures a device plugged into the computer, so the device
can be used almost immediately.
8
 Input – Wireless mouse & keyboard
Use short range radio waves (usually Bluetooth) to communicate
with the computer.

Advantages of wireless devices

• Less clutter (as no cables)
• Wider range of movement

Disadvantages / limitations of wireless devices

• Require batteries (to send wireless signal)
• Slightly more expensive than wired devices
• Can easily be removed, so easily stolen
• Can sometimes be interference with the wireless signal
9
Output
What the computer produces as the results of its processing

10
 Output – Monitor
Size Resolution

Measured diagonally in inches, Number of pixels (small dots) used to

from one corner to the other form the screen image

11
Output – Monitor
Graphics card

Image is generated by
specialized circuitry –
the graphics card

A separate, high end graphics card is better for graphics

intensive tasks such as video editing and games.
12
Output – Monitor
Response time Connecting monitors
The time it takes to change a  VGA (old standard)
pixel from one colour to
 HDMI
another – measured in
milliseconds.  DisplayPort
 Thunderbolt
 USB (for specialised monitor)

13
 Output – Printers
Inkjet printers Laser printers

• work like a photo-copier

• spray microscopic dots of ink onto
• more expensive to buy
the paper
• cheaper to run when printing
• relatively cheap to buy
large volumes
• more expensive to run
• faster than inkjet printers
• good quality colour prints
• slightly slower than laser printers
14
Output – Printers
Connecting and using printers

Printer installation
USB port Default printer

15
Output – Printers
Printer queues

You can cancel, pause or restart the printing here

16
Storage
Storage has a much larger capacity than memory because it has to
keep all your data and programs – even the ones you are not using
right now.

Storage device
(CD/DVD-drive)

Storage medium
(CD/DVD)

17
Storage
Storage capacities

1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes

1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB

18
Storage – Hard drives

Hard drive in case:

• stores all programs and data
• measured in GB or TB

External/portable hard drive:

• USB connected
• gets power from PC
19
Storage – Flash drives
Use electronic memory to store
data; powered via USB port

Simply plug into USB port

Listed as ‘Removable Disk’
20
Health and environmental issues
Health concerns

RSI: Repetitive Strain Injury

Using ergonomically designed
keyboards can help prevent RSI

Ergonomics – the study and design of the workplace and the

equipment used in the workplace for the comfort and safety of
people in their work environments.

21
Health and environmental issues
Health tips for using computers
• Use ergonomically designed equipment
• Sit correctly
• Adjust height of seat and table
• Lighting must be adequate
• Ventilation / air circulation must be adequate
• Mouse and keyboard must be in easy reach
• Monitor at correct level and distance from eyes
• Turn eyes away from monitor every now and then
• Take regular breaks
22
Health and environmental issues
Green computing
• Switch off computers and devices you are not using
• Avoid wasting paper – proofread before you print, print ‘2 on 1’, etc.
• Try to repair or upgrade old or broken hardware
• Recycle or return used ink and toner cartridges
• Consider refilling and reusing ink and toner cartridges

23
 Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips

Health and
Input Output Storage environmental
issues

Keyboard
Health
Monitor Hard drive
concerns
Mouse

Connecting
devices
Green
Printer Flash drive
computing
Wireless mouse
and keyboard
24
WRITTEN MODULE
ACTIVITY

25
Note:
Question 8 – meaning of the word ‘specification’:
The exact description of an item or the parts it is made up of.

26
Module 1.4
File management
 Contents
• Introduction
• File/Windows Explorer
• The need to organise
• More about files
• Working with files and folders
• Test and improve
• Module activities

2
 Introduction

Computer work is
saved in files

Electronic files need to

be organised, just as in
a manual filing system

3
 File/Windows Explorer
File management program supplied with all
Windows operating systems
Back and Forward
4

Address bar
1 3
2
Search box

5 Toolbar and menu bar

(Ribbon)

Left (Navigation) pane

6

Right (Details) pane

4
Activities 1 & 2

5
 The need to organise
Plan your basic folder structure on paper
or use SmartArt in Word

• Main folders: School & Personal

• Add subfolders as needed
• Refine each level
• Meaningful folder and file names
• Keep same folder structure on all
computers you use

6
Activity 3

7
 More about files
• Each program stores the files it creates in its own way.
• Each file type is given a unique icon.

Class.JPG IntroComputers.pptx Invoice.xlsx Letter.docx Names.txt

8
 More about files
File name consists of three parts:

Birthday List . docx

name extension
dot
Name: as given by the user Extension: three or four letter code
May consist of all the alphabetical that identifies the file type
characters, some special characters, Automatically added by the program
the digits (0 to 9), and spaces when you save the file

9
 More about files
The file extension indicates
• what type of file it is, and
• which program should be used to open it

Never change the file extension of an existing file

MANUALLY

10
 More about files
Windows can’t open this file!

To open this file you can:

• See list of suggested programs
• Search Internet for suitable
program
• Change or set default program
• Right-click file and use Open
With command

11
 More about files
Paths

D drive
The path to a specific file might be ...
Documents
D:\ Documents \ Invoices \ 2017
Invoices
2017

12
 More about files
File type File extension
Graphics jpeg, jpg, bmp, gif, tiff, png
Office docx, xlsx, pptx, accdb
Audio mp3, wav, cda, wma
Common file Video mp4, mpeg, asf, wmv, avi
types and Program exe, com
extensions Portable Document pdf
Format
Compressed zip, rar
(Plain) text txt
Rich Text Format rtf
Hypertext Markup html, xhtml
Language

13
 More about files
Common file types and extensions

14
 Working with files
The main operations
• Copy or Move
on files and folders
• Delete

• Rename

• Sort

15
Activity 4

16
 Working with files
The Recycle Bin Files deleted from the hard drive are
automatically sent to the Recycle Bin.
You can recover a file if you have not
emptied the Recycle Bin 
But look out!
Files deleted from a network drive or
from removable media (e.g. flash drive)
are NOT sent to the Recycle Bin.

17
 Working with files
You can create a shortcut to any file, folder
or resource such as a printer

• In ‘Extra large icons’ view in

Explorer, shortcuts appear with an
arrow in the bottom left corner.
• A shortcut only points to the original
item – it is not the item itself

18
 Working with files
Work smarter – use the keyboard

<Ctrl><X> Cut
<Ctrl><C> Copy
Use Shift to select
<Ctrl><V> Paste adjacent files
<Ctrl><A> Select All
Use Ctrl to select
non-adjacent files

19
 Working with files
Converting between file types

‘Save as type’ options in Word

Save the file in a format
that can be read by other
types of programs

This allows us to
• Share data
• Access the data with an
older operating system

20
Activity 5

21
 Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips

Planning a
logical file File names File path
structure

Common file
Network File
types and
drives properties
extensions

Convert file
Recycle Bin Shortcuts
types

22
Written module activity

23
 Types of computers
 What is ICT?
 Ethical use of computers
 Test and improve
 Written module activity

2
General-purpose computers
Desktop computers Laptops, tablets, notebooks

screen
keyboard
mouse

‘box’(system unit) containing work anywhere,

CPU, memory, storage at any time 3
General-purpose computers – cont.
Smartphone Server

Multi-purpose computing Computer on a network that

device that can also be provides resources and
used as a phone services to connected
computers and users 4
Dedicated devices
• MP3 players
• GPS devices
• ABS braking system in your car
• ATM machines
• Household appliances like
microwaves and washing machines

5
Information
Manipulated or processed data

Communication
Process of transferring data / information
from one place to another

Technology
System – Hardware and Software
Communication – Networks and communication devices
Internet – WWW, e-communication
6
Why do we need information?
Information is power and
creates the potential for wealth

ICTs are both part of and

affect our everyday lives.

