JAVA 8 - QUICK GUIDE

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java8/java8_quick_guide.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com

JAVA 8 - OVERVIEW
JAVA 8 is a major feature release of JAVA programming language development. Its initial version
was released on 18 March 2014. With the Java 8 release, Java provided supports for functional
programming, new JavaScript engine, new APIs for date time manipulation, new streaming API, etc.

New Features
Lambda expression − Adds functional processing capability to Java.

Method references − Referencing functions by their names instead of invoking them

directly. Using functions as parameter.

Default method − Interface to have default method implementation.

New tools − New compiler tools and utilities are added like ‘jdeps’ to figure out
dependencies.

Stream API − New stream API to facilitate pipeline processing.

Date Time API − Improved date time API.

Optional − Emphasis on best practices to handle null values properly.

Nashorn, JavaScript Engine − A Java-based engine to execute JavaScript code.

Consider the following code snippet.

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Comparator;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
List<String> names1 = new ArrayList<String>();
names1.add("Mahesh ");
names1.add("Suresh ");
names1.add("Ramesh ");
names1.add("Naresh ");
names1.add("Kalpesh ");

List<String> names2 = new ArrayList<String>();

names2.add("Mahesh ");
names2.add("Suresh ");
names2.add("Ramesh ");
names2.add("Naresh ");
names2.add("Kalpesh ");

Java8Tester tester = new Java8Tester();

System.out.println("Sort using Java 7 syntax: ");

tester.sortUsingJava7(names1);
System.out.println(names1);
System.out.println("Sort using Java 8 syntax: ");

tester.sortUsingJava8(names2);
System.out.println(names2);
}

private void sortUsingJava7(List<String> names){

//sort using java 7
Collections.sort(names, new Comparator<String>() {
 @Override
public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
return s1.compareTo(s2);
}
});
}

private void sortUsingJava8(List<String> names){

//sort using java 8
Collections.sort(names, (s1, s2) -> s1.compareTo(s2));
}
}

Run the program to get the following result.

Sort using Java 7 syntax:

[ Kalpesh Mahesh Naresh Ramesh Suresh ]
Sort using Java 8 syntax:
[ Kalpesh Mahesh Naresh Ramesh Suresh ]

Here the sortUsingJava8() method uses sort function with a lambda expression as parameter to
get the sorting criteria.

JAVA 8 - ENVIRONMENT SETUP

Try it OPtion Online
We have set up the Java Programming environment online, so that you can compile and execute
all the available examples online. It gives you confidence in what you are reading and enables you
to verify the programs with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it
online.

Try the following example using our online compiler available at

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

public static void main(String []args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in our website code
sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler. So just make use of it and
enjoy your learning.

Local Environment Setup

If you want to set up your own environment for Java programming language, then this section
guides you through the whole process. Please follow the steps given below to set up your Java
environment.

Java SE can be downloaded for free from the following link − Download Java.

You download a version based on your operating system.

Follow the instructions to download Java, and run the .exe to install Java on your machine. Once
you have installed Java on your machine, you would need to set environment variables to point to
correct installation directories.

Setting Up the Path for Windows 2000/XP

Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory:

Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.

Click on the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.

 Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the Java executable. For
example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then change your path to
read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'.

Setting Up the Path for Windows 95/98/ME

Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory −

Edit the 'C:\autoexec.bat' file and add the following line at the end − 'SET
PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'

Setting Up the Path for Linux, UNIX, Solaris, FreeBSD

Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been installed.
Refer to your shell documentation if you have trouble doing this.

For example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line at the end of your
'.bashrc: export PATH=/path/to/java:$PATH'

Popular Java Editors

To write Java programs, you need a text editor. There are even more sophisticated IDEs available
in the market. But for now, you can consider one of the following −

Notepad − On Windows machine, you can use any simple text editor like Notepad
(recommended for this tutorial) or TextPad.

Netbeans − It is a Java IDE that is open-source and free which can be downloaded from
http://www.netbeans.org/index.html.

Eclipse − It is also a Java IDE developed by the Eclipse open-source community and can be
downloaded from http://www.eclipse.org/.

JAVA 8 - LAMBDA EXPRESSIONS

Lambda expressions are introduced in Java 8 and are touted to be the biggest feature of Java 8.
Lambda expression facilitates functional programming, and simplifies the development a lot.

Syntax
A lambda expression is characterized by the following syntax.

parameter -> expression body

Following are the important characteristics of a lambda expression.

Optional type declaration − No need to declare the type of a parameter. The compiler
can inference the same from the value of the parameter.

Optional parenthesis around parameter − No need to declare a single parameter in

parenthesis. For multiple parameters, parentheses are required.

Optional curly braces − No need to use curly braces in expression body if the body
contains a single statement.

