aAyusn. R.

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SUbECt-CSS

Mens the protechion of data from modifahan

his helps in idenhfying the ongim of infrmaten at

User. This gefevyed to nexe as authenahon

OData enyghm is sed to ensne

conkdentialiny
to mahnaim datu

e te fosce atacKs, woshs by calcolahng every poasible mb

to See f ts
the coYYe 2ass word.

g2 hocse the CoAIet ophns

aA shdent giresa cheqe foy $2o to by a used boeh. Lat

she fnds that he cheque as cashed fY $200, wih
of secnhy atuch happened im this case
a)Modificahm.

2 is the szience at of breaking secxet Codesa

3 . o f informahen meqns yomly auhon2d osexs are ambe of acCe

the imfoTMatcone
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
 xaphit
is

phoq

Ahy thsge 4 elements Coenfdenhaliy, Inteqihy, athethcty Aavai

aYe cmsldered nckanmertal4
They help wndestand senty its comgonents beter.
the
S okh of the fllug ighes are ciected ad shfhng
le Hers of a woxd?
b)Trans posihon aohese

3l Ste whethe the Follouing staemets are tue os false.

aIE the serdex ecever use diffevent Keyshe sysem s
Ne ffexed to as Gonentimal cpheY Ssm.
L false

In bute foxce attachyom average alf cf all posible Meys mmst

be ed to achieve SUcESo
yfalse.
94Name the foluang or deflne or dessqn the follouang
aDefine fermats Eukrs thenem,
Fermat's Litte Jheoem:
L Feats LiHte Thoxem is a statement fn mmber heoy n
yghoqaphy,s ysed in the RsA alqothes, The theorem sh
that if p sa pime mumber then for any inegexda is not
disisle by P, he expessiena n c d p) holds
Eers Totet Thenvem
Eoles tolet Theoxem 5 another yet in nmbey heoy
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
y gy

cyqsaphy gs appled in aious algoitrms Inchdling RSA

heneoem 3tutes Ahat 1f n is a gcoifve inkqei
5 an a
Ynteythat s copHne to mci©, a Km mave
Common tacosother heo 1) then a9n= 1
) ss euler's tohent Cmodn)where
pastHne. ineyeis less than fonchon, esenhng the coUnt ot
m that are opme to m.
bExkin, Evdedean alaoathm with example.
The eudedean aloithm is a
techique for indig
an fomulas

where A 0 3 o.
EKamgle i
fnd GcD of +8 & d6 using the euledinm
alqHtnm
2 CQtent)

ysing CA- BQR)

A =36 2 6

ompae Mons aiphehetic ciFher palyalphakete cihet.

PTO

undar FOR EDUCATIONAL USE

 Monoalphabchc Rolyadahehe
Monealphal-ehc cighex is where each Poly alyhabehe iphex ts Qng
Sy mbds in glam 4ext is mapped to hex based an shshh Kcm,
Using mlhple suhs Hh Hon caloh
ahets
Here, he neatonshlps beheen a Heve the elatoshis kehae
choxacexs is one -to - onea a chrgcters is one-to t nea

affre R YsalFhstbehe sbstithnÜlrea aiy, iiliphe Kenigus iphera

|N IH is Simple subshhacm Aphexe iV TtS moliple subshh hen

MMono alphabekc iphes ane nct that

Shong as plyaphalaetic dahex
Aalalphalsehe áphes
mch shongese
Q5\ Ansuey the folloung qeshons In bief
all What+ s diffeence between Synnmesis
asuqmehic Key cyptgaphy
Symmet®c. aSmmetic
Smgle Key is used for both encAàr f Key Cahi l pirate)
phem decugh fur emcyphn deyghcna
Gerely fusikr &compsta hcaally sbes comp.athicnally more
Jess caomplex complexo

