Quest

ions:Di
scr
eteMat
hemat
icsI
I

MODULEI
V

1.I
fA=[ ]
0 7
-3 4
,f
indf
(A)wher
ef(
x)=(
x+1)
(x-
1).

2.Ver
if
yCay
ley–Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
or

[ ]
1 0 0
I
=0 1 0.
0 0 1

3.Det
ermi
ner
ankoft
hemat
ri
xA=[02 11]
xA=[
16 1 ]
8 1/ 2
4.Det
ermi
ner
ankoft
hemat
ri

xA=[
1 0]
0 1
5.Det
ermi
ner
ankoft
hemat
ri
-

6.Findtherankofthef
oll
owi
ngmat
ri
xbyrow

[ ]
12 -1 4
canonicalf
orm.A= 2 4 3 5 [ ans:
rank
-1-2 67
3]

7.Findtherankofthefol
l
owi
ngmatr
ixbyr
ow

[ ]
1 2 0 - 1
canonicalf
orm A= 3 4 1 2.
2 3 2 5
-

[
rank=3]

8.Fi
ndt
her
ankoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ri
xbyr
ow
 [ ]
1 2-1 4
canoni
cal
for
m.A=2 4 2 8.
1 -
- 2 17

9.Findtherankoft
hefol
l
owingmatri
xbyr
ow

[ ]
1 2 3
canonicalf
orm 1 4 2.[
rank=2]
2 6 5

10.Ver
if
yCayl
ey-Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
ort
hemat
ri
x

[ ]
1 2
2 -1
.

11.LetA=[
1]
1 2 -
1
.Fi
ndA usi
ngCay
leyHami
l
ton
2 -
ans [
1]
11 2
theor
em.[
52 -

12.Fi
ndt
hei
nver
seofA= [35 12].
uesofA=[ ]
2 7
13.Fi
ndt
heei
genv
al .
7 2

uesofA=[
6 5]
0 1
14.Fi
ndt
heei
genv
al .
-

15.Fi
ndthei
nver
seofAbyGauss-Jor
danmethod

[ ] [ ]
1 2 3 1 -3 2
wher
eA= 2 4 5.[ A-1=-
ans: 3 3 - 1.
]
3 5 6 2 -1 0

16.

17.Fi
ndthei
nver
seofAbyGauss-Jordanmet
hod

[ ] [ ]
4 -1 1 1 2 1
-
wher
eA= 2 0 - 1.
[ A-1= -
ans: 7 11 6. ]
1 -1 3 -
2 3 2
18.

19.Fi
ndthei
nver
seofAbyGauss-
Jor
danmet
hod

[ ]
1 3 3
wher
eA= 1 4 3.
1 3 4

20.Ver
if
yCayl
ey-
Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
ort
hemat
ri
x
A= [ ]
2 5
1 -3
.

21.Ver
if
yCayl
ey-
Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
ort
hemat
ri
x
A= [ ]
2 -
7 -
3
4
.

[ ] [ ]
8 0 2 - 2
22.I
fA=4 -2 andB= 4 2, t
henf
indt
he
3 6 -5 1
mat
ri
xXsuchthat2A+3X=5B.

23.
Findt
hei
nver
seofAbyGauss-
Jor
danmet
hod
wher
eA= [21 11]
fA=[ ]andB=[
1]
1 -
1 x 1 2 2 2
24.I ,
and(
A+B)=A+B,
2 -
1 4 -
f
indt
hev
alueofx.
-1 -
25.Showt
hat(
AB) =B1A-1.
26.Fi
ndt
heei
genv
aluesoft
hemat
ri
x[13 31]
x[
0 2]
4 -1
27.Fi
ndt
heei
genv
aluesoft
hemat
ri

28.Sol
veusi
ngcr
amer
srul
e:5x+2y
=4, 7x+3y
=5.

[]
3
t
29.A=2 andB=[
2 3 5]pr
ovet
hat(
AB)=Bt
3
At.
30.Usi
ngCay
ley–Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
indA6i
fA=

[ ]
2 1
5 -2
.

31.Usi
ngCay
ley–Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
indA4i
fA=

[ ]
1 3
2 -1
.

32.Usi
ngCay
ley–Hami
l
tont
heor
em f
indA4i
fA=

[ ]
3 1
3 -3
.