Optional return keyword − The compiler automatically returns the value if the body has a
single expression to return the value. Curly braces are required to indicate that expression
returns a value.

Lambda Expressions Example

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java
public class Java8Tester {
public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester tester = new Java8Tester();

//with type declaration

MathOperation addition = (int a, int b) -> a + b;

//with out type declaration

MathOperation subtraction = (a, b) -> a - b;

//with return statement along with curly braces

MathOperation multiplication = (int a, int b) -> { return a * b; };

//without return statement and without curly braces

MathOperation division = (int a, int b) -> a / b;

System.out.println("10 + 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, addition));

System.out.println("10 - 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, subtraction));
System.out.println("10 x 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, multiplication));
System.out.println("10 / 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, division));

//with parenthesis
GreetingService greetService1 = message ->
System.out.println("Hello " + message);

//without parenthesis
GreetingService greetService2 = (message) ->
System.out.println("Hello " + message);

greetService1.sayMessage("Mahesh");
greetService2.sayMessage("Suresh");
}

interface MathOperation {
int operation(int a, int b);
}

interface GreetingService {
void sayMessage(String message);
}

private int operate(int a, int b, MathOperation mathOperation){

return mathOperation.operation(a, b);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

10 + 5 = 15
10 - 5 = 5
10 x 5 = 50
10 / 5 = 2
Hello Mahesh
Hello Suresh
Following are the important points to be considered in the above example.

Lambda expressions are used primarily to define inline implementation of a functional

interface, i.e., an interface with a single method only. In the above example, we've used
various types of lambda expressions to define the operation method of MathOperation
interface. Then we have defined the implementation of sayMessage of GreetingService.

Lambda expression eliminates the need of anonymous class and gives a very simple yet
powerful functional programming capability to Java.

Scope
Using lambda expression, you can refer to any final variable or effectively final variable (which is
assigned only once). Lambda expression throws a compilation error, if a variable is assigned a
value the second time.

Scope Example
Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

public class Java8Tester {

final static String salutation = "Hello! ";
public static void main(String args[]){
GreetingService greetService1 = message ->
System.out.println(salutation + message);
greetService1.sayMessage("Mahesh");
}

interface GreetingService {
void sayMessage(String message);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Hello! Mahesh

JAVA 8 - METHOD REFERENCES

Method references help to point to methods by their names. A method reference is described
using "::" symbol. A method reference can be used to point the following types of methods −

Static methods
Instance methods
Constructors using new operator (TreeSet::new)

Method Reference Example

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.
Java8Tester.java

import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
List names = new ArrayList();

names.add("Mahesh");
names.add("Suresh");
names.add("Ramesh");
names.add("Naresh");
names.add("Kalpesh");

names.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}

Here we have passed System.out::println method as a static method reference.

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Mahesh
Suresh
Ramesh
Naresh
Kalpesh

JAVA 8 - FUNCTIONAL INTERFACES

Functional interfaces have a single functionality to exhibit. For example, a Comparable interface
with a single method ‘compareTo’ is used for comparison purpose. Java 8 has defined a lot of
functional interfaces to be used extensively in lambda expressions. Following is the list of
functional interfaces defined in java.util.Function package.

S. No. Interface & Description

1 BiConsumer<T,U>

Represents an operation that accepts two input arguments, and returns no result.

2 BiFunction<T,U,R>

Represents a function that accepts two arguments and produces a result.

3 BinaryOperator<T>

Represents an operation upon two operands of the same type, producing a result of
the same type as the operands.
4 BiPredicate<T,U>

Represents a predicate (Boolean-valued function) of two arguments.

5 BooleanSupplier

Represents a supplier of Boolean-valued results.

6 Consumer<T>

Represents an operation that accepts a single input argument and returns no result.

7 DoubleBinaryOperator

Represents an operation upon two double-valued operands and producing a double-

valued result.

8 DoubleConsumer

Represents an operation that accepts a single double-valued argument and returns no

result.

9 DoubleFunction<R>

Represents a function that accepts a double-valued argument and produces a result.

10 DoublePredicate

Represents a predicate (Boolean-valued function) of one double-valued argument.

11 DoubleSupplier

Represents a supplier of double-valued results.

12 DoubleToIntFunction

Represents a function that accepts a double-valued argument and produces an int-

valued result.

13 DoubleToLongFunction

Represents a function that accepts a double-valued argument and produces a long-

valued result.

14 DoubleUnaryOperator

Represents an operation on a single double-valued operand that produces a double-

valued result.

15 Function<T,R>

Represents a function that accepts one argument and produces a result.

16 IntBinaryOperator

Represents an operation upon two int-valued operands and produces an int-valued

result.
17 IntConsumer

Represents an operation that accepts a single int-valued argument and returns no

result.