Hon Ceq fle encalion

Vkequies Secure hey dishibuhen. Yb hey mhe distabutela
yExamlesi- DES) AES 3DES. IJExmplesg- RSA ECG,ET GamA
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
 b What fs Yeyess ansosiien aphex? Gie any example of al
fence ciphesa
bA heyess kavspositlem cipher 3a a ype of encphm hee he
otde of chavacess ane in he phin text is 1eananaed utet
sng a sgecißc Hey os predefined paterm.Inshead, he veRNGNye
met nay folla a simpe algotn x be chaEen arbialy
The secuiy of heless tonsoshen cipheY ofRn relles on te
comleity of the aromaement , maing them less Geue lom
to iphers wth detined teys aN paterns
L EXample - TRaiifence cipher l
Plaintext- All the hest fox eXamse
a

iohey text i alhhsfYXYM lt eetoe as

Comare onhast strem bleck Aohex

Shyeom Cohex
opexaes Len ndhdoal bitsa 0eates mfxed-sze blechs of
bues ane ata tooe. Aata
Can be fastr foymme cammSlaey thm sheam áoheS foy
abon asit poSses dota Conm xealme qpplahons, bt eficent fox
als datza ancayha
afft asmall xtom of ii EYos 'n one bbch can prpoaate
the áphesext due t bit-)evel pse- affect sbequet blocks leadivg
toamae locaed mpacte
Msued foy althme commiTaton sa Prefeed for bulli enyphon here
hexe data amíves Ceatn data can be dt ided into fxed sie
blorhs
Examnles AS)1R(As JEXampesi- AES2 DES) 3DES
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
Sundaram
 Q Answ he Dlbuna quesogs in nief.

aVse the plaufi cipher uith heywrtd MEDraNE to enáher

The messaqe tThe qyeatest weath s nealt'
Plam Text - The qyeatst weath is healthe
hey MEDMNE
Pay the Qlaiy kx alhabets in tooa
Th eq Ye at es to ea t ni sh ea lt h

chaxactey in he olaimkxt is then neplace t wth

Conceqhvely vepeated Same letes are sepated

Same le tes).

4e If an cdd haacky s left ot paiy it with x oy 2. Cwe

Th eq ve at es t pa t hish ea t hx

5. PepaYe a tabe Same as maoalnhabehe table but this table

wll be 5x5 tab le because T cg' ull e meve toaethe

M E
N

FOR EDUCATIONAL USE

jaram
 bJ Vse Kill ciphex to enept the txt Mshox
t',The hey used is
slanText - short.
hey' hin

19
23

C= KP mod 26.

mod 26,

182 mad 26
25 mod 26

\4 od 26

26

Linx14) + C1x1
234 mod 26
L341 mod 26
aram FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
 |Gx) +(zX23)mod 26
CI x13) +C1x 23

314 mo 26
462 mcc 26

So finally

JExpldn dEeaent seyid SEres mechanisms.

Servity Seices

Dat Confde Data Athenicabon Ncn-Repodatan Access

atali sPeeserty
Phnh-change. Data Oigy
Aosf of igim.Conto)

Anh-velag
b Avherticatlom ;- asses veigent that e mess aqe is fom the
Sore that it claims te be fre
ram FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
 SAcces(ntoli- Conols who am have access to resoutCe, nde
what Gndii ona

Ailabilítyt Qrailable to athoized enÝhes fut 2A aa

individal
L Tnthy Qssurgmce that the messaqe is maltred.

bNon -Redatenà- Patchng aepies deid of sentng or neáing

im the omnratne

LEfexent Se(ity Mehamisms 2

Sem Mecharisns
Enájrermente

Slajsl Signavie.
EAstnentCatsm ex homes
Teffe Sapgng lpoding
Houtng anhol.
Notaahon.
Acess Conyo)

dExpan Vignere Ggher wlth exemple.

0 Vigneve Gghex s a methed of encryphng alphabette Aext
(2 Tt 5es a Simle foxm af polyalphabete Suhsthhon.

FOR EDUCATIONAL USE

Sundaram
 mHple substion alghabets.
| The encnphon of the ariaina text is done slng te vignee
able

t The ble Consists of the aloabesut at 2s imes Kn

different os euch alghabet sifkd cycfcally to the lef
tnjaxed to he pYevous alghabet, CoYSPding to the 26
possble CatsaY ghevsa
At aifferent points mthe encphlon pocess, he cipher Us
a diffeyent aphabetfom one sf the YOws

he alphabet wsed as at ach point de pends on a epeting

keysad
EXape
Plaintext Give YMore
hey = Loch

Message

you ill
Nete - fuY encghnwe qre see fst plain kKt &Mey st
get apher (iphestst you will qet
For decyptae have to see heyst
pkatexte
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE
undaram