[ ]
1 2 2
33.I
fA=2 1 2, hatA2-
showt 4A-
5I=0.
2 2 1

34.I
fAi
sidempot
entshowt
hatI
-Ai
sidempot
ent
.

[ ]
1 2 3
35.Fi
ndtheinverseofA= 2 4 5 using
3 5 6
el
ementaryrowtransf
ormat
ions.

36.Findt
hecharact
eri
sti
croot
sassoci
atedwi
th
thematr
ix[6 12
-
1 -1 ]
.

37.Sol
vet
hesy
stem ofl
i
nearequat
ions

x1+x2-
2x3+x4+3x5=1

2x1-
x2+2x3+2x4+6x5=2

3x1+2x2-
4x3-
3x4-
9x5=3
38.Findthechar
acter
ist
icequat
ionoft
hematr
ix

[ ]
2 2 1
A=1 3 1. Thenveri
fyCayl
eyHamil
ton
1 2 2
theor
em.

[ ]
1 2 3
ndA-1.
39.LetA=2 4 5 Fi
3 5 6

40.Sol
vebycr
amer
srul
e.

x+y+z=11

2x–6y–z=0

3x+4y+2z=0[
ans:
x=-
8,y
=-7,
z=26]

41.ComputeA3andA-1usi
ngCay
ley–Hami
l
ton

[ ]
1 1 2
theor
em i
fA= 3 1 1.
2 3 1

42.Fi
ndtheei
genval
uesof

[ ]
3 10 5
-2 -3 -4[ans:
λ=2,
2,
3]
3 5 7

a)Ver
if
yCay
leyHami
l
tont
heor
em.

ndA-1andA-2.
b)Fi

43.Fi
ndtheei
genv
aluesandei
genv
ect
orsoft
he
matr
ix
[ ]
-
3 -
7 -
5
2 4 3[ans:
x=1,
1,
1
1 2 2

[]
-
3
Char
act
eri
sti
cvect
or:1
1

44.Fi
ndtheei
genv
aluesandei
genv
ect
orsoft
he
matr
ix

[ ]
1 0 0
5 3[
3 - ans:
Eigenv
aluesx=1,
1-2
6 -
6 4

[]
-
2/3
Ei
genv
ect
ors:1/6
1

[ ]
1 -
3 3
45.Showt
hatA= 3 -
5 3isni
l
pot
ent
.
6 -
6 4

ndA-1usi
46.Fi ngel
ement
aryr
ow

[ ]
1 3 -
2
oper
ati
ons.
A=-3 0 5
2 5 0

47.Fi
ndtheeigenv
aluesandcorr
espondi
ng

[ ]
1 2 2
-
ei
genvect
orsofmatri
ces 2 2 2. [
ans:
3 -
- 6 -6
 Ei
genv
alues=0,
-
2,-
3

[]
0
Ei
genv
ect
ors:-
1
1

[]
-
2
1
0

[]
-
1
0
1

48.Findtheei
genvaluesandei
genvect
orsofthe

[ ]
2 0 0
foll
owingmatr
ices:0 3 0. [
eigenval
ues=2,
0 0 4
3,4

ei
genv
ect
ors(
1,0,
0),
(0,
1,
0),
(0,
01)

49.Findtheeigenvaluesandei
genvector
softhe

[ ]
-
2 -4 2
foll
owingmat r
ices:-2 1 2. [
eigenval
ues1,
4 2 5
-3/2,-
1/2

ei
genv
ect
ors(
1,-
1/2,
-
1/)
,(1,
6,
16)
]

50.Ver
if
yCay l
ey–Hamil
tont
heor
em f
or

[ ]
1 4
2 3
.Thenfi -
1
ndA .

51.Sol
vet
hesy
stem ofl
i
nearequat
ions
 -
2x-
y-3z=3

2x-
3y+z=13

2x-
3z=-
11[
ans:
x=-
2,y
=4,
z=1]

[]
3
fA= 0 andB=[
52.I 2 2 5]t
henpr
ovet
hat
3
t
(
AB)=BtAt.