18 IntFunction<R>

Represents a function that accepts an int-valued argument and produces a result.

19 IntPredicate

Represents a predicate (Boolean-valued function) of one int-valued argument.

20 IntSupplier

Represents a supplier of int-valued results.

21 IntToDoubleFunction

Represents a function that accepts an int-valued argument and produces a double-

valued result.

22 IntToLongFunction

Represents a function that accepts an int-valued argument and produces a long-

valued result.

23 IntUnaryOperator

Represents an operation on a single int-valued operand that produces an int-valued

result.

24 LongBinaryOperator

Represents an operation upon two long-valued operands and produces a long-valued

result.

25 LongConsumer

Represents an operation that accepts a single long-valued argument and returns no

result.

26 LongFunction<R>

Represents a function that accepts a long-valued argument and produces a result.

27 LongPredicate

Represents a predicate (Boolean-valued function) of one long-valued argument.

28 LongSupplier

Represents a supplier of long-valued results.

29 LongToDoubleFunction

Represents a function that accepts a long-valued argument and produces a double-

 valued result.

30 LongToIntFunction

Represents a function that accepts a long-valued argument and produces an int-

valued result.

31 LongUnaryOperator

Represents an operation on a single long-valued operand that produces a long-valued

result.

32 ObjDoubleConsumer<T>

Represents an operation that accepts an object-valued and a double-valued

argument, and returns no result.

33 ObjIntConsumer<T>

Represents an operation that accepts an object-valued and an int-valued argument,

and returns no result.

34 ObjLongConsumer<T>

Represents an operation that accepts an object-valued and a long-valued argument,

and returns no result.

35 Predicate<T>

Represents a predicate (Boolean-valued function) of one argument.

36 Supplier<T>

Represents a supplier of results.

37 ToDoubleBiFunction<T,U>

Represents a function that accepts two arguments and produces a double-valued

result.

38 ToDoubleFunction<T>

Represents a function that produces a double-valued result.

39 ToIntBiFunction<T,U>

Represents a function that accepts two arguments and produces an int-valued result.

40 ToIntFunction<T>

Represents a function that produces an int-valued result.

41 ToLongBiFunction<T,U>

Represents a function that accepts two arguments and produces a long-valued result.

42 ToLongFunction<T>
 Represents a function that produces a long-valued result.

43 UnaryOperator<T>

Represents an operation on a single operand that produces a result of the same type
as its operand.

Functional Interface Example

Predicate <T> interface is a functional interface with a method test(Object) to return a Boolean
value. This interface signifies that an object is tested to be true or false.

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);

// Predicate<Integer> predicate = n -> true

// n is passed as parameter to test method of Predicate interface
// test method will always return true no matter what value n has.

System.out.println("Print all numbers:");

//pass n as parameter
eval(list, n->true);

// Predicate<Integer> predicate1 = n -> n%2 == 0

// n is passed as parameter to test method of Predicate interface
// test method will return true if n%2 comes to be zero

System.out.println("Print even numbers:");

eval(list, n-> n%2 == 0 );

// Predicate<Integer> predicate2 = n -> n > 3

// n is passed as parameter to test method of Predicate interface
// test method will return true if n is greater than 3.

System.out.println("Print numbers greater than 3:");

eval(list, n-> n > 3 );
}

public static void eval(List<Integer> list, Predicate<Integer> predicate) {

for(Integer n: list) {

if(predicate.test(n)) {
System.out.println(n + " ");
}
}
}
}

Here we've passed Predicate interface, which takes a single input and returns Boolean.

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Print all numbers:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Print even numbers:
2
4
6
8
Print numbers greater than 3:
4
5
6
7
8
9

JAVA 8 - DEFAULT METHODS

Java 8 introduces a new concept of default method implementation in interfaces. This capability is
added for backward compatibility so that old interfaces can be used to leverage the lambda
expression capability of Java 8. For example, ‘List’ or ‘Collection’ interfaces do not have ‘forEach’
method declaration. Thus, adding such method will simply break the collection framework
implementations. Java 8 introduces default method so that List/Collection interface can have a
default implementation of forEach method, and the class implementing these interfaces need not
implement the same.