7
 Input Storage
(Data (Permanent)
collected)

Processing Output Communication

(Working with
data and (Showing (sending results)
information) results)

People
(Users, clients, customers, operators, etc.)
8
An ICT system is a combination of hardware,
software, data, processes and people with
the goal of:

 collecting
 processing
 storing
 retrieving and
 communicating data and information
9
 Examples of ICT systems in everyday life
Computer system Cellphone system Point of Sale system

• Customers, staff
• Hardware • Cell phones • Scanners
• Software • SIM cards • Servers, Cables
• You (the user) • Cellphone software • Credit card machines
• Data • Cellphone towers • Software
• Processes • People • Processes
10
Ways in which ICT can be used to act unethically
• Theft: identity / data / computer time / piracy
• Spreading false information – greater speed and reach
• Creating malicious software: viruses, Trojans, worms, etc.

Why these things do not SEEM so bad (but they still are!):
• Cannot see or touch things you are stealing
• Don’t seem to hurt real people – faceless ‘numbers’
• No one gets hurt physically – no potential for violence
• Perceived justice – big companies just ‘rip people off’

11
 Multi-
Dedicated
purpose
devices
computers

Economic
ICT
reasons for
system
using ICT

Ethical use
of
computers
12
13
CONTENTS

• Integrated software
• Licensing agreements
• Free software!
• System software
• Test and improve
• Written module activity

2
INTEGRATED SOFTWARE
Advantages: Example of integrated software
• Separate packages have a Microsoft Office:
similar interface

• Separate packages
designed to share and
exchange data

• Sold as a suite of
programs – one purchase

3
 LICENSING AGREEMENTS
1. OVERVIEW. These license terms permit
installation and use of one copy of the software
on one device, along with other rights, all as These are actually
described below. legally binding
2. INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS. Before
you use the software under a license, you must contracts between
assign that license to one device. That device is you as the user
the “licensed device.” A hardware partition or and the software
blade is considered to be a separate device. company. These
a. Licensed Device. You may install and use
one copy of the software on the licensed license agreements
device. are often termed
b. Portable Device. You may install another EULAs or
copy on a portable device for use by the End-User Licence
single primary user of the licensed device.
c. Separation of Components. The components Agreements
of the software are licensed as a single
unit. You may not separate the components and
install them on different devices. 4
LICENSING AGREEMENTS
Software piracy

Illegal installation, copying and

distributing of proprietary software.

 Most software now requires activating

or registering online in an attempt to
crack down on software piracy.

Software piracy is a crime and can

result in hefty fines or even jail time!

5
LICENSING AGREEMENTS
Single user licence

This generally means that you

may only install ONE copy of
the software.

You can also usually make one backup copy of the

media (CD or DVD) that contained the software.

6
LICENSING AGREEMENTS
Site licence

Unrestricted number of
installations within the
company or organisation
More expensive than a single
licence, but cheaper than buying
single copy for each computer

(Also referred to as Volume licencing)

7
FREE SOFTWARE
Freeware and Shareware

Fully functioning software that can be

FREEWARE used and copied without any restrictions

Software that you can download free and

use for a trial period for free. After the
SHAREWARE trial period, or to get the ‘full’ version,
you need to pay for it.

8
FREE SOFTWARE
Open source software (OSS)
Software that may be freely used, modified and distributed,
but not sold.
Examples of open source
software:
• Linux operating system
• Office suites OpenOffice
and LibreOffice
• Java programming language
• MySQL database system
9
FREE SOFTWARE
Open source software – cont.

Potential disadvantages of open source software:

• No guarantee of quality or that it works correctly
• Often many different versions of the same product
• Can generally only get it from the internet –
downloads can use a lot of data and take some time
• Not as widely used
• Documentation and support may not be easy to
access
10
FREE SOFTWARE
Copyright

Copyright: refers to the legal right to make copies,

publish and sell.

Intellectual property: broader concept – recognises

the ownership of the person that came up with the
original idea or thought.

Creative Commons: non-profit organisation that

promotes the sharing and free use of knowledge and
products legally
11
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Utility programs

Compression software
Used to make a compressed (smaller) version of a file

12
ACTIVIT Y 1
COMPRESSING FILES AND FOLDERS

13
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Utility programs
Backup utilities
Backing up our files regularly is
essential, because…
• files can be accidentally deleted or
overwritten
• files can become corrupt by not
shutting down properly, power
failures or computer viruses
• storage devices (disk drives) can fail
14
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Drivers

Every piece of hardware – from a flash drive to a

printer – is controlled by a driver.
A driver is software that allows your computer
to communicate with hardware or devices.

15
TEST AND IMPROVE

Integrated software

Licence Agreements

Free software

System software
16
WRITTEN
MODULE
ACTIVIT Y

17
MODULE 1.7

EXTENDED HARDWARE
CONCEPTS
Contents (1)
■ Input and output devices
– Pointing devices
– Sensors
– Gaming devices
– Digital cameras
– Scanners and reading devices
– Video and audio input
– Audio output
– Data projectors
– Multi-function printers
– Fax machines
2
Contents (2)
■ Storage devices and media
– CD, DVD, Blu-ray
– Memory cards
– Taking care of a PC system
■ Processing – Motherboard
– CPU
– RAM and ROM
■ Test and improve
■ Module activity
3
Input and output devices –
Pointing devices

Mouse

Pointing stick:
alternative to mouse
Touchpad:
Pressure sensitive surface

Touchpad buttons
4
Input and output devices –
Pointing devices

Pen input device:

pen/stylus used with pressure-
sensitive digitising tablet

Trackball:
Large ball rolled by thumb

5
Input and output devices –
Pointing devices
Touch
screen

Gestures
• Pinch – zoom out
• Expand – zoom in
• Twist two fingers – rotate
• Swipe – scroll in the direction of swipe
• Touch-and-drag – click-and-drag 6
 Input and output devices –
Sensors
Temperature Electronic
Accelerometer Light sensor
sensor compass
• Detects • Safeguards • Adjusts • Shows
movement electronics brightness of direction in
• Changes • Switches screen which device
orientation device off • Can switch is pointing
of screen when too hot off the
• Acts as screen
game
controller

7
Input and output devices –
Gaming devices
Joystick:
oldest and simplest game
controller

Game controller:
2 mini joysticks, 4 triggers,
8 other control buttons

Steering wheel

8
Input and output devices –
Digital cameras
• Pictures can be downloaded, manipulated,
printed or emailed
• Most smartphones include a good quality
digital camera
• Easy to share instantly, to edit and to back up
• Resolution determines quality:
the higher the resolution,
the higher the quality (and size!)

9
Input and output devices –
Scanners / Reading devices

Flatbed and sheet-fed scanners

• Scans images into a computer

• Largely replaced by use of
cameras on mobile devices
• QR codes: quick access
to web address

10
Input and output devices –
Scanners / Reading devices
Barcode readers
Barcode scanned to access
extra information about item:
• Price
• Codes on central database
• Update records for stock
taking / sales figures

Benefits: Speed + Accuracy

11
Input and output devices–
Scanners / Reading devices
Biometric scanner:
measures something biologically
unique – fingerprint / iris

Card input:
data stored magnetically

12
Input and output devices –
Scanners / Reading devices

RFID (Radio Frequency

Identification): small
radio devices to store
and transmit data

Character recognition
• OMR: Optical Mark Recognition – scan and mark tests
• MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition – magnetic ink on cheques
• OCR: Optical Character Recognition – scan and then edit text
13
MODULE
Activity
Page 78
Complete questions 1 – 12

14
Input and output devices –
Video and audio input
Getting video onto the computer

• record it directly from a webcam

• transfer it from a digital camera or
digital video camera
• transfer it from a cell phone

15
Input and output devices –
Video and audio input
Audio can be used for:

• recording and mixing music

• recording narration for presentations and

videos

• inputting text – you need voice recognition

software

• giving the computer commands

16
Input and output devices –
Video and audio input
Voice recognition software
• Use a microphone to give
commands / dictate text
• Windows – Speech Recognition