53.Sol
vet
hesy
stem ofl
i
nearequat
ions

-
2x+y
+z=4

-
4x+2y
-z=8

-
6x-
3y+z=0[
ans:
x=-
1,y
=2,
z=0]

54.I
fAisasquar
ematri
xsuchthatA2=A,
then
3
wri
tet
heval
ueof7A-
(I
+A).

55.Sol
vet
hesy
stem ofl
i
nearequat
ions

x+y
-z=6

3x-
2y+z=-
5

x+3y
-2z=14[
ans:
x=1,
y=3,
z=-
2]

56.I
f[x.
=][ ]
y 4 8 w
z+6 x+y 0 6
wr
it
ethev
alueof(
x+y
+z)
.

57.Sol
vet
hesy
stem ofl
i
nearequat
ions

4x+5y
-2z=-
14

7x-
y+2z=42

3x+y
+4z=28[
ans:
x=4,
y=-
4,z=5]
 [ ]
2 0 1
58.I
fA= 2 1 3,t
henf
indA2-
3A+2I
.
1 0
1 -

59.Sol
vet
hesy
stem ofl
i
nearequat
ions

2x+y
+z=3

x-
y-z=0

x+2y
+z=0[
x=1,
y=-
2.Z=3]

MODULEI

1.Useadj
acencymat
ri
xtor
epr
esentt
hegr
aph

i
nfi
gur
e.

2.Dr
awagr
aphwi
tht
headj
acencymat
ri
x

3.Useadj
acencymat
ri
xtor
epr
esentt
he

pseudogr
aphi
nfi
gur
e.

4.Useadj
acencymat
ri
xtor
epr
esentt
he
 pseudogr
aphi
nfi
gur
e.

5. I
denti
fyal
lisol
atedand
pendantv
ert
icesi
ntheabovegraph.

6.Fi
ndtheuni
onofgr
aphsG1andG2 showni
n
fi
gur
e

7.Fi
ndapathoflengt
h4andaci
rcui
tofl
engt
h
4fr
om t
hefol
lowinggr
aph.

8.Fi
ndapathoflengt
h4andaci
rcui
tofl
engt
h
4fr
om t
hefol
lowinggr
aph
 9.

Fi
ndal
lcutv
ert
icesandcutedgesoft
heabov
e

gr
aph.

10.

Fi
ndal
lcutv
ert
icesandcutedgesoft
he
abov
e

gr
aph.

11.Fi
ndaHami
l
toni
anci
rcui
tfr
om t
hef
oll
owi
ng
gr
aph.

12.Det
erminewhetherthefol
lowinggr
aphhasa
Hamil
toni
anci
rcuit.Expl
ain.
 13.

Doest
heabov
egr
aphhav
eaHami
l
toni
an
pat
h?I
f

sof
indsuchapat
h.

14.

Pr
oveordi
spr
ovegr
aphGandgr
aphHar
e

i
somor
phi
c.

15.Fi
ndt
heuni
onoft
hef
oll
owi
nggr
aphs.

16.Findamat
chi
ngandamaxi
mal
mat
chi
ngof
thefol
l
owi
nggraph.
 17. Fi
ndt
hedegr
eesequenceofC4andK4.

18.Howmanyver
ti
cesandhowmanyedgesdot
hese
graphshav
e?

a)Knb)Cnc)Wnd)Km,
n

19.Fr
om t
hef
oll
owi
nggr
aphf
ind:

(
i) Asi
mpl
epat
hofl
engt
h4

(
ii
) Ci
rcui
tofl
engt
h4

(
ii
i) Apat
hofl
engt
h5whi
chi
snotsi
mpl
e.

20.Repr
esentthepseudogr
aphshownbelow
usi
nganincidencematr
ixandwri
tet
he
degr
eesequenceofthegraph.

21.Repr
esenteachofthesegraphswit
han
adj
acencymatri
xandwr i
tethedegr
ee
 sequenceoft
hegr
aph.

̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
22. Dr
awi
)K4 i
i
)K2,3 i
i
i)C4 i
v)W3

23.Forwhi
chv
aluesofnar
ethesegr
aphsr
egul
ar?

a)Knb)Cnc)Wnd)Km,
n

24.LetG=(
V,E)beasi
mpl
egr
aph.LetRbet
he
rel
ati
on

onVconsi
sti
ngofpai
rsofv
ert
ices(
u,v
)sucht
hat
ther
e

i
sapat
hfr
om ut
ovorsucht
hatu=v
.Showt
hatRi
s

anequi
val
encer
elat
ion.

