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Frequency Domain Filters

This document discusses image enhancement techniques in the frequency domain. It describes the basic steps of filtering in the frequency domain and types of low-pass and high-pass filters including ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters. These filters are used for smoothing and sharpening images by modifying high and low frequency components.

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Rakshit Sharma
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28 views5 pages

Frequency Domain Filters

This document discusses image enhancement techniques in the frequency domain. It describes the basic steps of filtering in the frequency domain and types of low-pass and high-pass filters including ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters. These filters are used for smoothing and sharpening images by modifying high and low frequency components.

Uploaded by

Rakshit Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMAGE ENHANCEMENT IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN:

Basics of filtering in frequency domain:

Basic steps of filtering in frequency Domain


i) Multiply the input image by (-1) X+Y to centre the transform
ii) Compute F(u,v), Fourier Transform of the image
iii) Multiply f(u,v) by a filter function H(u,v)
iv) Compute the inverse DFT of Result of (iii)
v) Obtain the real part of result of (iv)
vi) Multiply the result in (v) by (-1)x=y
H(u,v) called a filter because it suppresses certain frequencies from the image while leaving
others unchanged.
3.6 Image smoothing:
Edges and other sharp transition of the gray levels of an image contribute significantly to the
high frequency contents of its Fourier transformation. Hence smoothing is achieved in the
frequency domain by attenuation a specified range of high frequency components in the
transform of a given image. Basic model of filtering in the frequency domain is
G(u,v) = H(u,v)F(u,v)
F(u,v) - Fourier transform of the image to be smoothed objective is to find out a filter
function H (u,v) that yields G (u,v) by attenuating the high frequency component of F (u,v)
There are three types of low pass filters
1. Ideal
2. Butterworth
3. Gaussian
(i) Ideal Low pass filter:
It is the simplest of all the three filters. It cuts of all high frequency component of the Fourier
transform that are at a distance greater that a specified distance D0 form the origin of the
transform. it is called a two dimensional ideal low pass filter (ILPF) and has the transfer
function
Where D0 is a specified nonnegative quantity and D(u,v) is the distance from point (u,v) to
the center of frequency rectangle. If the size of image is M*N , filter will also be of the same
size so center of the frequency rectangle (u,v) = (M/2, N/2) because of center transform

Because it is ideal case. So all frequency inside the circle are passed without any attenuation
where as all frequency outside the circle are completely attenuated. For an ideal low pass
filter
cut of frequency

(ii) Butterworth Low pass filter:


It has a parameter called the filter order. For high values of filter order it approaches the form
of the ideal filter whereas for low filter order values it reach Gaussian filter. It may be viewed
as a transition between two extremes. The transfer function of a Butterworth low pass filter
(BLPF) of order n with cut off frequency at distance Do from the origin is defined as

Most appropriate value of n is 2.It does not have sharp discontinuity unlike ILPF that
establishes a clear cutoff between passed and filtered frequencies. Defining a cutoff
frequency is a main concern in these filters. This filter gives a smooth transition in blurring as
a function of increasing cutoff frequency. A Butterworth filter of order 1 has no ringing.
Ringing increases as a function of filter order. (Higher order leads to negative values).
(iii) Gaussian Low pass filter:
The transfer function of a Gaussian low pass filter is

Where D(u,v)- the distance of point (u,v) from the center of the transform
- specified cut off frequency
The filter has an important characteristic that the inverse of it is also Gaussain.

3.7 Image Sharpening:


Image sharpening can be achieved by a high pass filtering process, which attenuates the low
frequency components without disturbing high-frequency information. These are radially
symmetric and completely specified by a cross section. If we have the transfer function of a
low pass filter the corresponding high pass filter can be obtained using the equation
Hhp u v Hlp u v
(i) Ideal High pass filter:
This filter is opposite of the Ideal Low Pass filter and has the transfer function of the form

(ii) Butterworth High pass filter:


The transfer function of Butterworth High Pass filter of order n is given by the equation

(iii) Guassian High pass filter:


The transfer function of a Gaussain High Pass Filter is given by the equation

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