17
Input and output devices –
Audio output
Sound is used to:
• Give user feedback when interacting with
computer
• Make it easier for disabled people (text-to-speech)
• Make games more realistic
• Turn computers into real entertainment devices –
play movies and music

Quality of the sound produced depends on

the quality of the equipment

18
Input and output devices –
Data projectors
• Presentations to an audience
• Displays what is on the
monitor onto a screen or wall
• LCD, DLP, RGB, LED, Pico

19
Input and output devices –
Multi-function printers
A number of functions rolled into one:
• printer
• scanner (also scanning to PDF)
• fax / email facility
• photocopier

Fax machine
A stand-alone device – scans document and
transmit image via a telephone line to another fax
machine, also fax-to-email facility
20
MODULE
Activity
Page 78
Complete questions 13 – 18

21
Storage devices and media –
CD, DVD, Blu-ray
■ CDs and DVDs – used to distribute software and music
DVDs and Blu-rays – used to store movies
Maximum capacity
CD 700 MB
DVD 8.5 GB
Blu-ray 50 GB (or more)

■ Optical drive – drive that uses laser light to read from or write to
optical discs
■ Portable storage (flash drives / portable hard drives) are replacing
optical media

22
Storage devices and media –
Memory cards
■ SD (Secure Digital)
■ Memory Stick
■ CompactFlash

How to use
Insert card into a card reader,
which is connected to computer
via USB port … can then treat
like a flash drive to transfer files.

23
Taking care of a PC system
What you can do in your computer work area:
• Keep magnetic
sources away from
computer
• Keep dust free
• Area well ventilated
• Do not drink
liquids near computer
• Do not eat over
keyboard

24
Taking care of a PC system
Optical storage media:

• Protect from scratches

– store in cases
• Clean carefully, using
clean water and soft
cloth
• Hold by the edges

25
Processing – Motherboard

26
Processing – CPU
Central Processing Unit (processor)

CPU speed measured in gigahertz (GHz).

Plugs into a socket on the motherboard.

Working part of CPU is a very small

piece of silicon – contains billions of
electronic circuits!

27
Processing – RAM and ROM
RAM: Random Access Memory

• Where CPU keeps all the data / instructions it is working on

• RAM is volatile
• RAM is supplied in modules called DIMMs – fit into slots on
motherboard
• RAM is fast (it is electronic, and therefore much faster than
storage).
• RAM is expensive (costs more per GB than storage).
• The more RAM – the better PC performance

28
Processing – RAM and ROM
ROM: Read Only Memory

• Special chip that holds the instructions needed to

start computer and load the operating system
• Relatively small
• Non-volatile (keeps its contents when power is off)

29
 Test and improve
Input and Output Storage devices
Processing
Devices and media
• Pointing devices • CD, DVD, Blu-ray • Motherboard
• Sensors • Memory cards • CPU
• Gaming devices • RAM and ROM
• Digital cameras
• Scanners and
reading devices
• Video and audio
input
• Audio output
• Data projectors
• Multi-function
printers

30
MODULE
Activity
Page 78
Complete questions 19 – 22 and 23 – 36

31
Module 1.8
The impact of ICT
Contents 2

• How ICTs influence our lives and

lifestyles
• Impact on home office
• Impact on education
• Computer criminals
• Test and improve
How ICTs influence our lives
3
and lifestyles The way we ...

• Do the jobs we do
• Store and watch photos & videos
• Entertain ourselves (games & music)
• Shop and bank
• Communicate with others
• Interact with friends
• Obtain and use information, etc.
How ICTs influence our lives and
lifestyles 4
Communication

social networking

instant messaging

blogging and emailing

Over-availability of communication leads to problems

of its own: you can never really ‘switch off’ 
How ICTs influence our lives and
lifestyles 5
Access to information

TV/ Email
Radio !! Information !!
• Find it quickly
• Determine if source is
reliable
• Analyse and summarise
it accurately
WWW
Cellphone
calls
SMS
/MMS
How ICTs influence one’s life and
life styles 6
Leisure
• Movies, music, printed media via
internet
• Video on Demand (VOD)
• Internet TV – not using radio signals
• Online travel bookings
• Online computer games
• Fitness programs in front of TV with
gaming console
Impact on home office 7
Save money! use the PC to...

• type and edit your documents

• keep track of your accounts
• communicate with clients &
suppliers
• file and organise client data etc.
• advertise your product or service
 Impact on education 8
ICT use by school management

• Create timetables with special software

• Use word processors to produce neat
exam papers
• Communicate with parents (email / SMS)
• Calculate marks in a spreadsheet
• Market the school via a website
Impact on education 9
ICT use by teachers

• Data projectors
• Electronic whiteboards
• Lessons and worksheets
• Specialised programs for use in
geographic information systems
(GIS), science experiments, etc.
Impact on education 10
ICT use by learners (1)
• Get information from the internet
• Process data in Excel
• Type up neat assignments in Word
• Create diagrams using
Paint / SmartArt
• Take photos and record
interviews with
smartphones, etc.
Impact on education 11
ICT use by learners (2)

• Watch videos that explain how to do

practical tasks in CAT
• Use social networking sites to share
with others on various projects
• Use a typing tutor or a mathematics
drill-and-practice program
Computer criminals 12
Identity thieves
Why do they try to steal an identity?
• to gain access to secret documents /
valuable information / your money
• to obtain credit or loans, or buy
goods
• to spread false information
• to commit a crime
Computer criminals 13
Scammers / Phishers
How do they try to steal your money?
• Phishing – to get your banking details
• Fake websites – to commit fraud
• Fake virus alarms – for you to buy
‘protection’ software
• Bogus ‘lottery winnings’ or investment
opportunities, pyramid schemes, etc. !
Computer criminals 14
Employees
How do ordinary employees fit in?

• Employees have easiest access to computers

• Computer equipment, software, sensitive
information, computer time etc. can be stolen
• ‘Revenge’ actions against perceived injustices
by company – can cause serious damage to
computers or network
 Computer criminals 15
Hackers and Crackers
Computer criminals who break into computer systems

HACKERS CRACKERS
Mainly for the prestige or Intention of performing
recognition – ‘white hat’ some crime – ‘black hat’

?? Did you know ??

Companies that specialize in computer security
sometimes hire HACKERS to work for them
 Computer criminals 16
Organised computer crime
Exactly what are these syndicates involved in?
• Running spam businesses
• Stealing secrets (for blackmail etc.)
• Copying and selling CDs and DVDs
illegally
• Using computers to forge documents –
passports, credit cards, etc.
Test and improve 17

Impact on our lives and Impact on home office

lifestyles • Create own documents
• Communication • Liaising – clients &
• Over-availability suppliers
• Information age • Managing data
• Leisure • Advertising

Impact on education Computer criminals

• Management • Identity thieves
• Teachers • Scammers / Phishers
• Learners • Employees
• Hackers and crackers
• Organised crime
Written module activity 18
Module 2.1
Introducing
networks
 Contents
What is a network?
Advantages of networks
• Fast, efficient • Centralisation of data
communication • Flexible access
• Sharing of hardware • Leisure
• Sharing of files • Increased control and security

Disadvantages of having a network

Test and improve
Written module activity

2
 What is a network?
When two or more computers or mobile devices are
connected to each other we have a network

3
 What is a network?

Global Network
Local Area internet
Networks

4
 Advantages of networks
Fast, efficient communication

• School environment:
email / SMS
• Instant messages: WhatsApp /
BBM / Messenger / WeChat
• Social Networks:
Facebook / Instagram

5
 Advantages of networks
Sharing of hardware

• Equipment can be shared by users on a network –

cheaper than buying a device for each computer.
• You can even print from your smartphone to any
printer in the world!
6
 Advantages of networks
Sharing of files