25.Prove“ Therei sasimplepat

hbetweenev
ery
pairofdi st
inctver
ticesofaconnect
ed
undirectedgr aph”
.

Proof:
Letuandvbet wodi
sti
nctv
erti
cesoft
he
connectedundi
rect
edgr
aphG=(V, E).
BecauseGisconnect
ed, t
herei satleastonepat
h
betweenuandv.Letx0,x1,x
…, n.wherex0 =uandxn=
v,bethev
ert
exsequenceofapat hofleastl
engt
h.

Thispathofl eastlengt hi ssi mple.Tosee

this,supposeiti snotsi mpl e.Thenxi=xjf or
somei andjwi th0≤i<j.Thi smeanst hatt
here
i
sapat hfrom ut ovofshor terlengthwit
h
vertexsequencex0,x1,…,xi-1,
xj…xnobt ai
nedby
deletingtheedgescor respondi ngt othever
tex
sequencexi,…,xj-1.

26.Arethedi
rectedgraphsGandHshownin
Fi
gurestronglyconnect
ed?Ar
etheyweakl
y
connect
ed?Explain.
 27.Findthenumberofpathsofl
engthf
ourare
therefrom at
odi nt
hesimpl
egraphG,usi
ng
adjacencymatri
x?

28.Supposethatvisanendpoi
ntofacutedge.
Provethatvi
sacutvertexi
fandonl
yifthi
s
vert
exisnotpendant
.

Ifav er
texi spendanti ti
sclearl
ynotacutv er t
ex .So
anendpoi ntofacutedget hati
sacutv ertexi snot
pendant .Remov alofacutedgepr oducesagr aph
withmor econnect edcomponent sthanint heor i
ginal
graph.Ifanendpoi ntofacutedgei snotpendant ,t
he
connectedcomponenti tisinaftertheremov al ofthe
cutedgecont ai
nsmor ethanjustt hi
sv er
tex .
Consequent ly,r
emov alofthatvertexandal l edges
i
ncidentt oi t,
includi
ngtheor i
ginalcutedge, produces
agr aphwi thmor econnectedcomponent st hanwer e
i
nt heor i
gi nalgraph.Hence,anendpoi ntofacutedge
thatisnotpendanti sacutv ert
ex .

29.Drawagr
aphGwi
thacutv
ert
exandacut
edge.
 Fi
ndt
hedegr
eesequenceofG.

̅
aw G.
Dr

̅
Fi
ndamat
chi nG.
ngi

30. Dr
awi
)K5i
i
)K3,
3ii
i
)C6i
v)W4

31.Whi
choft
hesimpl
egr aphsinFi
gurehav
ea
Hami
lt
onci
rcui
tor
,ifnot,aHamil
tonpat
h?

32.Asimplegraphisbipar
ti
teifandonlyi
fiti
s
possi
bletoassignoneoftwodi f
fer
entcol
ors
toeachvert
exoft hegr
aphsot hatnotwo
adj
acentvert
icesareassi
gnedthesamecol or
.

Fir
st,supposet hatG=(V, E)isabipart
it
esimple
graph.ThenV=VIUV2, wher
eVIandV2ar edisj
oint
setsandev eryedgei nEconnect
sav ert
exinVIanda
vert
exinV2.I fweassi gnonecolortoeachver
texin
VIandasecondcol ort
oeachvertexi
nV2, t
henno
twoadj acentvert
icesareassi
gnedthesamecolor.

Nowsupposet hatiti
spossi
bletoassign
colorstotheverti
cesofthegraphusingjust
twocol or
ssot hatnotwoadjacentvert
ices
areassignedthesamecol or
.LetVIbet heset
ofv er
ti
cesassignedonecolorandV2bet he
 setofvert
icesassignedt heothercol
or.Then,
VIandV2ar edi sj
ointandV=VIUV2.
Furt
hermore, ever
yedgeconnect savertexin
VIandav ertexinV2becausenot woadjacent
vert
icesareeitherbothinVIorbothinV2.
Consequently,Gisbipart
ite.