Syntax
public interface vehicle {
default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a vehicle!");
}
}

Multiple Defaults
With default functions in interfaces, there is a possibility that a class is implementing two interfaces
with same default methods. The following code explains how this ambiguity can be resolved.

public interface vehicle {

default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a vehicle!");
}
}

public interface fourWheeler {

default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a four wheeler!");
}
}
First solution is to create an own method that overrides the default implementation.

public class car implements vehicle, fourWheeler {

default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a four wheeler car vehicle!");
}
}

Second solution is to call the default method of the specified interface using super.

public class car implements vehicle, fourWheeler {

default void print(){
vehicle.super.print();
}
}

Static Default Methods

An interface can also have static helper methods from Java 8 onwards.

public interface vehicle {

default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a vehicle!");
}

static void blowHorn(){

System.out.println("Blowing horn!!!");
}
}

Default Method Example

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
Vehicle vehicle = new Car();
vehicle.print();
}
}

interface Vehicle {
default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a vehicle!");
}

static void blowHorn(){

System.out.println("Blowing horn!!!");
}
}

interface FourWheeler {
default void print(){
System.out.println("I am a four wheeler!");
}
}

class Car implements Vehicle, FourWheeler {

public void print(){
Vehicle.super.print();
FourWheeler.super.print();
Vehicle.blowHorn();
System.out.println("I am a car!");
 }
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

I am a vehicle!
I am a four wheeler!
Blowing horn!!!
I am a car!

JAVA 8 - STREAMS
Stream is a new abstract layer introduced in Java 8. Using stream, you can process data in a
declarative way similar to SQL statements. For example, consider the following SQL statement.

SELECT max(salary),employee_id,employee_name FROM Employee

The above SQL expression automatically returns the maximum salaried employee's details,
without doing any computation on the developer's end. Using collections framework in Java, a
developer has to use loops and make repeated checks. Another concern is efficiency; as multi-
core processors are available at ease, a Java developer has to write parallel code processing that
can be pretty error-prone.

To resolve such issues, Java 8 introduced the concept of stream that lets the developer to process
data declaratively and leverage multicore architecture without the need to write any specific code
for it.

What is Stream?
Stream represents a sequence of objects from a source, which supports aggregate operations.
Following are the characteristics of a Stream −

Sequence of elements − A stream provides a set of elements of specific type in a

sequential manner. A stream gets/computes elements on demand. It never stores the
elements.

Source − Stream takes Collections, Arrays, or I/O resources as input source.

Aggregate operations − Stream supports aggregate operations like filter, map, limit,
reduce, find, match, and so on.

Pipelining − Most of the stream operations return stream itself so that their result can be
pipelined. These operations are called intermediate operations and their function is to take
input, process them, and return output to the target. collect() method is a terminal operation
which is normally present at the end of the pipelining operation to mark the end of the
stream.

Automatic iterations − Stream operations do the iterations internally over the source
elements provided, in contrast to Collections where explicit iteration is required.

Generating Streams
With Java 8, Collection interface has two methods to generate a Stream.
 stream() − Returns a sequential stream considering collection as its source.

parallelStream() − Returns a parallel Stream considering collection as its source.

List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");

List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->
!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());

forEach
Stream has provided a new method ‘forEach’ to iterate each element of the stream. The following
code segment shows how to print 10 random numbers using forEach.

Random random = new Random();

random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);

map
The ‘map’ method is used to map each element to its corresponding result. The following code
segment prints unique squares of numbers using map.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);

//get list of unique squares
List<Integer> squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->
i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());

filter
The ‘filter’ method is used to eliminate elements based on a criteria. The following code segment
prints a count of empty strings using filter.

List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");

//get count of empty string
int count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();

limit
The ‘limit’ method is used to reduce the size of the stream. The following code segment shows how
to print 10 random numbers using limit.

Random random = new Random();

random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);

sorted
The ‘sorted’ method is used to sort the stream. The following code segment shows how to print 10
random numbers in a sorted order.

Random random = new Random();

random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);

Parallel Processing
parallelStream is the alternative of stream for parallel processing. Take a look at the following
code segment that prints a count of empty strings using parallelStream.

List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");

//get count of empty string
int count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();

It is very easy to switch between sequential and parallel streams.

Collectors
Collectors are used to combine the result of processing on the elements of a stream. Collectors
can be used to return a list or a string.

List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");

List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->
!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);

String mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->
!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);

Statistics
With Java 8, statistics collectors are introduced to calculate all statistics when stream processing is
being done.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);

IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) -> x).summaryStatistics();

System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());

System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());

Stream Example
Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.Map;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Using Java 7: ");

// Count empty strings

List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
System.out.println("List: " +strings);
long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings);

System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);

count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings);

System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);

//Eliminate empty string

List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings);
System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);

//Eliminate empty string and join using comma.