• Files on a server can be accessed by learners,

and teachers can retrieve learners’ files
• Files can be saved in the ‘cloud’ – on a computer
connected to the internet 7
 Advantages of networks
Centralisation of data
• Networking allows us to access files or
folders on a central computer (as if these
were actually on our own computer)
• Databases ensure that multiple users
cannot make conflicting changes to data
(while also ensuring that changes made
by users are immediately available to
other users)
No two people can book the
same seat in a theatre!
8
 Advantages of networks
Flexible access
• We are not limited to the physical
location of our computers
• Using internet removes location-
specific limit of a network
• Use cloud storage to save & ‘sync’ files
• Internet banking can be done from
home

9
 Advantages of networks
Leisure
• Radio, video and television can be
‘streamed live’ over the internet
• E-books, online newspapers and
magazines can be downloaded
• Online gaming – play against others
around the world (MMORPG)

10
 Advantages of networks
Increased control and security
• Easier to control access to data
• Data centrally stored – easier to make backups
• Maintain integrity of data – update in one location
• Easier to send updates (e.g. anti-virus software) to all
computers from one central computer

11
 Disadvantages of having a network
• Learning curve – how to protect your privacy online
and how to communicate safely
• Can be expensive to set up and maintain
• Confidential / sensitive information may be stolen
• Harmful software can spread quickly
• If network develops a problem, users might not be
able to communicate or access data
• Central fault in network can cause loss of data

12
 Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips

Network

Advantages

Server

Disadvantages

Internet

13
Written module activity

14
Module 2.2
Network basics
Contents
Small networks – a PAN and a HAN
 Personal area network
 Home area network
What is needed to connect?
 Setting up a small network
 Connecting to the internet
Test and improve
Written module activity

2
Small networks – a PAN and a HAN
Personal area network
A network organised around an individual or a couple of individuals with a
range of a few metres

Main purpose and advantage:

To automate connections between
mobile devices
Disadvantages:
• Limited range
• Data transmission can be slow
• Peripheral devices usually only
pair with one computing device
at a time

3
Small networks – a PAN and a HAN
Home area network
A small network within a home environment that connects devices such as
computers, printers, tablets, smartphones, smart TVs and gaming devices

Main advantages:
• Users can access and share their data from any computing device
in the home
• Users can save money by sharing devices such as a printer
• An internet connection can be shared by all the computing devices
in the home
Security can be an issue with wireless networks
Address using passwords etc.

4
What is needed to connect?
Setting up a small network
Hardware
Computing devices themselves
Hardware that can be shared
(e.g. printers)

Switch:
connects computers with cables
Router:
allows devices to connect to the internet

Most routers today include a built-in switch

5
What is needed to connect?
Setting up a small network
Connection methods: wirelessly or with cables
Every computing device must
• either be wireless-enabled
• or have a NIC (Network Interface Controller)
PAN: Bluetooth most common means of connecting devices
HAN: Both wireless and wired connection methods are used

6
What is needed to connect?
Setting up a small network
Connection methods – cont.
Wired connection
• UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable
• One end plugs into port (NIC) of
computer, other into switch / router
Wireless connection
• WiFi access point is needed (usually
built into router)
• Devices – wireless-enabled, use radio
waves for connectivity

WiFi = wireless network technology that uses radio waves to provide

network access, small area

7
What is needed to connect?
Setting up a small network
Software
• Used to control security and communication in the network
• Built into operating system software of the computing device

8
What is needed to connect?
Connecting to the internet
Internet
Large worldwide computer network,
consisting of computers and networks
linked using communication media
Every device that connects to the internet
must have its own IP address
To connect a device to the internet, you need:
• Internet Service Provider
• Internet connection

9
What is needed to connect?
Connecting to the internet
Internet Service Provider
A company that has a permanent, fast connection to the internet

ISPs sell internet access and services to

individuals and companies for a monthly fee

10
What is needed to connect?
Connecting to the internet
Internet Connection
Wired connection Wireless connection
ADSL / Fibre Cellular technology
• ADSL: permanent digital • No need for ADSL / fibre
connection using a • Allows mobile access
telephone line
• 3G / 4G (LTE)
• Fibre: data transmitted
using thin glass fibre • Dongle plugs into USB
tubes (much faster!) port – connects device to
cellular network

11
Test and Improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips

PAN HAN

Hardware Connection
needed methods

Connecting to
the internet

12
Written module activity

13
Contents
Introduction
• Web pages and websites
• Web addresses
Types of websites
Activity 1
Browsing and searching
• What is a web browser?
• What is a search engine?
• Successful searching
Activity 2
Test and improve 2

Written module activity

 Introduction
Web pages and websites

WWW
Vast collection of hyperlinked, interactive documents
called web pages

Website
Group of related web pages stored at the same web address

Websites can be created by anyone (but cost money to

maintain and support) – so usually belong to companies,
organisations, special interest groups 3
 Introduction
Web pages and websites
Structure of a website

Home page – ‘landing page’

4
Web page – text, graphics,
audio, video, hyperlinks
 Introduction
Web pages and websites
Structure of a website
Hyperlink
Built-in connection
to another website,
webpage or other
resource
indicated as text
underlined in blue
(or blue outline
5
for a graphic)
 Introduction
Web pages and websites
Structure of a website
Website must be hosted on web server (computer
connected to the internet and that hosts websites)
Webmaster: person who maintains and develop website

Web pages are created in languages:

• HTML
• JavaScript
• PHP
• Python 6
Introduction
Web addresses
Format of a URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Domain Name
www . Site name . Type of . Geographical
organization location
www . studyopportunities . co . za
www . facebook . com
www . cia . gov
www . gamesdomain . co . uk
wiki.answers . com 7
en.wikipedia . org
Introduction
Web addresses
Examples of types of organisations:
com any kind of organisation
(used to be commercial organisations)
net any kind of organisation
(used to be organisations related to the internet)
biz business
edu education
gov government
org non-profit organisation
co company 8
ac academic organisation
Introduction
Web addresses
Examples of geographical abbreviations
for country domains:

za South Africa
uk United Kingdom
sa Saudi Arabia
au Australia
nz New Zealand
us United States
ls Lesotho 9
Introduction
Web addresses
IP Address: numerical address that uniquely identifies any
computer/device connected to internet/network

Currently an IP address for

www.google.co.za is
216.58.194.163
Access this site by typing
either 216.58.194.163 or
www.google.co.za
in the address bar of a
browser 10
 Types of websites
Web portal
• Starting point for searching on web
• Provides links to different subjects
• Links to websites for news, weather, sport, etc.

• Government web portals

11
 Types of websites
Informational website
• Provides information to the public / customers / interested parties
• School websites provide information to parents and learners
• Most government institutions have an informational website –
contains information relating to the department

12
 Types of websites
News website
• Current events, sport, weather, exchange rates, etc.
• Magazines and newspapers have website with summaries
and extra material, such as video clips

13
 Types of websites
Business or marketing website
• Contains information about products and services
• Examples: Woolworths, Pick n Pay, Kulula, Telkom

14
 Types of websites
Personal website
• Anyone can create one – to share interests, hobbies
and life experiences with the world
• Most people use a blog or social networking site for
their personal website

15
 Types of websites
Wiki
• A website that allows for collaborative
creating and editing of web pages
• Anyone can contribute – final article
does not belong to any one individual
• Access is usually free

16
 Types of websites
Educational website
• Offer ways of formal and informal learning by means of
tutorials and simulations
• Provide resource materials for educators

17
 Types of websites
Entertainment website
Offers all forms of entertainment – online videos, music, sport, gaming and
much more

Advocacy website

• Describes an idea, opinion or cause

• Usually presents the views of a particular group or association
• Examples: SPCA and the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT)

18
 Types of websites
Web application

Any application that is accessed only over the internet

and is not stored on your local computer

19
Types of websites
Content aggregator
Website or application that gathers different web content (e.g.
news, weather, movie reviews) from different online sources
Two main types:
• 1st type gathers info from various sources and displays it on its
own website, e.g. IMDb, Rotten Tomatoes
• 2nd type gathers info from various sources and distributes it
according to subscriber needs – e.g. Flipboard, Feedly

20
ACTIVITY 1

21
Browsing and searching
What is a web browser?

Software application that allows one to view and explore web

pages on the Web, either via hyperlinks or by typing the
address in the address bar of the web browser

22
Browsing and searching
Features of web browsers

Address/Search bar Home button

Back button Tabbed browsing
23
Forward button Bookmarks/Favourites
Refresh/Reload button Customise/Tools
Browsing and searching
What is a search engine?