33.Consi
dert
hegr
aphG.Det
ermi
net
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
i)Pendentv
ert
ex

(
ii
)Oddv
ert
ices

(
ii
i)Ev
env
ert
ices

(
iv)cutedges

(
v)cutv
ert
ices

(
vi)degr
eesequence

(
vii
)mat
chi
ng

(
vii
i
)maxi
mal
mat
chi
ng

(
ix)eul
erpat
h

(
x)eul
erci
rcui
t

(
xi)Hami
l
toni
anpat
h

(
xii
)Hami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t

(
xii
i
)adj
acencymat
ri
x

(
xiv
)inci
dencemat
ri
x
34.Consi
dert
hegr
aphG.Det
ermi
net
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
i)Pendentv
ert
ex

(
ii
)Oddv
ert
ices

(
ii
i)Ev
env
ert
ices

(
iv)cutedges

(
v)cutv
ert
ices

(
vi)degr
eesequence

(
vii
)mat
chi
ng

(
vii
i
)maxi
mal
mat
chi
ng

(
ix)eul
erpat
h

(
x)eul
erci
rcui
t

(
xi)Hami
l
toni
anpat
h

(
xii
)Hami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t

(
xii
i
)adj
acencymat
ri
x

(
xiv
)inci
dencemat
ri
x
35.Consi
dert
hegr
aphG.Det
ermi
net
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
i)Pendentv
ert
ex

(
ii
)Oddv
ert
ices

(
ii
i)Ev
env
ert
ices

(
iv)cutedges

(
v)cutv
ert
ices

(
vi)degr
eesequence

(
vii
)mat
chi
ng

(
vii
i
)maxi
mal
mat
chi
ng

(
ix)eul
erpat
h

(
x)eul
erci
rcui
t

(
xi)Hami
l
toni
anpat
h

(
xii
)Hami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t

(
xii
i
)adj
acencymat
ri
x

(
xiv
)inci
dencemat
ri
x
 36.Det
erminewhet
hert
hegraphsGandH
di
spl
ayedinFi
gurear
eisomorphi
c.

37.Whi
choft
hesimpl
egr aphsinFi
gurehav
ea
Hami
lt
onci
rcui
tor
,ifnot,aHamil
tonpat
h?

38.Consi
dert
hegr
aphG.Det
ermi
net
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
i)Pendentv
ert
ex

(
ii
)Oddv
ert
ices

(
ii
i)Ev
env
ert
ices

(
iv)cutedges

(
v)cutv
ert
ices
(
vi)degr
eesequence

(
vii
)mat
chi
ng

(
vii
i
)maxi
mal
mat
chi
ng

(
ix)eul
erpat
h

(
x)eul
erci
rcui
t

(
xi)Hami
l
toni
anpat
h

(
xii
)Hami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t

(
xii
i
)adj
acencymat
ri
x

(
xiv
)inci
dencemat
ri
x

39.Consi
dert
hegr
aphG.Det
ermi
net
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
i)Pendentv
ert
ex

(
ii
)Oddv
ert
ices

(
ii
i)Ev
env
ert
ices

(
iv)cutedges

(
v)cutv
ert
ices

(
vi)degr
eesequence

(
vii
)mat
chi
ng
(
vii
i
)maxi
mal
mat
chi
ng

(
ix)eul
erpat
h

(
x)eul
erci
rcui
t

(
xi)Hami
l
toni
anpat
h

(
xii
)Hami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t

(
xii
i
)adj
acencymat
ri
x

(
xiv
)inci
dencemat
ri
x

40.Consi
dert
hegr
aphG.Det
ermi
net
hef
oll
owi
ng.

(
i)Pendentv
ert
ex

(
ii
)Oddv
ert
ices

(
ii
i)Ev
env
ert
ices

(
iv)cutedges

(
v)cutv
ert
ices

(
vi)degr
eesequence

(
vii
)mat
chi
ng
(
vii
i
)maxi
mal
mat
chi
ng

(
ix)eul
erpat
h

(
x)eul
erci
rcui
t

(
xi)Hami
l
toni
anpat
h

(
xii
)Hami
l
toni
anci
rcui
t

(
xii
i
)adj
acencymat
ri
x

(
xiv
)inci
dencemat
ri
x

MODULEI
I

1.Gi
veanexampl
eofi
)af
ull
2-ar
ytr
eei
i
)af
ull
3-
aryt
ree

2.Provethat“f
ullm-
aryt
reewi
thii
nter
nal
vert
icescontai
nsn=m i+1ver
ti
ces”

3.Fi
ndthelev
elofeachver
texi
ntheroot
edtree
showninFi
gure.Whati
sthehei
ghtoft
his
 t
ree?