String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", ");
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);

//get list of square of distinct numbers

 List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers);
System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19);

System.out.println("List: " +integers);

System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + getMax(integers));
System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + getMin(integers));
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + getSum(integers));
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + getAverage(integers));
System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");

//print ten random numbers

Random random = new Random();

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++){

System.out.println(random.nextInt());
}

System.out.println("Using Java 8: ");

System.out.println("List: " +strings);

count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count();
System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);

count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count();

System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);

filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -
>!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);

mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string -
>!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);

squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i -
>i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
System.out.println("List: " +integers);

IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics();

System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());

System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());
System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");

random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);

//parallel processing
count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
}

private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings){

int count = 0;

for(String string: strings){

if(string.isEmpty()){
count++;
}
}
return count;
}

private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings){

int count = 0;
 for(String string: strings){

if(string.length() == 3){
count++;
}
}
return count;
}

private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings){

List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>();

for(String string: strings){

if(!string.isEmpty()){
filteredList.add(string);
}
}
return filteredList;
}

private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String

separator){
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();

for(String string: strings){

if(!string.isEmpty()){
stringBuilder.append(string);
stringBuilder.append(separator);
}
}
String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString();
return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2);
}

private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers){

List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>();

for(Integer number: numbers){

Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue());

if(!squaresList.contains(square)){
squaresList.add(square);
}
}
return squaresList;
}

private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers){

int max = numbers.get(0);

for(int i=1;i < numbers.size();i++){

Integer number = numbers.get(i);

if(number.intValue() > max){

max = number.intValue();
}
}
return max;
}

private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers){

int min = numbers.get(0);

for(int i=1;i < numbers.size();i++){

Integer number = numbers.get(i);
 if(number.intValue() < min){
min = number.intValue();
}
}
return min;
}

private static int getSum(List numbers){

int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0));

for(int i=1;i < numbers.size();i++){

sum += (int)numbers.get(i);
}
return sum;
}

private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers){

return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size();
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Testeras follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following result −

Using Java 7:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9
Random Numbers:
-1279735475
903418352
-1133928044
-1571118911
628530462
18407523
-881538250
-718932165
270259229
421676854
Using Java 8:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9.444444444444445
Random Numbers:
-1009474951
-551240647
-2484714
181614550
933444268
1227850416
1579250773
1627454872
1683033687
1798939493
Empty Strings: 2

JAVA 8 - OPTIONAL CLASS

Optional is a container object used to contain not-null objects. Optional object is used to represent
null with absent value. This class has various utility methods to facilitate code to handle values as
‘available’ or ‘not available’ instead of checking null values. It is introduced in Java 8 and is similar
to what Optional is in Guava.

Class Declaration
Following is the declaration for java.util.Optional<T> class −

public final class Optional<T>

extends Object

Class Method

S. No. Method & Description

1 static <T> Optional<T> empty()

Returns an empty Optional instance.

2 boolean equals(Object obj)

Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this Optional.

3 Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super <T> predicate)

If a value is present and the value matches a given predicate, it returns an Optional
describing the value, otherwise returns an empty Optional.

4 <U> Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T,Optional<U>> mapper)

If a value is present, it applies the provided Optional-bearing mapping function to it,

returns that result, otherwise returns an empty Optional.

5 T get()

If a value is present in this Optional, returns the value, otherwise throws

NoSuchElementException.

6 int hashCode()

Returns the hash code value of the present value, if any, or 0 (zero) if no value is
present.
7 void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer)

If a value is present, it invokes the specified consumer with the value, otherwise does
nothing.

8 boolean isPresent()

Returns true if there is a value present, otherwise false.

9 <U>Optional<U> map(Function<? super T,? extends U> mapper)

If a value is present, applies the provided mapping function to it, and if the result is
non-null, returns an Optional describing the result.

10 static <T> Optional<T> of(T value)

Returns an Optional with the specified present non-null value.

11 static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value)

Returns an Optional describing the specified value, if non-null, otherwise returns an

empty Optional.

12 T orElse(T other)

Returns the value if present, otherwise returns other.

13 T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other)

Returns the value if present, otherwise invokes other and returns the result of that
invocation.

14 <X extends Throwable> T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X>

exceptionSupplier)

Returns the contained value, if present, otherwise throws an exception to be created

by the provided supplier.

15 String toString()

Returns a non-empty string representation of this Optional suitable for debugging.

This class inherits methods from the following class −

java.lang.Object

Optional Example
Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.util.Optional;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester java8Tester = new Java8Tester();
Integer value1 = null;
 Integer value2 = new Integer(10);

//Optional.ofNullable - allows passed parameter to be null.