Program used to search for documents on the web

by using keywords or phrases entered by the user

24
Browsing and searching
Successful searching

Step 1: Decide exactly what you want to find

Step 2: Identify keywords

Step 3: Use synonyms if necessary

Step 4: Use advanced search options

Do not forget to give credit where due:

25
the BIBLIOGRAPHY is essential!
ACTIVITY 2

26
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Websites

WWW Web page Website

Home page
Hyperlink Web server
of a website

URL IP address 27
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Types of websites

Business or
Web portal Informational News
marketing

Personal Wiki Educational Entertainment

Web Content
Advocacy
application aggregator 28
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Browsing and searching

Web browser Search engine

29
WRITTEN MODULE ACTIVITY

30
Contents
Introduction
• Web pages and websites
• Web addresses
Types of websites
Activity 1
Browsing and searching
• What is a web browser?
• What is a search engine?
• Successful searching
Activity 2
Test and improve 2

Written module activity

 Introduction
Web pages and websites

WWW
Vast collection of hyperlinked, interactive documents
called web pages

Website
Group of related web pages stored at the same web address

Websites can be created by anyone (but cost money to

maintain and support) – so usually belong to companies,
organisations, special interest groups 3
 Introduction
Web pages and websites
Structure of a website

Home page – ‘landing page’

4
Web page – text, graphics,
audio, video, hyperlinks
 Introduction
Web pages and websites
Structure of a website
Hyperlink
Built-in connection
to another website,
webpage or other
resource
indicated as text
underlined in blue
(or blue outline
5
for a graphic)
 Introduction
Web pages and websites
Structure of a website
Website must be hosted on web server (computer
connected to the internet and that hosts websites)
Webmaster: person who maintains and develop website

Web pages are created in languages:

• HTML
• JavaScript
• PHP
• Python 6
Introduction
Web addresses
Format of a URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Domain Name
www . Site name . Type of . Geographical
organization location
www . studyopportunities . co . za
www . facebook . com
www . cia . gov
www . gamesdomain . co . uk
wiki.answers . com 7
en.wikipedia . org
Introduction
Web addresses
Examples of types of organisations:
com any kind of organisation
(used to be commercial organisations)
net any kind of organisation
(used to be organisations related to the internet)
biz business
edu education
gov government
org non-profit organisation
co company 8
ac academic organisation
Introduction
Web addresses
Examples of geographical abbreviations
for country domains:

za South Africa
uk United Kingdom
sa Saudi Arabia
au Australia
nz New Zealand
us United States
ls Lesotho 9
Introduction
Web addresses
IP Address: numerical address that uniquely identifies any
computer/device connected to internet/network

Currently an IP address for

www.google.co.za is
216.58.194.163
Access this site by typing
either 216.58.194.163 or
www.google.co.za
in the address bar of a
browser 10
 Types of websites
Web portal
• Starting point for searching on web
• Provides links to different subjects
• Links to websites for news, weather, sport, etc.

• Government web portals

11
 Types of websites
Informational website
• Provides information to the public / customers / interested parties
• School websites provide information to parents and learners
• Most government institutions have an informational website –
contains information relating to the department

12
 Types of websites
News website
• Current events, sport, weather, exchange rates, etc.
• Magazines and newspapers have website with summaries
and extra material, such as video clips

13
 Types of websites
Business or marketing website
• Contains information about products and services
• Examples: Woolworths, Pick n Pay, Kulula, Telkom

14
 Types of websites
Personal website
• Anyone can create one – to share interests, hobbies
and life experiences with the world
• Most people use a blog or social networking site for
their personal website

15
 Types of websites
Wiki
• A website that allows for collaborative
creating and editing of web pages
• Anyone can contribute – final article
does not belong to any one individual
• Access is usually free

16
 Types of websites
Educational website
• Offer ways of formal and informal learning by means of
tutorials and simulations
• Provide resource materials for educators

17
 Types of websites
Entertainment website
Offers all forms of entertainment – online videos, music, sport, gaming and
much more

Advocacy website

• Describes an idea, opinion or cause

• Usually presents the views of a particular group or association
• Examples: SPCA and the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT)

18
 Types of websites
Web application

Any application that is accessed only over the internet

and is not stored on your local computer

19
Types of websites
Content aggregator
Website or application that gathers different web content (e.g.
news, weather, movie reviews) from different online sources
Two main types:
• 1st type gathers info from various sources and displays it on its
own website, e.g. IMDb, Rotten Tomatoes
• 2nd type gathers info from various sources and distributes it
according to subscriber needs – e.g. Flipboard, Feedly

20
ACTIVITY 1

21
Browsing and searching
What is a web browser?

Software application that allows one to view and explore web

pages on the Web, either via hyperlinks or by typing the
address in the address bar of the web browser

22
Browsing and searching
Features of web browsers

Address/Search bar Home button

Back button Tabbed browsing
23
Forward button Bookmarks/Favourites
Refresh/Reload button Customise/Tools
Browsing and searching
What is a search engine?

Program used to search for documents on the web

by using keywords or phrases entered by the user

24
Browsing and searching
Successful searching

Step 1: Decide exactly what you want to find

Step 2: Identify keywords

Step 3: Use synonyms if necessary

Step 4: Use advanced search options

Do not forget to give credit where due:

25
the BIBLIOGRAPHY is essential!
ACTIVITY 2

26
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Websites

WWW Web page Website

Home page
Hyperlink Web server
of a website

URL IP address 27
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Types of websites

Business or
Web portal Informational News
marketing

Personal Wiki Educational Entertainment

Web Content
Advocacy
application aggregator 28
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Browsing and searching

Web browser Search engine

29
WRITTEN MODULE ACTIVITY

30
MODULE 2.4:
ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION
 CONTENTS
Introduction Activity 2
Email Netiquette
 ISP email vs web-based email
 Netiquette and social networking
 Email addresses
 Netiquette and email
 Address book or contacts list
 Practical use of email Activity 3
Activity 1 Test and improve
Other modes of e-communication Written module activity
 Social networking sites
 Instant Messaging and Chat applications
 Weblog (blog)
 Fax to email

2
INTRODUCTION
• E-communication – all forms of electronic
communication
• Process by which computers and other
communication devices are used to
exchange messages and/or digital data

3
EMAIL
Composing, sending and receiving of messages
electronically over a network such as the internet

Use email software to type

in recipient’s address

Message first goes to email

server at own ISP

Message then goes to email

server at other person’s ISP

Message is held there until

recipient downloads it 4
EMAIL
ISP email vs web-based email

Web-based email ISP-based email

• Accessed using a • Set up on local

web browser computer or device
anywhere where using appropriate
internet access software
• Must be online to • Can be accessed
access account without being online
• Free of charge • Monthly ISP charge
(might pay for plus internet access
internet access) cost

5
EMAIL
Email addresses

Mary.Jones @ mweb.co .za Domain

UserName
@Service provider
.Type of organisation
.Geographical location

6
EMAIL
Address book or contacts list
• Used to store email addresses
• Email addresses added to list manually or automatically,
or imported from another application or email system
• Other information can be added (e.g. phone numbers)
• Mailing list – list of email addresses grouped under a
single name

7
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Sending a message
Click on COMPOSE to
create message
To field
Cc and Bcc fields
Subject field
Message area
Click on Send to
send message
8
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Reading a message

• Go to Inbox and double-click on message

• Unread messages are displayed in bold

9
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Replying to a message
• With message open click on Reply button
• To field automatically filled in
RE: automatically added to Subject Field
• Reply All sends reply to all addresses in To and Cc fields
• Original message visible – type your reply above it
• Good practice to leave original message – allows
recipient to keep track of correspondence