4.Whichoft
her
oot
edt
reesshowni
nFi
gur
ear
e
bal
anced?

5.Whati
sthepr
efi
xfor
mfor(
(x+y
)↑2)+(
(x-
4)
/3)
?

6.Whati
sthepost
fi
xform oft
heexpr
essi
on(
(x
+y)↑2)+((
x-4)/3)
?

7. Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
orK5.

8.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
orC5.

9.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
orK4,
4.
10.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
orK1,
6.

11.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
orW5.

12.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
or

13.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
or

14.Drawthesubtr
eeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
reet
hati
s
root
edat‘a’
.

15.Drawthesubtr
eeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
reet
hati
s
root
edat‘a’
.
16.Repr
esenttheexpressi
on(
x+xy
)+(
x/y
)
usi
ngbinar
ytree.

17.Repr
esentt
heexpr
essi
onx+(
(xy+x)
/y)usi
ng
bi
naryt
ree.

18.Wri
tetheexpr
essi
onx+(
(xy+x)
/y)i
npr
efi
x
not
ati
on.

19.Wri
tetheexpr
essi
onx+(
(xy+x)
/y)i
npost
fi
x
not
ati
on.

20.Repr
esenttheexpressi
on(
x+xy
)+(
x/y
)
usi
ngpref
ixnotati
on.

21.Provet
hat“
Atr
eewi
thnv
ert
iceshasn-1
edges”
.

22.Arether
ootedtr
eesinFi
gur
ef ul
lm-
aryt
rees
forsomeposi
ti
veint
egerm ?
 23.Whati
sthev
alueoft
hepr
efi
xexpr
essi
on+-*
235/↑234?

24.Whati
stheval
ueoft
hepost
fi
xex
pressi
on72
3*-4↑93/+?

25.Whati
sthev
alueoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
x
expr
essi
on?

-*2/843

26.Whatist
heval
ueoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
x
expr
essi
on?

↑-*33*425

27.Whatist
heval
ueoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
x
expr
essi
on?

+-↑32↑23/6-42

28.Whati
sthev
alueoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
x
expr
essi
on?

*+3+3↑3+333

29.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
oreachoft
hesegr
aphs:

i
) W3 i
i
)K2,
3

30.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
oreachoft
hesegr
aphs:

i
) K4 i
i
)C6

31.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
oreachoft
hesegr
aphs:

i
) K3,
3 i
i
) W5

32.Const
ructt
heor
der
edr
oot
edt
reewhose
 preor
dertr
aversali
sa,b,f,c,
g,h,i,
d, e,
j
,k,l
,
whereahasfourchildr
en,chast hreechil
dren,
jhastwochil
dren,bandehav eonechild
each,andal
lothervert
icesareleaves.

33.Findaspanni
ngt
reef
ort
hegraphshownby
removi
ngedgesi
nsimpl
eci
rcui
ts.

34.Findaspanni
ngt
reef
ort
hegraphshownby
removi
ngedgesi
nsimpl
eci
rcui
ts.

35.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
oreachoft
hesegr
aphs:

i
) K1,
5 i
i
) W3

36.Fi
ndaspanni
ngt
reef
oreachoft
hesegr
aphs:

i
) K3 i
i
) C4

37.Answert
hesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
ed
 t
reei
l
lust
rat
ed.

a)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

b)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?

c)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

d)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofj
?

e)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofh?

t
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofo?

g)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofm ?

h)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofb?

38.Answert
hesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
ed
tr
eeil
l
ustr
ated.
a)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

b)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?

c)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

d)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofj
?

e)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofh?

t
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofo?

g)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofm ?

h)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofb?

39.Answert
hesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
ed
tr
eeil
l
ustr
ated.
i
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

i
i
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?

i
i
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

i
v)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofg?

v
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofh?

v
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofc?

v
ii
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofm ?

v
ii
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofb?

