FA and Reqmts IS Stds - A

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FIRST AID

AID
Prevention is better than cure but when prevention is not possible and an injury does take
place, the cure is the only prevention of further injury and this cure is primarily to be provided
by the First Aid.

First Aid can be defined as an immediate treatment given to the victim of an accident or
sudden illness, before -medical help is obtained. It is a combination of simple but quite
expedient, active measures to save the victim’s life and prevent possible complications. It
needs to be immediate in severe accidents complicated by bleeding, shock, and loss of
consciousness.

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The majority of accidents are trifle and curable by first aid only. Even otherwise all industrial
injuries need immediate first aid for which statutory provisions are also made as follows.

STATUTORY PROVISIONS
Section 45 of the Factories Act requires at least one first aid box or cupboard equipped with
the prescribed contents for every 150 workers employed at any one time. It should be readily
accessible during all working hours and should be in charge of a qualified person.

For a factory employing more than 500 workers an ambulance room of the prescribed size and
contents and in the charge of medical and nursing staff is also required.

Rule 70 of the Gujarat Factories Rules prescribes the contents of a first aid box depending
upon the number of persons employed. Rule 70A requires a displayed staling the names and
place of availability of the first aider, nearest hospital, and its telephone number.

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Rule 71 prescribes the. size and other details for an ambulance room or dispensary, a suitable
conveyance to remove the victim and a record of all cases treated. Refer to these rules for the
medical items to be kept ready.
Section 41C and Rules 68 R, T, U & V of the Gujarat Factories Rules for Health Records,
Medical examinations. Occupational Health Centre, Ambulance Van, etc.

INDIAN STANDARDS
A few IS available for first aid are: First aid dressings 11163, pesticide poisoning 4015, radiation
protection in medical X-ray equipment of 10 kV to 400 KV 7064, Colour identification of gas
cylinders for medical use 3933.

Bandage cotton 863, plaster of Paris IS 4738, 6237, scissors 6252,10384.

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Resuscitators for use with humans IS 13366

GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR RENDERING FIRST AID


First Aid has five main aims:

1. To preserve life.
2. To promote or assist recovery.
3. To prevent worsening or aggravation of the casualty’s condition.
4. To minimize complication and
5. To arrange transportation to the hospital if necessary.
First Aid is based on scientific medicine and surgery. It is skilled assistance and makes use of
such materials as may be available. But the first aider is not a Doctor. After the doctor takes
charge, the first aider’s responsibility ends. He can then stand by to help the doctor.

The first aider should observe carefully, think clearly and act quickly. He should be calm, cool
and confident. He should not get excited. He should ask someone to call a doctor/inform
hospital immediately giving some details of cases involved. While waiting for the doctor, he
should give first aid methodically.

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Dr. Y. N.Sinha, Dy. Director (Medical) of CLI, Mumbai explains the general meaning of FIRST
AID

1. First thing first.


2. Inform the doctor.
3. Reassure the victim.
4. Shock prevention or treatment.
5. Tourniquet, control bleeding.
6. Artificial respiration.
7. Immobilize fracture.
8. Disposal, send the victim to the hospital.

General Rules of First Aid


The general rules or principles for first aid are as follows:

1. Reach the accident spot quickly. This will help to save life.
2. Be calm, methodical and quick. By doing so you can lessen the pain and the effects of
the injuries which may save a life. Handling the casualty clumsily will only make the
final recovery difficult.
3. Look for the following: Is there a failure of breathing? Is there severe bleeding? Is
the shock light or severe?

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 Attend to these and then treat easily observable injuries.


 Start artificial respiration, if the casualty is not breathing. It must be at once as every
second gained is helpful.
 Stop by pressing on the pressure point and press firmly on the bleeding area with a
pad and keep up pressing on the bleeding area for at least a few minutes (minimum
3 minutes) by the watch. Take help if needed.
 Treat for shock.
 Avoid handling the casualty unnecessarily.
The priority of Treatment of First Aid treatment
1. Examination and Diagnosis.
2. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (every second count).
3. Control Bleeding.
4. Treat Shock and special care of Unconscious cases.
5. Fracture (Immobilisation).
6. Burn-Cover with clear washed cloth/ dressing and treat shock.
7. Eye, Nose and Ear injuries.
8. Multiple superficial injuries.
9. Transportation and
10. Follow up or After-care.
Dr. Subhash Mhaskar (Thane) suggests the following formula for a basic assessment of a
serious case:

DR. ABC & Head-Foot Examination :


D = Danger. Please check up first, if there is any sort of danger to the first aider or the patient
or to the people around at the ‘spot of the accident in form of poisonous gas, electric current,
fire, etc.
R = Response. Call the patient by his name or pinch him and see the response. If no response,
the patient is unconscious. Then immediately.
A = Open the Airway by flitting his head to the back and chin up.
B = Check Breathing
C = Check Circulation of blood by checking neck pulse. If the patient is not breathing but the
neck pulse is present, give mouth to mouth breathing only. If neck pulse and breathing both
absent starts CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation).

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Head Foot Exam= If both neck pulse and breathing are present and the patient is responding,
continue with head to foot examination. Look for injuries bleeding and fractures
systematically. Especially look for injuries on the head, chest, and abdomen. They may not
look important in beginning but may prove to be fatal in the long term.
Use the First Aid equipment, if available. All passenger trains, some Railway Stations, lorries,
and buses keep them. Make use of the material so obtained. On most occasions, the standard
First’ Aid equipment will not be available. You will have to depend on the material at hand and
improvise them for your requirements.- In a factory, use the prescribed first aid box.
Inspect the area. Take the casualty away from live wires, fallen walls, beams, fire, broken gas
chambers, moving machinery, etc. to a safer place.

Clear the crowd with nice words. Do not allow people to crowd around the casualty. The
casualty needs fresh air. If a doctor is present, he will guide you. Any other First Aider must be
asked to help. Otherwise, take the assistance of bystanders giving them correct instructions.

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Note the weather. If it is fine, i.e. without rain or heat or a cold breeze, treat in the open.
Otherwise, move the casualty into an airy room. If no suitable house or a doctor’s clinic is not
nearby, it is best to protect the casualty with an umbrella or a sheet of cloth or even a
newspaper.

Reassure, the casualty. Soft words and encouraging talk will make the casualty take things
easy and lie quietly. These will help recovery.

Arrange for dispatch to the care of a doctor or to the Hospital. At the same time intimate the
relatives where the casualty is being taken to.

Do not attempt too much. You are only a First Aider. Give minimum assistance so that the
condition does not become worse and life can be saved.

The first aider should know the proper use of antiseptic, aseptic and sterilized dressing
material, surgical instruments and syringes. Some commonly used chemical antisepsis (to kill
microorganisms in the wound) are: Hydrogen peroxide solution. Potassium permanganate.
Boric acid. Tincture of Iodine, lodinate, lodoform, Chloramine B, Mercuric chloride. Dioxide,
CoUargol, Silver nitrate. Spirit (ethanol). The brilliant green solution, Methylene blue solution,
Degmin, Ethacrdidme lactate, Furacilin, Ammonium hydroxide solution, pure- phenol (carbolic
acid). Formaldehyde solution and Sulphonamides.

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