10
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Forwarding a message
• Do not forward chain letters or hoaxes
• Click on Forward button
FW: automatically added to Subject field
• Good practice to delete unnecessary addresses of people
who have received the message, before you forward it

11
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Attachments

• Email applications let you attach files to messages

• Program files with extension .exe sometimes not allowed
because of virus risks
• Limit on size of attachments (Gmail 25 MB)
Acceptable max size differs from organization to
organization

12
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Attachments
To attach a file:
• Click Attach icon
• A dialog box will
appear
• Locate the file,
click Open to attach
• Click Send

13
EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Attachments
To open attachment:
• First open message – attachment shown as icon
with name of file
• Save file to computer, then open file
(Can open file without saving it first – file will open in
application associated with that type of file)
• Do not open attachments in messages from people you do
not trust – might contain a virus

14
ACTIVITY 1
15
OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Social networking sites

Interactive websites where individuals and organisations

post their likes, dislikes, photographs and activities for
friends and interested parties to read and respond to

16
OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Instant Messaging and Chat applications

• These applications occur in real time (different to email)

• Many social networking sites offer instant messaging

17
 OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Weblog (blog)

• Website updated
regularly with news
and events
• Reads like a journal with
most recent entry at the
top
• Not just personal – also
used by businesses,
citizen journalists, etc.
18
 OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Fax to email

• Ability to send/receive fax to/from a fax machine using

computer and email system
• Register with service provider that offers this service –
will receive dedicated fax number
• Free for incoming faxes, pay for faxes you send

19
ACTIVITY 2
20
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette and social networking

Use of good manners

Think before you post …
and showing respect
• Would I be happy if this were
for other users when
placed on a public poster?
using the internet
• Would I be happy for e.g. my
parents or teacher to see this?
• Is this the kind of information that
reflects who I am?
• Would I be happy for a prospective
employer to see my site?
21
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette and email
• Message must be clear and error-free
• Never type messages only in capital letters
• Files attached to a message must be viruses-free
• Never be insulting in a message
If you wish to tease someone, use an emoticon or emoji
to show you are just teasing

;-)
22
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette and email

• Use emoticons and emojis only in informal correspondence

• Never pass on chain mail, hoaxes or spam
• Large attachments – first contact recipient and agree on
a suitable method
• Be careful of passing on personal information via email

23
ACTIVITY 3
24
 TEST AND IMPROVE
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Other modes of
Email electronic Netiquette
communication
• ISP-based • Social networking • Social networking
• Web-based sites sites
• Format of email • Instant messaging, • Email
address chat, SMS
• Address book or • Weblog (blog)
contacts list • Fax to email
• Mailing list
• Practical tips

25
WRITTEN MODULE ACTIVITY
26
MODULE 2.4:
ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION
 CONTENTS
Introduction Activity 2
Email Netiquette
 ISP email vs web-based email
 Netiquette and social networking
 Email addresses
 Netiquette and email
 Address book or contacts list
 Practical use of email Activity 3
Activity 1 Test and improve
Other modes of e-communication Written module activity
 Social networking sites
 Instant Messaging and Chat applications
 Weblog (blog)
 Fax to email

2
INTRODUCTION
• E-communication – all forms of electronic
communication
• Process by which computers and other
communication devices are used to
exchange messages and/or digital data

3
EMAIL
Composing, sending and receiving of messages
electronically over a network such as the internet

Use email software to type

in recipient’s address

Message first goes to email

server at own ISP

Message then goes to email

server at other person’s ISP

Message is held there until

recipient downloads it 4
EMAIL
ISP email vs web-based email

Web-based email ISP-based email

• Accessed using a • Set up on local

web browser computer or device
anywhere where using appropriate
internet access software
• Must be online to • Can be accessed
access account without being online
• Free of charge • Monthly ISP charge
(might pay for plus internet access
internet access) cost

5
EMAIL
Email addresses

Mary.Jones @ mweb.co .za Domain

UserName
@Service provider
.Type of organisation
.Geographical location

6
EMAIL
Address book or contacts list
• Used to store email addresses
• Email addresses added to list manually or automatically,
or imported from another application or email system
• Other information can be added (e.g. phone numbers)
• Mailing list – list of email addresses grouped under a
single name

7
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Sending a message
Click on COMPOSE to
create message
To field
Cc and Bcc fields
Subject field
Message area
Click on Send to
send message
8
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Reading a message

• Go to Inbox and double-click on message

• Unread messages are displayed in bold

9
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Replying to a message
• With message open click on Reply button
• To field automatically filled in
RE: automatically added to Subject Field
• Reply All sends reply to all addresses in To and Cc fields
• Original message visible – type your reply above it
• Good practice to leave original message – allows
recipient to keep track of correspondence

10
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Sending, reading, replying and forwarding messages
Forwarding a message
• Do not forward chain letters or hoaxes
• Click on Forward button
FW: automatically added to Subject field
• Good practice to delete unnecessary addresses of people
who have received the message, before you forward it

11
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Attachments

• Email applications let you attach files to messages

• Program files with extension .exe sometimes not allowed
because of virus risks
• Limit on size of attachments (Gmail 25 MB)
Acceptable max size differs from organization to
organization

12
 EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Attachments
To attach a file:
• Click Attach icon
• A dialog box will
appear
• Locate the file,
click Open to attach
• Click Send

13
EMAIL
Practical use of email:
Attachments
To open attachment:
• First open message – attachment shown as icon
with name of file
• Save file to computer, then open file
(Can open file without saving it first – file will open in
application associated with that type of file)
• Do not open attachments in messages from people you do
not trust – might contain a virus

14
ACTIVITY 1
15
OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Social networking sites

Interactive websites where individuals and organisations

post their likes, dislikes, photographs and activities for
friends and interested parties to read and respond to

16
OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Instant Messaging and Chat applications

• These applications occur in real time (different to email)

• Many social networking sites offer instant messaging

17
 OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Weblog (blog)

• Website updated
regularly with news
and events
• Reads like a journal with
most recent entry at the
top
• Not just personal – also
used by businesses,
citizen journalists, etc.
18
 OTHER MODES OF E-COMMUNICATION
Fax to email

• Ability to send/receive fax to/from a fax machine using

computer and email system
• Register with service provider that offers this service –
will receive dedicated fax number
• Free for incoming faxes, pay for faxes you send

19
ACTIVITY 2
20
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette and social networking

Use of good manners

Think before you post …
and showing respect
• Would I be happy if this were
for other users when
placed on a public poster?
using the internet
• Would I be happy for e.g. my
parents or teacher to see this?
• Is this the kind of information that
reflects who I am?
• Would I be happy for a prospective
employer to see my site?
21
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette and email
• Message must be clear and error-free
• Never type messages only in capital letters
• Files attached to a message must be viruses-free
• Never be insulting in a message
If you wish to tease someone, use an emoticon or emoji
to show you are just teasing

;-)
22
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette and email

• Use emoticons and emojis only in informal correspondence

• Never pass on chain mail, hoaxes or spam
• Large attachments – first contact recipient and agree on
a suitable method
• Be careful of passing on personal information via email

23
ACTIVITY 3
24
 TEST AND IMPROVE
Summary – concepts, terms and tips
Other modes of
Email electronic Netiquette
communication
• ISP-based • Social networking • Social networking
• Web-based sites sites
• Format of email • Instant messaging, • Email
address chat, SMS
• Address book or • Weblog (blog)
contacts list • Fax to email
• Mailing list
• Practical tips

25
WRITTEN MODULE ACTIVITY
26
MODULE 2.5
SAFE INTERNET USE
Contents
• Viruses
• Computer worms
• Trojans
• Spam
• Hoaxes and scams
• Phishing
• Pharming
• Email spoofing
• Activity 1
• Guidelines for using the internet safely
• Test and improve
• Written module activity
2
Viruses

• Software that disrupts normal functioning of a computer

• Loaded on computer without knowledge or consent of user
• Designed to create and exploit security loopholes
• Try to reproduce and spread to other computers
• Do not attack hardware – but software that manages and
controls hardware

3
Viruses
How does a virus spread?
Infected …

files on
email internet files shared
portable
attachments downloads on network
media

Most viruses activate when you run or open the infected file 4
Viruses
How do I know if I have a virus?