38.Inwhichorderdoesapost
ordert
raver
sal
visi
t
thevert
icesoftheor
der
edrootedtr
eeT
showninFi gur
e?
 39.Repr
esentt
heexpr
essionsi)(x+xy)+(
x/y
)
i
i)x+((
xy+x)/
y)usingbinarytr
ees.

40.Answerthesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
edt
ree
i
ll
ustr
ated.

i
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

i
i
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?
i
i
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

i
v)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofe?

v
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofh?

v
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofc?

v
ii
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofm ?

v
ii
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofb?

41.Answerthesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
edt
ree
i
ll
ustr
ated.

i
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

i
i
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?

i
i
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

i
v)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofg?

v
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofh?

v
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofi
?
v
ii
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofm ?

v
ii
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofn?

42.Answerthesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
edt
ree
i
ll
ustr
ated.

i
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

i
i
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?

i
i
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

i
v)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofg?

v
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofh?

v
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofi
?

v
ii
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofd?

v
ii
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofe?

43.Answerthesequest
ionsaboutt
her
oot
edt
ree
i
ll
ustr
ated.
i
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sther
oot
?

i
i
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eint
ernal
?

i
i
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eleav
es?

i
v)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
echi
l
drenofh?

v
)Whi
chv
ert
exi
sthepar
entofg?

v
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
esi
bli
ngsofi
?

v
ii
)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
eancest
orsofm ?

v
ii
i)Whi
chv
ert
icesar
edescendant
sofj
?

44.Prov
et hat“Ther
eisasimplepat
hbetween
ever
ypai rofdi
sti
nctv
ert
icesofaconnect
ed
undi
rectedgraph”.

Letuandvbet wodi sti

nctv ert
icesofthe
connectedundir
ectedgraphG=(V, E).
BecauseGi sconnected,thereisatleastone
pathbetweenuandv.LetX0, X1,...,Xn,
whereXo=uandXn=v ,bet hevert
ex
sequenceofapat hofleastlength.Thispath
 ofleastlengthissi
mpl e.Toseet his, suppose
i
tisnotsi mple.ThenXi =Xj f orsomei andj
wit
h0≤i <j.Thismeanst hatt herei sapat h
fr
om ut ovofshor terlengthwi t
hv ertex
sequenceXo, X1,…, Xi -1, xj ,.
..,Xn
obtainedbydeleti
ngt heedgescor r esponding
tothev ert
exsequenceXi ,..., Xj -1.

MODULEI
II

̅
1.Fi
ndt
hev
alueof1.0+(
0+1).

̅
2.Fi
ndt
hev
al 0.
ueof1·

̅
3.Fi
ndt
hev
alueof1+1.

̅
4.Fi
ndt
hev
al 0.
ueof0.

̅
5.Fi
ndt
hev
alueof(
1+0)
.
 6.Findtheval
ue,i
fany,oft
heBooleanv
ari
abl
ex
thatsat
isf
ytheseequati
onsx·
l=0

7.Findthev
alue,
ifany
,oft
heBool
eanv
ari
abl
ex
that

sat
isf
ytheseequat
ionsx+x=0

8.Findthev
alue,
ifany
,oft
heBool
eanv
ari
abl
ex
that

sat
isf
ytheseequat
ionsx.1=x

9.Useat abl
et oexpr
esst
hev
aluesofeachof
theseBoolean

f
unct
ions.

̅
a)F(
x,y
,z)= xy

̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
10.Fi )1.0+(
ndi 1+0) i
i
)((
1.0)
.1)
+0.

11.Fi
ndt
heout
putoft
hegi
venci
rcui
t.

12.Fi
ndt
heout
putoft
hegi
venci
rcui
t.
13.UseNANDgatestoconst
ructci
rcui
tswi
tht
he
̅
fol
l
owi
ngoutput:x

14.UseNANDgatestoconst
ructci
rcui
tswi
tht
he
fol
l
owi
ngoutput
:x+y

15.UseNANDgatestoconst
ructci
rcui
tswi
tht
he
fol
l
owi
ngoutput
:xy

̅
16.Showt
hatx=x↓x.