Optional<Integer> a = Optional.ofNullable(value1);

//Optional.of - throws NullPointerException if passed parameter is null

Optional<Integer> b = Optional.of(value2);
System.out.println(java8Tester.sum(a,b));
}

public Integer sum(Optional<Integer> a, Optional<Integer> b){

//Optional.isPresent - checks the value is present or not

System.out.println("First parameter is present: " + a.isPresent());

System.out.println("Second parameter is present: " + b.isPresent());

//Optional.orElse - returns the value if present otherwise returns

//the default value passed.
Integer value1 = a.orElse(new Integer(0));

//Optional.get - gets the value, value should be present

Integer value2 = b.get();
return value1 + value2;
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

First parameter is present: false

Second parameter is present: true
10

JAVA 8 - NASHORN JAVASCRIPT

With Java 8, Nashorn, a much improved javascript engine is introduced, to replace the existing
Rhino. Nashorn provides 2 to 10 times better performance, as it directly compiles the code in
memory and passes the bytecode to JVM. Nashorn uses invoke dynamics feature, introduced in
Java 7 to improve performance.

jjs
For Nashorn engine, JAVA 8 introduces a new command line tool, jjs, to execute javascript codes
at console.

Interpreting js File
Create and save the file sample.js in c:\> JAVA folder.

sample.js

print('Hello World!');

Open console and use the following command.

$jjs sample.js

It will produce the following output:

Hello World!

jjs in Interactive Mode

Open the console and use the following command.

$jjs
jjs> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
jjs> quit()
>>

Pass Arguments
Open the console and use the following command.

$jjs -- a b c
jjs> print('letters: ' +arguments.join(", "))
letters: a, b, c
jjs>

Calling JavaScript from Java

Using ScriptEngineManager, JavaScript code can be called and interpreted in Java.

Example
Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import javax.script.ScriptEngineManager;
import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
import javax.script.ScriptException;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
ScriptEngineManager scriptEngineManager = new ScriptEngineManager();
ScriptEngine nashorn = scriptEngineManager.getEngineByName("nashorn");

String name = "Mahesh";

Integer result = null;
try {
nashorn.eval("print('" + name + "')");
result = (Integer) nashorn.eval("10 + 2");
}catch(ScriptException e){
System.out.println("Error executing script: "+ e.getMessage());
}
System.out.println(result.toString());
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java
Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following result −

Mahesh
12

Calling Java from JavaScript

The following example explains how to import and use Java classes in java script.

Create and save sample.js in c:\> JAVA folder.

sample.js

var BigDecimal = Java.type('java.math.BigDecimal');

function calculate(amount, percentage) {

var result = new BigDecimal(amount).multiply(
new BigDecimal(percentage)).divide(new BigDecimal("100"), 2,
BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN);
return result.toPlainString();
}

var result = calculate(568000000000000000023,13.9);

print(result);

Open the console and use the following command.

$jjs sample.js

It should produce the following output −

78952000000000000003.20

JAVA 8 - NEW DATE/TIME API

With Java 8, a new Date-Time API is introduced to cover the following drawbacks of old date-time
API.

Not thread safe − java.util.Date is not thread safe, thus developers have to deal with
concurrency issue while using date. The new date-time API is immutable and does not have
setter methods.

Poor design − Default Date starts from 1900, month starts from 1, and day starts from 0, so
no uniformity. The old API had less direct methods for date operations. The new API provides
numerous utility methods for such operations.

Difficult time zone handling − Developers had to write a lot of code to deal with timezone
issues. The new API has been developed keeping domain-specific design in mind.

Java 8 introduces a new date-time API under the package java.time. Following are some of the
important classes introduced in java.time package.

Local − Simplified date-time API with no complexity of timezone handling.

Zoned − Specialized date-time API to deal with various timezones.

Local Data-Time API

LocalDate/LocalTime and LocalDateTime classes simplify the development where timezones are
not required. Let's see them in action.
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.Month;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
java8tester.testLocalDateTime();
}

public void testLocalDateTime(){

// Get the current date and time

LocalDateTime currentTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Current DateTime: " + currentTime);

LocalDate date1 = currentTime.toLocalDate();

System.out.println("date1: " + date1);

Month month = currentTime.getMonth();

int day = currentTime.getDayOfMonth();
int seconds = currentTime.getSecond();

System.out.println("Month: " + month +"day: " + day +"seconds: " + seconds);

LocalDateTime date2 = currentTime.withDayOfMonth(10).withYear(2012);

System.out.println("date2: " + date2);

//12 december 2014

LocalDate date3 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.DECEMBER, 12);
System.out.println("date3: " + date3);

//22 hour 15 minutes

LocalTime date4 = LocalTime.of(22, 15);
System.out.println("date4: " + date4);

//parse a string
LocalTime date5 = LocalTime.parse("20:15:30");
System.out.println("date5: " + date5);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Current DateTime: 2014-12-09T11:00:45.457

date1: 2014-12-09
Month: DECEMBERday: 9seconds: 45
date2: 2012-12-10T11:00:45.457
date3: 2014-12-12
date4: 22:15
date5: 20:15:30

Zoned Data-Time API

Zoned date-time API is to be used when time zone is to be considered. Let us see them in action.