• Files suddenly start disappearing

• The computer slows down a lot
• Programs stop working properly
• Free space on the computer suddenly reduced greatly
• Error messages not seen before start appearing
• Computer no longer boots up
• Anti-virus software reports presence or threat of a virus

5
Viruses
Virus prevention
Anti-virus software can be configured to:
• warn you of the presence of a virus on your computer
• automatically delete any virus it detects
• quarantine a virus

6
Viruses
Virus prevention
Prevent viruses by:
• installing an anti-virus program
• keeping your anti-virus software and
definitions (signatures) up to date
• scanning files stored on portable media
(e.g. flash drives) before using them
• scanning email attachments and
downloaded files before opening them

7
Viruses
Virus prevention
Prevent viruses by (cont.):
• setting your anti-virus software to scan incoming and
outgoing email
• avoiding pirated software – malware is often packaged
with such software
• not running programs obtained from untrusted sources

8
Viruses
Virus prevention
Prevent viruses by (cont.):
• disabling the autorun feature for flash drives

9
Computer worms

Malware that is able to distribute itself over

a network, normally via email, without a
person running an infected program

• Can reproduce itself many times – computer could send out

hundreds of worms with devastating effect
• Can cause computer to run very slowly and even crash

Prevention: Install anti-virus software on the computer (keep

it updated!) and do not open unrecognized / suspicious emails

10
Trojans

• Destructive program disguised as a useful application

• Seems to be legitimate software
• Deletes files on your computer, or scans it for personal
information to send to person who created the Trojan

Prevention: Do not open attachments or run any programs

unless you are quite sure it is safe to do so
11
Spam

Email advertisements sent to you that you did not request

‘junk mail’

12
Spam
Prevention tips for spam

• Be careful who you give your

email address to

• Check if your ISP can help –

many ISP’s filter out spam

• Investigate capabilities of your

email program

13
Spam
Prevention tips for spam (cont.)
• Some anti-virus programs include anti-spam software
• Mailwasher: specialised utility to filter out spam
• Never respond to spam – just confirms a valid email address

14
Hoaxes and scams
Internet hoax is an email message or article
intended to deceive or defraud others

15
Hoaxes and scams
How to protect yourself from these

• Never accept information at face value

• Always check source of information
• Often just a rumour – not based on fact
• Just delete it – warn sender about the hoax
• Be aware of virus hoaxes that encourage you to delete
important files from your computer
• Many websites investigate hoaxes and publish their
results – visit these sites to check validity of messages
16
Phishing

Conning users into giving

out personal and
confidential details such
as PIN numbers and
passwords by posing as a
legitimate organisation,
(often a bank), usually via
email.

17
Phishing
Prevention tips for phishing

• Do not respond to email requests to confirm details like

bank account numbers, PINs and passwords
• Type in the URL of bank websites etc. directly – do not click
on a link in an email to go to these sites
• Check that site is secure

Secure site: https:// and not http://

18
Pharming

• User is automatically redirected to another (fake)

website even if he/she types in the correct URL
for the official website

• Criminal is able to use any data the user enters –

usually passwords and PINs

19
Pharming
Prevention tips for pharming

• Ensure you have up-to-date anti-spyware software installed

• Many sites requiring secure information will warn you if you
are redirected to another site – heed these warnings
• Ensure that the site you are accessing is secure

Spyware: programs with bad intentions (malware) that

try to monitor and record how you use your computer

20
Email spoofing

• The changing of an email header (addressing part of

the email) so that the email appears to come from a
different source
• Used in spam and phishing emails to disguise their
origin – make the email seem more believable

spoofing
21
ACTIVITY 1

22
Guidelines for using the internet safely
General Guidelines

• Keep operating system up to date

• Keep anti-virus software definitions up to date
• Be careful when installing software from the internet
• Do not click on links in pop-ups
• Be careful when opening attachments or programs –
especially internet downloads
• Have good password policies
• Stay informed – keep abreast of news and tips
• Don’t be gullible
23
Guidelines for using the internet safely
Good password policies
• Don’t use personal information as a password
• At least 8 characters long
• Mixture of letters (upper and lower case), numbers and
special symbols, e.g. S1T&pl&fg7
• Use different passwords for different accounts
• Change passwords them from time to time
• Don’t write passwords down – remember them
• Don’t give your passwords out!
24
Guidelines for using the internet safely
Interacting with others online – best practices

• Do not give out personal details online

• Do not make arrangements to meet in person with
someone you met online
• If someone makes you feel uncomfortable,
discontinue the conversation and inform an adult
• Remember – no posting on a social networking site
can be regarded as private

25
Guidelines for using the internet safely
Interacting with others online (cont.)

• It is acceptable to ignore friend requests from

strangers on social networking sites

• Be suspicious of someone who is just too ‘perfect’

• Consider turning off the geotagging function on

your mobile device – to keep your location secret

26
Test and improve
Summary – concepts, terms and tips

Computer
Malware Virus
worm

Trojan Phishing Pharming

Email Hoaxes
Spam
spoofing and scams

Prevention and protection

Using the internet safely 27
WRITTEN MODULE
ACTIVITY

28
A STRATEGY FOR
SOLVING
PROBLEMS
MODULE 6.1
2 CONTENT

• Introduction

• General problem solving

• The role of questions

• Activity 1

• Data and information

• Activity 2

• Test and improve

3 INTRODUCTION Most problems are solved ‘automatically’.
You don’t even realise that you are actually
following some steps.

Suppose you want to go out with friends and need to decide what to wear.

What will the weather be like? It will be chilly

What do I have in my cupboard? I have 3 nice shirts; there is a

warm jacket in my closet

Where are we going? We’re going to the movies

Make a decision Wear a shirt and the warm jacket

4 INTRODUCTION (continued)

Suppose you get a mark of 50 for a test. You want to know whether the
mark is good or bad.

How much is the test out of?

The test is out of 60.
Process this: 50 ÷ 60 x 100 = 83.3%

Make a decision
83% is a very good mark! 
5 GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING

The following basic steps can be followed to solve problems:

1. Analyse the problem

2. Collect data and information and process it
3. Solve the problem and present the solution / information
6 THE ROLE OF QUESTIONS

? What needs to be done or solved? Helps you to

? What aspects of the problem should I take into account? understand

the problem,
? What is given? What is known? and what
facts and
? What is missing? What information do I still need? information
you still need
Closed questions: What? When? Who? How many? Where?

Open-ended questions: How? What if?

7

ACTIVITY 1
8 DATA AND INFORMATION

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND

INFORMATION
Data:
raw facts or items.
Information:
processed facts or data.
9 DATA AND INFORMATION
(continued)

INFORMATION SOURCES
Electronic media
A way of using an electronic device to Web
get digital content to a user preferred
source of
• computers information
• smartphones
• radio
• TV
10 DATA AND INFORMATION
(continued)

INFORMATION SOURCES
Printed media

A lot of material has never been published

digitally and is available only in hardcopy
• books
• magazines
Books often contain more in-depth
information than can be found online • journals
Printed media can be easier to work with,
in terms of paging and making physical
notes
11 DATA AND INFORMATION
(continued)

INFORMATION SOURCES
People
Questionnaires
• Information about people’s ideas, opinions,
habits, likes and dislikes
• Let respondent select an answer (closed
question)
• These values are the data,
after processing it becomes information
12 DATA AND INFORMATION
(continued)

INFORMATION SOURCES
People

Interviews
• Plan your questions and write them down
• Make an appointment with the person
• Be polite and be friendly
• Confirm whether you may make notes or
record the interview
• Do not take too long and stick to the topic
13 DATA AND INFORMATION
(continued)

INFORMATION SOURCES
People

Interviews – make notes of the content

• the date
• the person interviewed
• the rank or position of the person, i.e. the
reason why you interviewed the person

(You are going to use this in your references)

14

ACTIVITY 2
15 TEST AND IMPROVE

Role of Data vs. Sources of

Problem
questions Information information

What is a Why do we What is data Electronic

problem? ask questions? or facts? media

What is
Types of What is
problem Printed media
questions information?
solving?