17.Showt
hatxy
=(x↓x
)↓(
y↓y
).

18.Showt
hatx+y=(
x↓y
)↓(
x↓y
).

19.Pr
oveordi
spr
ovex+(
y⨁z)
=(x+y
)⨁ (
x+z)

20.Pr
oveordi
spr
ovex⨁ (
y+z)
=(x⨁y
)+(
x⨁z)

21.Pr
oveordi
spr
ovex⨁ (
y⨁z)
=(x⨁y
)⨁z

22.Whatval
uesoft
heBool
eanv
ari
abl
esxandy
sat
isf
yxy=x+y?

23.Pr
ovet
hatx+1=1i
nbool
eanal
gebr
a.

24.Pr
ovet
hatx.
0=0i
nbool
eanal
gebr
a.

̅ ̅
25.Si
mpl
i
fy(
x+y
).(x.y)=0
 26.Findthecomplimentofthef
oll
owi
ngBool
ean
̅̅
expressi
on:x(y z+yz).

̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
27.Fi
nd(
( 1)+(
1. 1.0)+0+1).
(1+0).

̅ ̅
28.Fi
nd(
1.1)
.(
1.0)
.(
1.0)+(
1.0)
.(
1.0)

̿ ̿
29.Fi
nd((
1.0)+(
1.1)
)(1+1)

30.Fi
ndtheval
uesoft
heBool
eanf
unct
ion
̅
F(
x,y
)=xy.

31.Findthevaluesoft
heBooleanf
unct
ion
̅
represent
edbyF(x,y,z)=xy+ z.

32.Showthatt
hedi
str
ibut
ivelawi
nBool
ean
al
gebr
ax(y+z)=xy+xzi sval
i
d.

33.Pr
ovetheabsor
pti
onlawx(x+y )=xusi
ngt
he
ot
heri
denti
ti
esofBooleanal
gebra.

34.Showt
hatt
hesei
dent
it
ieshol
d:

̅ ̅ ̅
x⨁y
=(x+y
)(xy
)andx⨁y
=xy+xy

̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
35.Showt
hatxy+yz+ xz=xy+ yz+xz.

36.Useat abl
et oexpr
esstheval
uesofeachof
theseBooleanfunct
ions.
 ̅ ̅
a)F(
x,y
,z)=xy+(
xyz)

̅̅
b)F(
x,y
,z)=x(
yz+ yz)

37.Const
ructci
rcui
tst
hatpr
oducet
hef
oll
owi
ng
out
puts:

̅
(a)(
x+y
)x

̅
̅ ̅
(b)x(
y+z)

38.Const
ructci
rcui
tsthatpr
oducet
hef
oll
owi
ng
̅̅̅
out
put
s:(x+y+z) (x y z).

39.Const
ructci
rcui
tst
hatpr
oducet
hef
oll
owi
ng
̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅
out
puts:xyz+xy z+ xyz+ x yz.

40.UseNANDgatestoconst
ructci
rcui
tswi
tht
he
fol
l
owi
ngoutput
:x⨁y

41.Ver
if
yt heDeMor
gan’
slawsi
nBool
ean
al
gebra.

42.Const
ructcir
cuit
sthatpr
oducethef
oll
owi
ng
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
out
puts:(x+y+z)
+(x+y+z)+(x+y+z)

43.Const
ructci
rcui
tst
hatpr
oducet
hef
oll
owi
ng
̅ ̅
out
puts:(xy
)+(z+x)

44.Const
ructci
rcui
tst
hatpr
oducet
hef
oll
owi
ng
 ̅
out
put
s:xy
+xy .

45.Expresseachoft
heseBool
eanf
unct
ionsusi
ng
theoper
ators+and-.

a)x+y+z

̅̅
b)x+ y(x+z)

̅
̅
c)(
x+y)

̅ ̅ ̅
d)x(x+y+z)

̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
46.Pr
ov hat(
et x˅y
)=x˄yandx˄
y=x ˅ y.

47.Fi
ndthev
alues,
ifany
,oft
heBool
eanv
ari
abl
e
xthat

sat
isf
ytheseequat
ions.

a)x·
1=0

b)x+x=0

c)x·1=x

̅
d)x·x=1