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
java8tester.testZonedDateTime();
}

public void testZonedDateTime(){

// Get the current date and time

ZonedDateTime date1 = ZonedDateTime.parse("2007-12-
03T10:15:30+05:30[Asia/Karachi]");
System.out.println("date1: " + date1);

ZoneId id = ZoneId.of("Europe/Paris");
System.out.println("ZoneId: " + id);

ZoneId currentZone = ZoneId.systemDefault();

System.out.println("CurrentZone: " + currentZone);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

date1: 2007-12-03T10:15:30+05:00[Asia/Karachi]
ZoneId: Europe/Paris
CurrentZone: Etc/UTC

Chrono Units Enum

java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit enum is added in Java 8 to replace the integer values used in old
API to represent day, month, etc. Let us see them in action.

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
 Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
java8tester.testChromoUnits();
}

public void testChromoUnits(){

//Get the current date

LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Current date: " + today);

//add 1 week to the current date

LocalDate nextWeek = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.WEEKS);
System.out.println("Next week: " + nextWeek);

//add 1 month to the current date

LocalDate nextMonth = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.MONTHS);
System.out.println("Next month: " + nextMonth);

//add 1 year to the current date

LocalDate nextYear = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.YEARS);
System.out.println("Next year: " + nextYear);

//add 10 years to the current date

LocalDate nextDecade = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.DECADES);
System.out.println("Date after ten year: " + nextDecade);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following result −

Current date: 2014-12-10

Next week: 2014-12-17
Next month: 2015-01-10
Next year: 2015-12-10
Date after ten year: 2024-12-10

Period & Duration

With Java 8, two specialized classes are introduced to deal with the time differences.

Period − It deals with date based amount of time.

Duration − It deals with time based amount of time.

Let us see them in action.

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Period;
public class Java8Tester {
public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
java8tester.testPeriod();
java8tester.testDuration();
}

public void testPeriod(){

//Get the current date

LocalDate date1 = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Current date: " + date1);

//add 1 month to the current date

LocalDate date2 = date1.plus(1, ChronoUnit.MONTHS);
System.out.println("Next month: " + date2);
Period period = Period.between(date2, date1);
System.out.println("Period: " + period);
}

public void testDuration(){

LocalTime time1 = LocalTime.now();
Duration twoHours = Duration.ofHours(2);

LocalTime time2 = time1.plus(twoHours);

Duration duration = Duration.between(time1, time2);

System.out.println("Duration: " + duration);

}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Current date: 2014-12-10

Next month: 2015-01-10
Period: P-1M
Duration: PT2H

Temporal Adjusters
TemporalAdjuster is used to perform the date mathematics. For example, get the "Second
Saturday of the Month" or "Next Tuesday". Let us see them in action.

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;
import java.time.DayOfWeek;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
 java8tester.testAdjusters();
}

public void testAdjusters(){

//Get the current date

LocalDate date1 = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Current date: " + date1);

//get the next tuesday

LocalDate nextTuesday = date1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.TUESDAY));
System.out.println("Next Tuesday on : " + nextTuesday);

//get the second saturday of next month

LocalDate firstInYear = LocalDate.of(date1.getYear(),date1.getMonth(), 1);
LocalDate secondSaturday =
firstInYear.with(TemporalAdjusters.nextOrSame(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY)).with(TemporalAdjusters.
next(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY));
System.out.println("Second Saturday on : " + secondSaturday);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following result −

Current date: 2014-12-10

Next Tuesday on : 2014-12-16
Second Saturday on : 2014-12-13

Backward Compatibility
A toInstant() method is added to the original Date and Calendar objects, which can be used to
convert them to the new Date-Time API. Use an ofInstant(Insant,ZoneId) method to get a
LocalDateTime or ZonedDateTime object. Let us see them in action.

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;

import java.util.Date;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.ZoneId;

public class Java8Tester {

public static void main(String args[]){
Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
java8tester.testBackwardCompatability();
}

public void testBackwardCompatability(){

//Get the current date

 Date currentDate = new Date();
System.out.println("Current date: " + currentDate);

//Get the instant of current date in terms of milliseconds

Instant now = currentDate.toInstant();
ZoneId currentZone = ZoneId.systemDefault();

LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(now, currentZone);

System.out.println("Local date: " + localDateTime);

ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(now, currentZone);

System.out.println("Zoned date: " + zonedDateTime);
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Current date: Wed Dec 10 05:44:06 UTC 2014

Local date: 2014-12-10T05:44:06.635
Zoned date: 2014-12-10T05:44:06.635Z[Etc/UTC]

JAVA 8 - BASE64
With Java 8, Base64 has finally got its due. Java 8 now has inbuilt encoder and decoder for Base64
encoding. In Java 8, we can use three types of Base64 encoding.