How do you
analyze a People
problem?

Other
Module 6.2
Finding
information
 Contents
• Introduction
• Determine what information you need
Step 1: Investigate what is given
Step 2: Describe the task
Step 3: Identify the information you have to find
• Activity 1
• Find the information and save it
Decide about resources
Save the data, facts and information that you find
• Activity 2
• Test and improve

2
 Introduction

Finding information (6.2)

Using and processing information (6.3)

Presenting solutions and information (6.3)

3
Determine what information you need
Investigate what is given

Read through problem Describe the task

Highlight important facts
Identify the information
Identify all the parts Format: you have to find
Ask questions: Write down what the
What? Where? When? task should look like
Ask more questions
How? Why? Content:
Write down what you Sort the questions
Determine what is given
have to investigate – the Adjust questions
Determine what must be focus question where necessary
done
Determine what the result
should be

4
Determine what information you need
Step 1: Investigate what is given

Create an info
The CAT class wants to start brochure to
a WhatsApp group, but inform parents
some parents are about WhatsApp,
unhappy about it and to put them
at ease

Given Needed

5
Determine what information you need
Step 2: Describe the task

Format
• HOW it is to be presented (e.g. report, brochure, poster, presentation)
• WHO it is intended for (the target audience)

Content
The PROBLEM you have to solve or the TASK you have to complete

6
Determine what information you need
Step 3: Identify the information you have to find
Write down all the questions you can think of and place them
in the right category in your table

Look at your questions carefully

• Some questions are unnecessary – erase them
• Some answers are obvious – write them down
• Some answers you do not have yet.
Work with this group now to find the answers

7
 Determine what information you need
Possible paragraph
Questions Sources
headings
Why do learners use WhatsApp?
How many learners already use WhatsApp?
Introduction How many learners use WhatsApp for school work?
What are the WhatsApp groups used for?
Why are parents suspicious of WhatsApp?
What is WhatsApp?
What does one need?
Basic information
Can anyone use WhatsApp?
What is the purpose of WhatsApp?
Why is WhatsApp so popular?
Advantages of What are the advantages?
WhatsApp How can WhatsApp help me as a CAT learner?
What if teachers and learners all use WhatsApp?
Dangers of WhatsApp What are the risks of using WhatsApp?
How to use
What advice to WhatsApp users for their protection?
WhatsApp safely
Conclusion
8
Activity 1

9
 Find the information and save it
Decide about resources
• Electronic media
• Printed media – books,
magazines and newspapers
• Interviews / questionnaires

10
 Tips for setting good questionnaires
Make sure your questions can have
only one answer

• If asked how many hours learners a) 0-2 hrs per day

spend on Facebook, the answers can b) 2-4 hrs per day
be varied. Give specific categories c) More than 4 hrs per day

• How does parents feel about 1. Definitely do not like it

Facebook? Give them a 2. Mostly do not like it
scale from 1–5 to rate their feelings 3. Neutral
4. Mostly like it
5. Definitely like it

11
Save the data, facts and information
that you find
Strategies you can use:
• Type researched information in a Word document
• Save copies of web pages in a folder structure
• Make notes of interviews / record interviews with
your smartphone or video camera
• Place copies and clippings in a file
• Create a summary table to help you to keep track of
the information

12
Save the data, facts and information
that you find
Summary table should have these headings:
• Question
• Title of book / webpage / opinion poll
• Author / group used for opinion poll
• URL (if web page used) / Author (if book used)
• Date updated / published / created
• Short summary of the information, or a link to
place where it is saved
• Reliable (yes / no) – give reason

13
Activity 2

14
Test and improve your knowledge
Read the assignment carefully before you start

Underline or highlight important information

Ask questions

Describe problem in own words

Questions in table

Save / keep all data, facts and info

15
 Module 6.3
Processing information
and presenting a
solution
 Contents
• Introduction
• Using and processing information
Step 1: Sift the data and information
Step 2: Process the data and information
• Activity 1
• Finding a solution and presenting it
Planning & Completing the presentation in Word
Activity 2
Presenting the solution as a slide show
Acknowledging sources
• Test and improve
2
 Introduction
In problem solving you need to:

• Make sure you understand the problem / break it down

• Determine what data and information you need by
asking many questions
• Decide which information sources you are going to use
• Gather as much data and information as possible

3
 Introduction
When we use and process data, facts and
information we get knowledge

Use
Search Process Present
Manipulate

• Ask questions • Data • Knowledge

• Information • Information • Understanding
sources • Solution
4
 Using and processing information
Step 1: Sift the data and information
Group information according to topics & match it to questions.

Highlight / copy any useful information. Update table as you go.

Discard information you cannot use.

If you need more information, go back and do more research.

Answers to some questions can be found in the data gathered

from the questionnaires – add a note of this in your table.
5
 Using and processing information
Step 2: Process the data and information
Organise the data and information
• You grouped the data & info
belonging to each question.
• Sort it further according to its
importance. Identify further
subtopics.
• Use the same table you have
been working in / write or type
the topics on the information.
6
 Using and processing information
Step 2: Process the data and information
Work smart – build a framework for your report

• Type a framework (outline) in Word.

• Main headings in report – use a Heading style.
• Insert questions under headings (eventually replace these
with your answers).
• Summarize information – use own words.
• Process questionnaires in Excel to find information.
7
 Using and processing information
Step 2: Process the data and information
Process questionnaire data – use Excel
• Type in the respondents as row headings in column A.
• Type questions from questionnaire as column headings,
starting from column B.
• Type answers from the questionnaire in corresponding cells.

8
 Using and processing information
Step 2: Process the data and information
Process questionnaire data – use Excel
• Calculations
COUNT – how many respondents gave specific answer.
MAX, MIN, AVERAGE – extract information from data.
• Sorting
Sort, then AVERAGE – to get average value for certain group.
Sort to get minimum or maximum value for a group.
Sort, then create a chart for a group.
• Charts
Easy to see patterns and trends in data.
Patterns can lead to further investigation of trends.
9
 Activity 1
Complete this whole activity!

10
Finding a solution and presenting it
Planning the presentation

Rearrange Decide on
Decide on Insert key
order of
introduction subheadings Add more elements
sections to that answer
and where detail
improve focus
conclusion needed
flow questions

11
Finding a solution and presenting it
Complete the presentation in Word
• Use your framework as a basis –
use the same document.
• Use your own words.
• Arrange paragraphs logically.
• Include your charts.
• Don’t forget the bibliography.

Use all the Word skills and techniques you

have learned
12
Activity 2

13
Finding a solution and presenting it
Present your solution as a slideshow

Must have Decide what

introduction, information Decide how
body and should be under many slides
conclusion which heading

Decide on
Use bullets to
graphics and Add a
format key
animation to bibliography
concepts
support message

14
Finding a solution and presenting it
Acknowledging sources
Different schools and universities Include in Bibliography
prefer different referencing • Author
systems: HARVARD / APA. • Name of publication or
website
Mention in body of document • Date published
where each piece of sourced • Publisher (in case of a
information came from. website, the URL)

Include a bibliography at the end of the document.

15
 Test and improve
Tips and recommendations
Refer back to
Use computer to
problem Sort and group Handle data
store & process
statement / questions / info confidentially
data
questions

Look for answers Can return and Recognize

Process all useful
to questions when ask further patterns and
data / info
processing data questions trends in data

Process data to PowerPoint Include a complete

avoid plagiarism; only contains and correct
own words main points bibliography
16