Simple − Output is mapped to a set of characters lying in A-Za-z0-9+/. The encoder does
not add any line feed in output, and the decoder rejects any character other than A-Za-z0-
9+/.

URL − Output is mapped to set of characters lying in A-Za-z0-9+_. Output is URL and
filename safe.

MIME − Output is mapped to MIME friendly format. Output is represented in lines of no more
than 76 characters each, and uses a carriage return '\r' followed by a linefeed '\n' as the line
separator. No line separator is present to the end of the encoded output.

Nested Classes

S. No. Nested class & Description

1 static class Base64.Decoder

This class implements a decoder for decoding byte data using the Base64 encoding
scheme as specified in RFC 4648 and RFC 2045.

2 static class Base64.Encoder

This class implements an encoder for encoding byte data using the Base64 encoding
scheme as specified in RFC 4648 and RFC 2045.
Methods

S. No. Method Name & Description

1 static Base64.Decoder getDecoder()

Returns a Base64.Decoder that decodes using the Basic type base64 encoding
scheme.

2 static Base64.Encoder getEncoder()

Returns a Base64.Encoder that encodes using the Basic type base64 encoding
scheme.

3 static Base64.Decoder getMimeDecoder()

Returns a Base64.Decoder that decodes using the MIME type base64 decoding
scheme.

4
static Base64.Encoder getMimeEncoder()

Returns a Base64.Encoder that encodes using the MIME type base64 encoding
scheme.

5 static Base64.Encoder getMimeEncoder(int lineLength, byte[] lineSeparator)

Returns a Base64.Encoder that encodes using the MIME type base64 encoding
scheme with specified line length and line separators.

6 static Base64.Decoder getUrlDecoder()

Returns a Base64.Decoder that decodes using the URL and Filename safe type base64
encoding scheme.

7 static Base64.Encoder getUrlEncoder()

Returns a Base64.Encoder that encodes using the URL and Filename safe type base64
encoding scheme.

Methods Inherited
This class inherits methods from the following class −

java.lang.Object

Base64 Example
Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String args[]){
 try {

// Encode using basic encoder

String base64encodedString = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString("TutorialsPoint?
java8".getBytes("utf-8"));
System.out.println("Base64 Encoded String (Basic) :" + base64encodedString);

// Decode
byte[] base64decodedBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(base64encodedString);

System.out.println("Original String: "+new String(base64decodedBytes, "utf-8"));

base64encodedString = Base64.getUrlEncoder().encodeToString("TutorialsPoint?
java8".getBytes("utf-8"));
System.out.println("Base64 Encoded String (URL) :" + base64encodedString);

StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();

for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {

stringBuilder.append(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
}

byte[] mimeBytes = stringBuilder.toString().getBytes("utf-8");

String mimeEncodedString = Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(mimeBytes);
System.out.println("Base64 Encoded String (MIME) :"+mimeEncodedString);
}catch(UnsupportedEncodingException e){
System.out.println("Error :"+e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

$javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

$java Java8Tester

It should produce the following output −

Base64 Encoded String (Basic) :VHV0b3JpYWxzUG9pbnQ/amF2YTg=

Original String: TutorialsPoint?java8
Base64 Encoded String (URL) :VHV0b3JpYWxzUG9pbnQ_amF2YTg=
Base64 Encoded String (MIME) :ZWJjY2YzZWUtYmUwZC00Yjg1LTlkYjUtNWUyMzBlNWI
4ZGQ4ZjE1NGJmMjEtNTdkNi00YzM1LTg4
MzYtNDZlYzNhZDM2NTdkZmQzY2RiNzMtMTU1OC00ZjBmLWFmZGQtM2YyZWU3MDYzZjQwNzVhY
WQ0
ODctZWEyZS00YzM2LWEyZmUtOGVkMmNjMGNmZGM3MTg5YWUyZGQtMzg4MS00M2NkLWI2NDEtZ
jNh
Zjk2OGIxZDU2YzkzODZlYTUtNjljNC00ZmIyLTkzYTQtMzVlOTFlNjdlY2E0MDcwNWExMWItM
mE4
Yy00OTljLTg2NmItMjE3ZTZmMmIyY2NiNzI2MjAwZWQtMjI0NC00YzJhLWJiMGItOTczMDJkM
zIx
NGFkY2QyZmVhODItNmUyOS00MWNjLWFlODItNzdmNzRhYmQ4NGU5ZGQ3ZjY3NzktZjgwYi00M
zlk
LTlmNDgtOTNlNTIwYzIzZDcy